This document provides an overview of forest management in India. It begins with an introduction to forests as ecological and socio-economic resources that need judicious management. It then describes the 16 major types of forests in India based on climate and vegetation. The document discusses the issues of deforestation and its effects. It also covers topics such as forest cover in India, forest management techniques like afforestation and social forestry, non-wood forest products, forest certification programs, and Indian laws related to forest conservation.

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KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL
&
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SULTANPUR (U.P)-228118
DEPARTMENT OF :-
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
SEMINOR ON:-
FOREST MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY:-
Ramesh Pandey
M.Sc Final (2016-17)

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CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Types of forest in India
3. Deforestation
4. Land use global
5. Global forest area of the world
6. Forest cover in India
7. Forest management
8. Afforestation
9. Social forestry
10. Agro forestry
11.Non wood forest products
12.Forest Certification program
13.Conservation through law
14.MY VIEW
15.REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
Forests are ecological as well as a socio-economic
resource. Forests have to be managed judiciously not only
because they are source of various products and
industrial raw materials but also for environmental
protection and various services they provide.
Approximately 1/3 rd of the earth’s total land area is
covered by forests.

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Types of Forest in India
Forest type
Temperature
mean annual
(max. & min. in
centigrade)
Rain Fall
Range( in
millimeter)
Dry periods
( in months)
Locality (distribution) Major dominant Species
1. Tropical
wet evergreen
27-30 &
18-23
3000 3-4
Maha., Karn., T.N., Kerala,
Andman, W.B., Assam, Orissa.
and throughout N.E.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorum, D.
costatus, Hoppea odorata, Shorea
assmica, Artocarpus chaplasa, Mesua
2. Tropical
semi evergreen
28-30
&
19-23
2000-2500 4-5
Maha., Goa, Karn., Kerala,
Andaman, Assam, W.B., Orissa.
Xylia xylocarpus Terminallia
paniculata, T. tomentosa
Schleichera oleosa Syzygium spp
Cinnamomum spp.
3. Tropical
moist
deciduous
27-33 & 14-20 1200-2500 3-7
M.P., Ch. gh., Maha., Karn., T.N.,
Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar,
U.P. Bihar, Orissa, W.B. Assam.
Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp,
Pterocarpus marsupium Schleichera
oleosa Shorea robusta, Lagerstroemia
4. Littoral and
swamp
29-33 & 18-24
475 -3100
3-9
In coastal regions of W.B., Orissa,
Andhra, T.N and Gujarat.
Manilkara littoralis, Casurina
equisetifolia, Rhizophora mucronata,
R. candelaria, Avicennia alba, Ceriops
5. Tropical
dry deciduous
29-35 & 18-25 800-1200 6-8
M.P., Gujrat , Maha., Andhra,
Karn. T.N., Punjab, U.P., Bihar,
Ch.gh., Jh.Kh., Orissa.
Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis,
Anogeissus latifolia, Terminallia
tomentosa, Buchanania lanzan.
6. Tropical
thorn
31 -34 & 18-25 200-800 7-10
M.H. Andhra , Karn., T.N.,
M.P.,U.P., Rajasthan, Gujrat,
Punjab.
Acacia catechu, A leucopholea, A.
arabica,
Capparis deciduas, Prosopis
spicigera, Zizyphus mauritiana,
7. Tropical
dry evergreen
32-35 & 23-24 870-1200 4-6
Karnataka,
Andhra pradesh.,T.N.
Manilkara hexandra, Mimusops
elengi, Dispyros ebenum, Memecylon
edule and Drypetes sepiaria.

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8. Subtropical
broad leaved
Hill
20-26 &
12 -16*
1000-
3000
4-7
Maha., Karn., T.N. Kerala, Rajasthan,
M.P., Orissa, W.B, N.E.
Euginia wightiana,
Memecylon sp, Quercus vercus, Q.serrata
Castanopsis tribuloides C.indica.,
Alnus nepalensis.
9. Subtropical
Pine
20-25 &
11-15*
1000-
3000
3-7
Western and Central Himalaya,
Punjab, U.K., Sikkim, Megahlaya
and Manipur.
Pinus roxburghii, P. insularis, Quercus griffithii,
Rhododendron arboretum, Syzygium cumini.
10. Subtropical
dry evergreen
500-1000
Shiwalik hills, Western Himalaya,
Jammu and Punjab.
Olea cuspidata, Acacia modesta, Punica granatum,
Dondonaea viscose.
11. Montane wet
temperate
15-21 &
9-15
1500-
5000
2-5
T.N., Kerala, Eastern Himalaya,
W.B., Assam, N. E.
Ternstroemia gymnanthera,
Eugenias calophyllifolia, Meliosma wightii,
Rhododendron nilagiricum, Quercus lamellosa, Q.
pachphylla, Machilus edulis.
12. Himalayan
moist temperate
17-18 &
7 -11
1000-
2500
2-5
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P ,
U.K., W.B., Assam and Eastern
Himalaya.
Abies densa, Cedrus spp, Picea spinulosa, Pinus
wallichiana,
Tsuga dumosa
Quercus dilate, Q. lamellose.
13. Himalayan
dry temperate
13-22 &
-1.3 -11
<1000 4-12
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P.,
U.K., Sikkim ,
N. E.
Cedrus deodara, Pinus geardiana , Juniperus wallichina,
Abies spectabilis, Quercus ilex, Acer pentapomicum.
14.
Sub-alpine
9-13 &
(-5.4) -
(-1.3)
83-600 6-12
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, H.P. ,
U.K., W. B., North East.
Abies spectabilis, , Pinus wallichiana, Betula utilis
Rhododendron
15.
Moist alpine
scrub
Kashmir, U.K., Sikkim, Manipur.
Western Himalaya and Eastern
Himalaya.
Rhododendron companulatum,
R.wightii, R. molle, thomsoni.
16.
Dry alpine scrub
< 370 H.P, Kashmir, U.K.
Eurotia ceratoides, Juniperus wallichiana, J. communis,
Artimisa maritima, A. Sacrorum, Lonicera spp., and

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Deforestation is a very broad term, which consists of
cutting of trees including repeated lopping, felling, and
removal of forest litter, browsing, grazing and trampling of
seedlings. It can also be defined as the removal or damage
of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer
supports its natural flora and fauna.
Deforestation
“The rapid rate of deforestation in the tropics is a key driving
force in the yearly increase of flood disasters.”

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Effect of Deforestation
 Decrease in rain fall
 Soil erosion
 Loss of fertile land
 Lower down of water table
 Loss of long term productivity
 Rise in climatic temp
 Global warming
 Increase of Carbon dioxide in atmosphere
 Treats of flood havocs
 Storage of fire wood etc.

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Consequences of deforestation
Deforestation affects both physical and biological components of the
environment.
1. Soil erosion and flash flood:-
A shrinking forest cover coupled with over exploitation of ground water has
accelerated erosion along the slopes of the lower Himalayas and Aravali hills,
making them prone to landslides. Destruction of the forests has altered rainfall
pattern. In 1978 India suffered some of the worst flooding in its history. There
was two days of heavy rainfall and 66,000
villages were inundated, 2,000 people drowned, and 40,000 cattle were swept
away.
“The loss of top soil is in India, is 18.5% of the global soil loss.
This is indeed very serious, considering the fact that India has
only 2.4% of the land area of the world.”

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2. Climate change
Forests enhance local precipitation and improve water holding
capacity of soil, regulate water cycle, maintain soil fertility by
returning the nutrients to the soil through leaf fall and decomposition
of litter. Forests check soil-erosion, landslides and reduce intensity
of flood and droughts. Forests, being home of wildlife are important
assets of aesthetic, touristic and cultural value to the society.
Heat build-up in the atmosphere is one of the important
problems of the century known as green house effect is the partly
caused by the result from deforestation.

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3. Biodiversity
“Biodiversity” include all variety of life forms. It is a measure of variation,
the number of different varieties, among living things.
There are several causes for biodiversity loss:-
Hunting, poaching and commercial exploitation.
 Elimination and disturbance of wildlife habitats.
 Selective destruction of habitat/ life forms.
 Domestication.
 Introduction of new alian species in new area which threaten the
 Indigenous species.
 Use of pesticides.
 Pests, medical research and zoos.
All the above factors adversely affect biodiversity.

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Global forest area of the world
Source:-
Region Forested area
(km2 )
% of land area
World 39,000,000 26.19 %
India 778,424 24.68 %

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Forest cover in India
While the total Forest Cover of
the country has increased by
3775 sq km , the tree cover
has gone up by 1306 sq km.
According to the India state of
forest Report (ISFR) 2015
released here today , the total
forest and tree Cover is 79.42
million hectare , which is
24.68 % of total geographical
area.

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Forest management
Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall
administrative economic, legal, and social aspects, as well as scientific
and technical aspects, such as silviculture, protection, and forest
regulation.

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Afforestation
Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an
area where there was no previous tree cover. Reforestation is the
reestablishment of forest cover , either naturally or artificially
(by direct seeding or planting).
Source:-
Whatsapp group (Department of Environmental sciences) 10/08/2016 12:45 am

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Social Forestry
Social forestry means the management and protection of
forests and afforestation on barren lands with the purpose of helping in
the environmental, social and rural development. The term, social
forestry, was first used in India in 1976 by The National Commission on
Agriculture, Government of India.

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Agro Forestry
Agro forestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive
benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops or livestock. It
combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more diverse,
productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.
A narrow definition of agro forestry is “trees on farms”.

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Non wood forest products
Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are goods of biological
origin other than wood, derived from forests other wooded
Land and tees outside forests. NWFPs and similar terms
such as “minor” “secondary” and “non-timber” forest
products (NTFPs)have emerged as umbrella expressions
for the vast array of both animal and plant products other
than wood derived from forests or forest tree species.

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Forest Certification program
Forest certification is a mechanism for forest monitoring, tracing and labeling
timber, wood and pulp products and non-timber forest products, where the
quality of forest management is judged against a series of agreed standards.
FSC = Forest Stewardship Council
PEFC = Programme for the Endorsement of
Forest Certification

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Conservation through law
THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 [21st September, 1927]
Originally forests were placed in the state of list of the Constitution.
Accordingly, the Indian forest act, 1927 gives the States jurisdiction over both
private & public forests. The forests in which State Governments have proprietary
interest are public forests. There are three categories of public forests ,namely
reserved forests, village forests, and protected forests.
The Indian forests Act, 1927 is a Comprehensive Legislation Relating to
forests management that consolidates Pre-existing laws such as the Indian forest
Act, 1865 and Forest Act, 1878.
Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Constitution of Advisory Committee
Forest Protection : Judicial Perspectives
Sustainable use of forests : The Right of Forest Dwellers
Tribal Rights to Minor Forests and Livelihood
Glimpses of Forest and Environment

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1. Forest Policy of 1894
The Gov. of India issued a Resolution on 19th October, 1894,
declaring its forest policy.
2. National Forest Policy,1952
First Forest Policy of independent India Was declared on May
12,1952 by the Gov. Of India . It was new forest policy which
was based on national needs.
3. National Forest Policy, 1988
Since 1952 when the First Forest Policy of Independent India
was declared, many changes had taken place particularly in the
field of economics, politics and environment.
Forest protection in India
Attempts have been made in India from very ancient time fo protection
of forests. According to Kautilya’s Arthashatra forests were classified into five
categories for Protection. Some forests were reserved for religious study, some
for supply of forest produce, some for grazing of royal elephants, some for royal
hunting and some for the general public hunting.

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Wild Life Protection Act,1972
The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 is based on the principle of Ahismsa as it is
designed to protect bio-diversity. In 1972, India adopted a comprehensive
legislation. Wild Life Protection Act of 1972 intended to protect Wild life.
Moreover, the forty second constitutional amendment passed In 1976
transferred Wild Life along with forest from the state list of constitution to
Concurrent List.
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MY VIEW
• One of the biggest challenges towards the outlook of forests
in the recent times has concerns about ‘sustainability’ of our
resources. It has emerged as one of the main concerns of
recent policy advocacy.
• The national forest commission, has recommended creating
an enabling environment to facilitate assessment, monitoring
and reporting on national level criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management.

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REFRENCES
•http://en.m.wikipedia.org/
•http://eschooltoday.com/forest/types-of-forests.html
•http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/deforestation/forest
_sector_transformation/forest_certification/
•http://www.shutterstock.com/subscribe?clicksrc_thumb
•Upadhyay Jai Jai Ram Test Book ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW First edition ( 2005) Chapter( 14 ) Page No. (273-
279)

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