The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Flow Modification over Rotor Blade with Suction Boundary Layer Control TechniqueIJERA Editor
The efficiency of transonic aircraft engines depend upon the performance of compressor rotor. To increase
compressor rotors performance flow separation around rotor blades must be delayed and controlled. The aim
was to control the flow separation of blades using suction boundary layer control method.
Rotor blade has been modelled in designing software CATIA and then a suction surface has been created on
blade and then import these geometries to ANSYS-CFX 14.5 for computational analysis of flow around blades.
Suction slot has been applied at the trailing edge of suction surface and Shear stress transport model has been
used for computational analysis.
Two different suction mass flow rates 1 kg/s and 1.5 kg/s have been used here and boundary layer separation
effects have been changed and this could be readily seen that the velocity vectors have reattached, preventing
the boundary layer separation at the suction surface of the blade.
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is an effective method for machining the parts with the whole structure or special structure. Because the conventional machining methods are not suitable for processing these kinds of structures. In this work, taking electrochemical machining rectangular holes as the research objective, and analyzing the flow field characteristics of machined surface with three kinds of cathode channel structures. First discussing the working state of the ECM process and some equations to be complied with, then numerically simulating the models which have the same characteristics with design and simulation parameters, obtained the pressure contour and velocity contour on the machined surface. The simulation results indicated that the machining effect of long slot structure was not as good as that of arc slot and tilted slot structure, and few differences in machining effects were observed between the arc slot and tilted slot structure. A case study was presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing the flow field of cathode for ECM.
Numerical simulation of wind flow over complex terrain (yangon city)Zin Soul
To get an economical and safe design structures in design process, this study investigate how to change vertical wind profile depends on surface roughness over the terrain. Nowadays, the concern of wind engineering is increasing among Myanmar engineers because of increasing damages due to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and construction of many tall and modernized buildings in the city centers, which are more susceptible to wind loads. Wind direction and vertical wind speed profile are sensitively influenced by local topography. These factors connect directly with wind loading and buffeting response of buildings. It is very important to find out the vertical wind speed profile and other characteristics of the wind velocity. However, predicting and properly assessing the wind flow over or around obstacles is a difficult and expensive process when using the experimental approach. In this study, the computations are performed in OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) Computational Fluid Dynamics Toolbox and the turbulence is modeled by using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models mainly k-epsilon (k-ε) for cases.
Flow Modification over Rotor Blade with Suction Boundary Layer Control TechniqueIJERA Editor
The efficiency of transonic aircraft engines depend upon the performance of compressor rotor. To increase
compressor rotors performance flow separation around rotor blades must be delayed and controlled. The aim
was to control the flow separation of blades using suction boundary layer control method.
Rotor blade has been modelled in designing software CATIA and then a suction surface has been created on
blade and then import these geometries to ANSYS-CFX 14.5 for computational analysis of flow around blades.
Suction slot has been applied at the trailing edge of suction surface and Shear stress transport model has been
used for computational analysis.
Two different suction mass flow rates 1 kg/s and 1.5 kg/s have been used here and boundary layer separation
effects have been changed and this could be readily seen that the velocity vectors have reattached, preventing
the boundary layer separation at the suction surface of the blade.
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is an effective method for machining the parts with the whole structure or special structure. Because the conventional machining methods are not suitable for processing these kinds of structures. In this work, taking electrochemical machining rectangular holes as the research objective, and analyzing the flow field characteristics of machined surface with three kinds of cathode channel structures. First discussing the working state of the ECM process and some equations to be complied with, then numerically simulating the models which have the same characteristics with design and simulation parameters, obtained the pressure contour and velocity contour on the machined surface. The simulation results indicated that the machining effect of long slot structure was not as good as that of arc slot and tilted slot structure, and few differences in machining effects were observed between the arc slot and tilted slot structure. A case study was presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing the flow field of cathode for ECM.
Numerical simulation of wind flow over complex terrain (yangon city)Zin Soul
To get an economical and safe design structures in design process, this study investigate how to change vertical wind profile depends on surface roughness over the terrain. Nowadays, the concern of wind engineering is increasing among Myanmar engineers because of increasing damages due to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and construction of many tall and modernized buildings in the city centers, which are more susceptible to wind loads. Wind direction and vertical wind speed profile are sensitively influenced by local topography. These factors connect directly with wind loading and buffeting response of buildings. It is very important to find out the vertical wind speed profile and other characteristics of the wind velocity. However, predicting and properly assessing the wind flow over or around obstacles is a difficult and expensive process when using the experimental approach. In this study, the computations are performed in OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) Computational Fluid Dynamics Toolbox and the turbulence is modeled by using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models mainly k-epsilon (k-ε) for cases.
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
Exhaust System Muffler Volume Optimization of Light Commercial passenger Car ...Barhm Mohamad
Nowadays, the automotive industry is focused on weight and size reduction. Main advantage of this weight and size reduction are improving the fuel economy. The specific fuel consumption of a vehicle can be improved through e.g. downsizing area of heat loss, if we focus on vehicle with weight reduction. Weight reduction can be done by replacing material or by changing the size (dimensions) of components. In the present work we have focused on Audi A6 muffler, troubleshooting and optimizing the muffler by changing pipe length of inlet and outlet, also by replacing the original mesh plate to porous pipe. Based on optimization, prototype has been built with the help of 3D design tool CATIA V5 and the calculations of transmission loss (TL) have been performed by MATLAB. Plane wave-based models such as the transfer matrix method (TMM) can offer fast initial prototype solutions for muffler designers. The principles of TMM for predicting the transmission loss of a muffler was used. Result of this present study of an existing muffler has been analysed and then compared with vehicle level test observation data. Noise level have been optimized for new muffler design. Other literatures were played significant rule for validate our results.
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...IJERA Editor
Recent advancements in the field of computational fluid mechanics and the availability of high performance with regard to rotating software computing cylinders (RCs) have drawn attention to the field of flow accelerated corrosion. (FAC). Current studies aim to numerically predict turbulent flow characteristics around the rotating cylinder and the concomitant effects on the wall shear stresses and local mass fraction of inhibitors that are directly related to corrosion rate. This 3-D numerical investigation was carried out using the commercial CFX package from which the where SST turbulence model was selected to compute the unknown Reynolds stresses term in the incompressible and viscid form of the Navier-Stokes equation. The effect of three different cylinder rotation speeds and three brine temperatures on the wall shear stress and on brine mixing is reported. Results of the simulations revealed that both cylinder rotation speed and the temperature of the brine significantly affect wall shear stress and mixing of the inhibitor that in turn affects corrosion rate
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Over an Aircraft WingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Aircraft is a brilliant man-made structure which helps us to fly over the world. At the same time, aircraft is a complex structure to be checked and maintained for the aero elasticity due to aerodynamic properties. In this paper, the fluid-structure interaction problem in super critical NASA SC(2)-0412 airfoil is discussed. The main aim of this project is to find the best performance and deformation limit of the wing on different Mach numbers. This project is completely done by numerical methods of designing the wing using CATIA and flow properties in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Finally, the structural analysis for deformation is analysed in ANSYS. The analytical approach of fluid-structure interaction over an Aircraft wing is complex.
Atmospheric turbulent layer simulation for cfd unsteady inlet conditionsStephane Meteodyn
The aim of this work is to bridge the gap between experimental approaches in wind tunnel testing and numerical computations, in the field of structural design against strong winds. This paper focuses on the generation of an unsteady flow field, representative of a natural wind field, but still compatible with CFD inlet requirements. A simple and “naïve” procedure is explained, and the results are successfully compared to some standards.
Optimization of Closure Law of Guide Vanes for an Operational Hydropower Plan...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper addresses the optimization of twostage closure law of guide vanes in an operational
hydropower plant of Nepal. The mathematical model
has been established in commercial software Bentley
Hammer, whose correctness has been validated by
comparing the results with the data of experimental
load rejection test. The validated mathematical model
has been employed to find the parameters of optimum
closure pattern, which minimizes the non-linear
objective function of maximum water pressure and
maximum rotational speed of turbine.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
Exhaust System Muffler Volume Optimization of Light Commercial passenger Car ...Barhm Mohamad
Nowadays, the automotive industry is focused on weight and size reduction. Main advantage of this weight and size reduction are improving the fuel economy. The specific fuel consumption of a vehicle can be improved through e.g. downsizing area of heat loss, if we focus on vehicle with weight reduction. Weight reduction can be done by replacing material or by changing the size (dimensions) of components. In the present work we have focused on Audi A6 muffler, troubleshooting and optimizing the muffler by changing pipe length of inlet and outlet, also by replacing the original mesh plate to porous pipe. Based on optimization, prototype has been built with the help of 3D design tool CATIA V5 and the calculations of transmission loss (TL) have been performed by MATLAB. Plane wave-based models such as the transfer matrix method (TMM) can offer fast initial prototype solutions for muffler designers. The principles of TMM for predicting the transmission loss of a muffler was used. Result of this present study of an existing muffler has been analysed and then compared with vehicle level test observation data. Noise level have been optimized for new muffler design. Other literatures were played significant rule for validate our results.
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...IJERA Editor
Recent advancements in the field of computational fluid mechanics and the availability of high performance with regard to rotating software computing cylinders (RCs) have drawn attention to the field of flow accelerated corrosion. (FAC). Current studies aim to numerically predict turbulent flow characteristics around the rotating cylinder and the concomitant effects on the wall shear stresses and local mass fraction of inhibitors that are directly related to corrosion rate. This 3-D numerical investigation was carried out using the commercial CFX package from which the where SST turbulence model was selected to compute the unknown Reynolds stresses term in the incompressible and viscid form of the Navier-Stokes equation. The effect of three different cylinder rotation speeds and three brine temperatures on the wall shear stress and on brine mixing is reported. Results of the simulations revealed that both cylinder rotation speed and the temperature of the brine significantly affect wall shear stress and mixing of the inhibitor that in turn affects corrosion rate
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Over an Aircraft WingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Aircraft is a brilliant man-made structure which helps us to fly over the world. At the same time, aircraft is a complex structure to be checked and maintained for the aero elasticity due to aerodynamic properties. In this paper, the fluid-structure interaction problem in super critical NASA SC(2)-0412 airfoil is discussed. The main aim of this project is to find the best performance and deformation limit of the wing on different Mach numbers. This project is completely done by numerical methods of designing the wing using CATIA and flow properties in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Finally, the structural analysis for deformation is analysed in ANSYS. The analytical approach of fluid-structure interaction over an Aircraft wing is complex.
Atmospheric turbulent layer simulation for cfd unsteady inlet conditionsStephane Meteodyn
The aim of this work is to bridge the gap between experimental approaches in wind tunnel testing and numerical computations, in the field of structural design against strong winds. This paper focuses on the generation of an unsteady flow field, representative of a natural wind field, but still compatible with CFD inlet requirements. A simple and “naïve” procedure is explained, and the results are successfully compared to some standards.
Optimization of Closure Law of Guide Vanes for an Operational Hydropower Plan...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper addresses the optimization of twostage closure law of guide vanes in an operational
hydropower plant of Nepal. The mathematical model
has been established in commercial software Bentley
Hammer, whose correctness has been validated by
comparing the results with the data of experimental
load rejection test. The validated mathematical model
has been employed to find the parameters of optimum
closure pattern, which minimizes the non-linear
objective function of maximum water pressure and
maximum rotational speed of turbine.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/emoji
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Effect of spikes integrated to airfoil at supersonic speedeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this is to analyse the flow field over an aerofoil section integrated with spikes at supersonic speed (Mach number
greater than 1). Use of spike integrated with aerofoil changes the flow characteristics over aerofoil and hence aerodynamic lift
and drag. The experiment consists of flow visualization graphs and measurement of coefficient of aerodynamic drag and lift.
Here we are using different shapes of spike like sharp edge and hemi spherical edge. In this we will compare the flow over
aerofoil with spike and without spike. The flow analysis is done by using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD is the study
of external flow over a body or internal flow through the body. CFD is aiding aero-dynamist to better understand the flow physics
and in turn to design efficient models. In short, CFD is playing a strong role as a design tool as well as a research tool.
Keywords: NACA 651-412 airfoil, spike, Ansys Fluent, Ansys ICEM CFD, Pressure Coefficient
Cfd analysis of rae 2822 supercritical airfoil at transonic mach speedseSAT Journals
Abstract The Aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil play a very important role in terms of design aspects and experimental validation. A distinctive supercritical airfoil is found to give inappropriate results at peak operating conditions. This led to design changes and optimization of the foil with the help of a cusp like structure added to the trailing edge of the foil. The present work emphasizes the computation of a supercritical airfoil with and without wedge profiles at different angles of attack and free stream velocities. The formation of a shock wave is observed when the free stream approaches a transonic mach number. This shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance which greatly effects the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. The flow properties such as pressure, temperature and density experience a drastic change upstream and downstream of the generated shock. The main goal of the proposed paper is to carryout the simulation and analysis of RAE 2822 supercritical airfoil with and without wedge profiles along with the study of aerodynamic characteristics such as Lift and drag coefficients at different Mach numbers. The objective is to improve the stability of the airfoil when the flow approaches transonic Mach speeds. The design profile chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: Supercritical Airfoil, Shock wave, Transonic mach, Mach number etc…
Simulations Of Unsteady Flow Around A Generic Pickup Truck Using Reynolds Ave...Abhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to replicate the wind tunnel test of General Motors pick-up truck using CFD analysis. The pickup is a blunt body and simulation reveals vortex shedding from the edges of the vehicle downstream. The unsteadiness of this phenomenon is seen in the oscillation of residue. The paper shows matching of velocity magnitude downstream of the vortex. Authors - Bahram Khalighi (GM, USA), Basant Gupta et al Zeus Numerix.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
K030101060065
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 3 ||Issue|| 01 || Pages || 60-65 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
Gurunath K1, Maniiarasan P2, Senthilkumar S3, Arulselvan K4
1
Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
4
Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering,
Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, T.M. Palayam, Coimbatore – 641 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
-----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------The jet noise in the aircraft has detrimental effects on the environment, causing economic hardships to those
living in and around airports and in the case of non-ideally expanded screeching jets, damage to the structure of
the aircraft. Proven methods for reducing jet noise do exist, but at great expense to the aircraft overall
performance, increasing the weight and drag of the vehicle. Researchers have been developing various noise
reduction techniques, which work on the premise that by increasing the mixing of the jet flow with a bypass flow,
and thereby reducing the velocity, noise will be reduced. Other methods for increasing the mixing of jet flows
with the ambient air, which have demonstrated the ability to decrease the overall radiated noise in both subsonic
and supersonic jet flows include tabs or vortex generators, non-axially symmetric nozzles and simple shaping of
the nozzle trailing edge.
Keywords - Aspect Ratio, Decay, Mixing, Rectangular Jet, Spread.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 24 December 2013
Date of Acceptance: 10 January 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
Rectangular jets have been gaining importance owing to their desirable mixing, entrainment and acoustic
characteristics compared to circular jets. They find applications in combustors and propulsive devices of highspeed systems. Rectangular jets in a row are extensively used for various industrial applications. In chemical
engineering the process of mixing, separation and transport among species can be intensified by using a series of
jets instead of a circular jet. In power boilers, mixing between fuel and air is improved with a row of combustor
jets. In aerospace engineering, the mixing of jets is used for variety of engineering applications, ranging from
thrust augmenting equipment to fuel mixing in combustion processes. The examples are thrust augmenting
ejectors for VTOL / STOL aircraft. The Multi-element nozzles for noise suppression and improved static
augmentation in short augmentors [1].
The problem of noise suppression of turbojet engines has shown a need for turbulence data within the
flow field of various types of nozzles [2]. So, the rectangular jets are used to give improved propulsion and
reduced noise level. Relatively complete information of the jet properties in the far field is available, but most of
the mixing processes of technical interest take place in the near field. Although the number of investigations in
this part of the flow has increased remarkably in the last few years. Nevertheless no reliable theoretical
prediction scheme is available today to describe the mixing of rectangular jets in the near field satisfactorily [3].
At present, the most effective way for the development of a quantitative prediction method is presumably the
numerical investigation of some basic configuration and the generalization of the numerical results by some
scaling laws.
II. THE PRESENT STUDY
In the present investigation, experiments are conducted on incompressible jets issuing from a rectangular
orifice (120 x 20 mm) at an exit velocity of 50 m/s. The Reynolds number based on the width and exit velocity
of the jet is 45000. The experiments are carried out in the near field of the jet.
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2. Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
The computational results such as velocity contour and velocity streamline helps to study the effects:
Jet mixing
Jet decay
Jet spread
Comparing the results of rectangular and circular orifices of same area would spectacle the viable of
rectangular orifice.
III. CFD ANALYSIS
The experimentation carried out in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The objective and
scope of the project is to investigate the flow property of parallel jets issuing from rectangular orifice. The near
field flow is considered as an important area for investigation. As like practical experimentation CFD also have
some methodologies which should be followed. CFD can be used to determine the performance of a component
at the design stage, or it can be used to analyse difficulties with an existing component and lead to its improved
design. The process of performing a single CFD simulation is split into four components:
Creating the Geometry/Mesh
Defining the Physics of the Model
Solving the CFD Problem
Visualizing the Results in the Post-processor
These steps were carried out for rectangular and circular orifices and velocity contours of rectangular
orifice only presented since, the circular orifice is classical.
3.1 Creating the Geometry/Mesh
This interactive process is the first pre-processing stage. The objective is to produce a mesh for input to
the physics pre-processor. Before a mesh can be produced, a closed geometric solid is required. The geometry
and mesh can be created in the Meshing application or any of the other geometry/mesh creation tools. The basic
steps involved are:
Defining the geometry of the region of interest.
Creating regions of fluid flow, solid regions and surface boundary names.
Setting properties for the mesh.
3.1.1
Defining Geometry of the Region of Interest
As for as the investigation is concerned the rectangular orifice was taken for experimentation.
The profiles was created in ICEM CFD.
Fig. 1 Rectangular orifice
The rectangular orifice with dimension 120 × 20 mm was created and considered as inlet of the control volume. The
geometry of rectangular orifices are shown in Fig. 1.
3.1.2
Creating Regions of Fluid Flow, Solid Regions and Surface Boundary Names
For the second pre-processing stage it needs a control volume to export created geometry in to solver.
This control volume can be generated by forming domain which has physical and chemical properties as same as
control volume. Due to axis pitching the jet does not hold its rectangular profile, so we need an equally spaced
domain. Cylindrical domain satisfies the requirements. In atmospheric condition effect of the jet have some
boundary distance, up to this distance the atmosphere will experience the disturbance of the jet. So for this
concern the domain has been shaped as cylindrical surface which have the dimension of radius 100 mm and the
length 1000 mm (Fig. 2).
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3. Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
Fig. 2 Cylindrical Domain with Rectangular orifice
Fig. 3 Meshed geometry
The flow is assumed to be live inside the domain. As early said the conditions inside the domain are
similar to the atmosphere. Though the control volume is a closed structure some parts are used to maintain the
experimental conditions. The parts present in the flow field are inlet, symmetry, opening and outlet.
3.1.3
Setting Properties for the Mesh
When the geometry is completely created and it shows as a fully closed structure then it is ready to mesh.
Meshing is the process by which the part which we are going to analyse is being covered by very small net like
structures. In order to obtain the required parameters such as velocity, Mach number etc., by providing node size
and refinement. Based on the shapes meshing is divided into two, one is structured mesh and another one is
unstructured mesh. In this work the type of mesh used is unstructured tetrahedral mesh. By decreasing element or
node size, refinement can be improved so as to get the accurate results wherever needed. The Mesh property
differs for each part. This is done because to obtain the accurate values which are required. The prism mesh is
created near the orifice inlet, since more accuracy is needed near the inlet. The global mesh parameters are given
as, max element size 8 and 1 as scale factor. Finally the needed and the effective mesh were generated (Fig. 3).
3.2 Defining the Physics of the Model
This interactive process is the second pre-processing stage and is used to create input required by the
Solver. The meshed files are loaded into the physics pre-processor, CFX-Pre. The physical models that are to be
included in the simulation are selected. Fluid properties and boundary conditions are specified.
Boundary conditions for domain:
Location – Body
Type of domain – Fluid domain
Fluid – Air at 25˚C
Reference pressure – 1 atm
Process – Total energy
Turbulence type – Shear stress transport
Boundary conditions for inlet:
Boundary type – inlet
Fluid velocity – 50 m/sec
Fluid temperature – Static temperature
(288 K)
Boundary conditions for opening:
Boundary type – opening
Location – opening
Relative pressure – 0 atm
Opening temperature - 25˚C
Boundary conditions for outlet:
Boundary type – Outlet
Location – Outlet
Relative pressure – 0 atm
Boundary conditions for symmetry:
Boundary type – Symmetry
Location – Symmetry
3.3 Solving the CFD Problem
The component that solves the CFD problem is called the Solver. It produces the required results in a
non-interactive/batch process. A CFD problem is solved as follows:
i. The partial differential equations are integrated over all the control volumes in the region of interest. This is
equivalent to applying a basic conservation law to each control volume.
ii. These integral equations are converted to a system of algebraic equations by generating a set of
approximations for the terms in the integral equations.
iii. The algebraic equations are solved iteratively. An iterative approach is required because of the non-linear
nature of the equations, and as the solution approaches the exact solution, it is said to converge. For each
iteration an error or residual, is reported as a measure of the overall conservation of the flow properties.
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4. Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
The final solution is the exact solution depends on a number of factors, including the size and shape of
the control volumes and the size of the final residuals. Complex physical process turbulence, is often modelled
using empirical relationships. The solution process requires no user interaction and is, therefore, usually carried
out as a batch process. The solver produces a results file which is then passed to the post-processor.
3.4 Visualizing the Results in the Post-Process
The post-processor is the component used to analyse, visualize and present the results interactively.
Post-processing includes anything from obtaining point values to complex animated sequences. Examples of
some important features of post-processors are Visualization of the geometry and control volumes, Quantitative
numerical calculations, Animation, Charts showing graphical plots of variables.
3.4.1 Rectangular orifice
The visualization of rectangular orifice shows the Velocity contour and how the jet accelerated at orifice
which is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Schematic representation of co-ordinate system
adopted for total velocity measurements in the flow
field for rectangular jets.
Fig. 5 Span-wise velocity graph for Rectangular orifice
From the graph we came to know about the variation in velocity at x = 0, 20, 40, 60 mm respectively
(Fig. 5).The properties such as jet mixing, jet decay and jet spread is also visualized satisfactorily. The result
shows how the velocity distribution and potential core changes. The velocity streamline describes how
effectively the atmosphere disturbs the flow. Some of the obtained results are shown in Fig. 6 to Fig. 9.
Fig. 6 Velocity contour for Rectangular orifice
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Fig. 7 Velocity streamline for Rectangular orifice
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5. Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
Fig. 8 Volume rendering at near field of the orifice
Fig. 9 Jet spread and Jet decay
The Fig. 9 shows the layer between a uniform stream and still air is called a “mixing layer” or
“half jet” [4].
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experiments are carried out on rectangular orifice with dimensions 120 x 20 mm using CFD
techniques. The exit velocity of the jet is 50 m/s. The Reynolds number based on the width and exit velocity of
the jet is 45000. Total velocity measurements are taken along both the jet axis i.e. Z-direction and the transverse
direction X-axis of the jet flow field. Jet decay plots are made by taking measurements along the jet centreline.
For rectangular orifice the measurements are taken along the jet axis at various X locations of 0, 20, 40 and 60
mm respectively. The readings are taken in both positive and negative directions of X-axis of the orifice.
Measurements are taken at various X locations of rectangular orifice for the purpose of comparison. Span wise
total velocity measurements are made along the transverse direction of the orifice at Z/De = 1to 12.
4.1 Effect on Jet Mixing
The mixing of a jet can be significantly altered by applying a suitable excitation at the jet orifice. The
graph shown in Fig. 10, plotted between the velocity along X axis of rectangular orifice and circular orifice. The
Fig. 10 shows the effect of rectangular orifice in span wise velocity. At near field flow the jet mixing increased
when the rectangular orifice is introduced. The result shows how the rectangular orifice helps the atmospheric air
to flow closer as possible with near field flow.
4.2 Effect on Jet Decay
In addition to the quantities measured directly, the mean stream wise centreline velocity decay is
measured. The graph shown in Fig. 11 shows how the jet decay varies for circular and rectangular orifices. And
in addition the Fig. 11 shows how the research succeeded as for as the rectangular orifice is concerned. The
trend in jet decay shown in Fig. 11 for a rectangular jet seems to agree well with those observed by [5] and [6].
Fig. 10 Comparison of Jet Mixing for Circular and
Rectangular jets
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Fig. 11 Comparison of Jet decay for Circular and
Rectangular jets
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6. Investigation on Low Speed Rectangular Jet
Fig. 12 Comparison of Jet Spread for Circular and
Rectangular jets
Fig. 13 Variation of jet centreline velocity along jet
axis
4.3 Effect on Jet Spread
The spreading of the jet as measured by our objective function is larger at higher Reynolds numbers. If
the exit Reynolds number is 20000, the turbulence will be 1 % [7]. The large spreading of the jet can be
achieved with a small mass flow actuation if suitable frequencies are chosen, suggesting that the spreading of the
jet is larger from the Re = 6000 jet. The graph Shown in Fig.12 shows how the jet spread takes place when the
half width velocity of the jet is concerned. The Fig. 12 shows good variation in jet spread between the
rectangular orifice and circular orifice. The graph plotted between half width velocities along X-Z plane. In all
the experiments, total velocity measurements have been taken along both the centreline (line through intersection
point of the diagonals of the rectangular orifice) and the transverse direction. Using atmospheric pressure as the
reference pressure, the local velocities have been calculated. It has been found that the near-field mean stream
wise velocity distribution is upright for rectangular jet than circular jet [8]. The Fig. 13 shows how the jet decay
reduced along Z axis. Up to Z/De=1 both maintained straight line, this length is considered as potential core. The
calculated Potential core for the jet is 15.89 mm.
V. CONCLUSION
The major conclusion derived from the present investigation is effect of rectangular orifice on Jet decay,
Jet mixing and Jet spread of the jet.
Increase in aspect ratio result in rapid jet decay. For instance, introduction of rectangular orifice with aspect
ratio of 6 increases the jet decay by 4.3 % at Z/De=8. In case of increasing the aspect ratio of the
rectangular orifice, the near field flow velocity of the jet is decreased by 12.05 % compared to that velocity
of circular jet at the same location.
Jet mixing is greatly enhanced with increase in aspect ratio.
Induction of a rectangular orifice results in increased half-width velocities along X-Z plane (Fig. 12), except
up to a certain distance closer to the exit of the orifice. Increasing the aspect ratio of the rectangular jets
and studying the effect of aspect ratio on fluid dynamic properties of the jet would be the future work of
this study.
REFERENCES
[1] Aiken, N.T., “Aerodynamics and Noise Measurements on a Quasi – Two Dimensional Augmenter Wing Model with Lobe – Type
Nozzles,” NASA TMX – 62, 237, Sept. 1973.
[2] Lawrence, C.J., “Turbulence Studies of a Rectangular Slotted Noise Suppressor Nozzle,” NASA TND – 294, 1960.
[3] Junye Wang, Geoffrey H.Priestman and Dongdi Wu., “An Analytical Solution for Incompressible Flow through Parallel Multiple
Jets,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Vol.123, June 2001, pp.407-410.
[4] Bradshaw, P., “An Introduction to Turbulence and its Measurement,” Pergamon Press 1971.
[5] Krothapalli, A., Baganoff, D., and Karamcheti, K., “Development and Structure of a Rectangular Jet in a Multiple Jet Configuration,”
AIAA Journal, Vol.18, No.8, August 1980, pp.945 – 950.
[6] Sarma M.S., Sundararajan.T and Ramjee. V., “Study of Incompressible Jets from various Orifices,” Journal of Aerospace Sciences
and Technologies, Vol.55, No.2 May 2003, pp 97 – 111
[7] Elbanna, H.Gahin, S., and Rashed, M.I.L., “Investigation of two plane parallel jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol.21, No.7, 1983,
pp.986 – 990.
[8] Quinn, W.R., “Passive Near-Field Mixing Enhancement in Rectangular Jet Flows,” AIAA Journal, Vol.29, No.4, April 1991,
pp.515 – 519.
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