The document is a research paper from The International Journal Of Engineering And Science that examines the tensile test results of glass fiber composite materials subjected to various environmental conditions. The paper describes conducting tensile tests on glass fiber reinforced polymer composite samples in a universal testing machine to determine properties like ultimate tensile load and stress. The samples were then exposed to moisture and temperature variations and additional tensile tests were performed to analyze how the mechanical properties changed as a result of the environmental conditioning. The results showed that exposure to moisture and high/low temperatures degraded the composites and reduced their flexural strength and other mechanical properties.
The document summarizes research analyzing the tensile behavior of hybrid carbon-jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites with different fiber orientations (0°, 30°, 45°). Samples were fabricated using hand lay-up and tested under tension. Results showed the 0° orientation exhibited the highest tensile strength of 87.68 MPa. Strength decreased with 30° and 45° orientations. Finite element analysis of the 0° sample correlated closely with experimental results. In conclusion, the 0° hybrid composite demonstrated optimal tensile behavior compared to other orientations tested.
Fabrication and Analysis of Single Lap Joint Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer C...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the tensile strength of single lap joints in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials. Specifically, it looks at uni-directional and bi-directional ply composites with 10% silicon carbide additions. The composites were fabricated using hand layup and tested experimentally, numerically via finite element analysis, and analytically. Results showed that the bi-directional ply composite had a higher tensile strength than the uni-directional ply composite, making it more suitable for aircraft and automotive applications.
1. The document analyzes the stress distribution over a hybrid composite material with carbon and glass fibers and epoxy, with a central circular hole, under tensile loading.
2. Three specimens were experimentally tested according to ASTM standards and found to have a maximum stress concentration near the central hole.
3. Finite element analysis was also conducted and found the results to match the experimental values, with maximum stress occurring near the central hole.
Idealized solid propellant is models is analysed for thick sphere subjected to internal
pressure, whose casing is made of composite materials,. Results obtained from present
elements are compared with analytical results and 8 noded counterpart of MARC. Solid
Rocket Motor (SRM) is developed based on casting method where solid propellant grains
are cast into a composite or metallic casing. Generally, SRMs are exposed to extreme
loading scenarios during storage, transportation, and firing, leading to cracks in the solid
propellants. In this paper, Computational Finite Element Analysis is performed with
developed 8 node quadrilateral, 9 node quadrilateral and 6 node triangular elements
using Herrmann formulation to analyze stress and strain variations in the mid segments
of the typical SRM subjected to pressure loading. The obtained results are compared with
commercially available Finite element software
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural properties of composite T-joints with different cut-out shapes using finite element analysis and Tsai-Hill failure criteria. A composite T-joint model was created and subjected to pulling, shear, and bending loads. Models with different cut-out shapes but the same total cut-out area were also analyzed under the same loads. Results found that for transverse pulling loads, a vertical ellipse cut-out shape performed best with no failure, while other shapes showed failure. For shear and bending loads, different cut-out shapes performed best. The best overall shape was selected based on composite performance under all three loading conditions.
Effect of Various Parameters on Double Lap Bolted GFRP-to-Steel Joint by Expe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzes the effect of various parameters on the strength of double lap bolted joints connecting glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) to steel. Specifically, the study examines the effects of washer outer diameter size, preload, and edge-to-hole diameter ratio on joint strength through experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEA). The experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement. The study aims to provide guidance on optimizing bolted joint design between GFRP and steel components.
Analysis of buckling behaviour of functionally graded platesByju Vijayan
1. The document discusses the buckling behavior of functionally graded plates through two case studies.
2. The first case study analyzes the buckling of simply supported functionally graded rectangular plates under non-uniform in-plane compressive loading using classical plate theory. It finds that the critical buckling coefficient increases with the power law index and aspect ratio.
3. The second case study examines the buckling of imperfect functionally graded plates under in-plane compressive loading. It determines that the critical buckling load depends on factors like the load ratio, power law index, and amplitude of imperfection.
The document summarizes research analyzing the tensile behavior of hybrid carbon-jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites with different fiber orientations (0°, 30°, 45°). Samples were fabricated using hand lay-up and tested under tension. Results showed the 0° orientation exhibited the highest tensile strength of 87.68 MPa. Strength decreased with 30° and 45° orientations. Finite element analysis of the 0° sample correlated closely with experimental results. In conclusion, the 0° hybrid composite demonstrated optimal tensile behavior compared to other orientations tested.
Fabrication and Analysis of Single Lap Joint Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer C...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the tensile strength of single lap joints in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials. Specifically, it looks at uni-directional and bi-directional ply composites with 10% silicon carbide additions. The composites were fabricated using hand layup and tested experimentally, numerically via finite element analysis, and analytically. Results showed that the bi-directional ply composite had a higher tensile strength than the uni-directional ply composite, making it more suitable for aircraft and automotive applications.
1. The document analyzes the stress distribution over a hybrid composite material with carbon and glass fibers and epoxy, with a central circular hole, under tensile loading.
2. Three specimens were experimentally tested according to ASTM standards and found to have a maximum stress concentration near the central hole.
3. Finite element analysis was also conducted and found the results to match the experimental values, with maximum stress occurring near the central hole.
Idealized solid propellant is models is analysed for thick sphere subjected to internal
pressure, whose casing is made of composite materials,. Results obtained from present
elements are compared with analytical results and 8 noded counterpart of MARC. Solid
Rocket Motor (SRM) is developed based on casting method where solid propellant grains
are cast into a composite or metallic casing. Generally, SRMs are exposed to extreme
loading scenarios during storage, transportation, and firing, leading to cracks in the solid
propellants. In this paper, Computational Finite Element Analysis is performed with
developed 8 node quadrilateral, 9 node quadrilateral and 6 node triangular elements
using Herrmann formulation to analyze stress and strain variations in the mid segments
of the typical SRM subjected to pressure loading. The obtained results are compared with
commercially available Finite element software
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural properties of composite T-joints with different cut-out shapes using finite element analysis and Tsai-Hill failure criteria. A composite T-joint model was created and subjected to pulling, shear, and bending loads. Models with different cut-out shapes but the same total cut-out area were also analyzed under the same loads. Results found that for transverse pulling loads, a vertical ellipse cut-out shape performed best with no failure, while other shapes showed failure. For shear and bending loads, different cut-out shapes performed best. The best overall shape was selected based on composite performance under all three loading conditions.
Effect of Various Parameters on Double Lap Bolted GFRP-to-Steel Joint by Expe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzes the effect of various parameters on the strength of double lap bolted joints connecting glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) to steel. Specifically, the study examines the effects of washer outer diameter size, preload, and edge-to-hole diameter ratio on joint strength through experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEA). The experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement. The study aims to provide guidance on optimizing bolted joint design between GFRP and steel components.
Analysis of buckling behaviour of functionally graded platesByju Vijayan
1. The document discusses the buckling behavior of functionally graded plates through two case studies.
2. The first case study analyzes the buckling of simply supported functionally graded rectangular plates under non-uniform in-plane compressive loading using classical plate theory. It finds that the critical buckling coefficient increases with the power law index and aspect ratio.
3. The second case study examines the buckling of imperfect functionally graded plates under in-plane compressive loading. It determines that the critical buckling load depends on factors like the load ratio, power law index, and amplitude of imperfection.
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Axial Crushing of Aluminum Honey Comb Under Dynamic Loading ConditionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the axial crushing of aluminum honeycomb structures under dynamic loading conditions. Experiments were conducted using both semi-static and dynamic testing methods. Specifically, honeycomb samples measuring 75x75x35mm were tested in a universal testing machine and a drop weight machine. The testing aimed to study the deformation and energy absorption of honeycomb under compressive loads. Finite element analysis was also conducted using LS-Dyna software to simulate honeycomb crushing. The results provide valuable insights into manufacturing materials with high energy absorption capacity.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Journals
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on an aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi array to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Analysis of the signal-to-noise ratios showed that pin diameter was the most influential factor for tensile strength, while tool traverse feed had the greatest effect on hardness. The optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength were a rotational speed of 1400 rpm, feed rate of 40 mm/min, and pin diameter of 6 mm.
3) For hardness, the optimal parameters were a
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document reviews several studies that analyzed bolted joints in composite laminates. It discusses how clamping force and laminate stacking sequence can affect failure mechanisms and strength. The review examines both experimental and modeling/simulation approaches. Studies investigated topics like bearing strength, fatigue characteristics, stress distributions, and the effects of parameters like bolt-hole clearance and clamping loads. Overall, the review indicates that while modeling techniques have improved understanding, further work is still needed to optimize bolted joint design given composites' brittle failure modes.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi design to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Tensile strength, hardness, and elongation measurements were made on the welded joints produced under each experimental condition. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated from the data to analyze the effects of the parameters on the properties.
3) Statistical analysis using Minitab found that tool rotational speed had the greatest influence on tensile strength and hardness, while pin diameter most influenced ductility.
Static and Transient Vibrational Analysis of Functionally Graded MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses static and transient vibrational analyses of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using finite element modeling. FGMs are composite materials with continuous variation of material properties, such as a ceramic-metal mixture. The analyses examine deflection, vibration frequencies, and transient response of FGM plates and shells under mechanical and thermal loads. Results show the material gradient and volume fractions significantly impact structural response. Finite element modeling using first-order shear deformation theory is employed to efficiently analyze the functionally graded structures.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
Analysis of fatigue behavior of glass carbon fiber epoxy compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract
There are so many applications of composite materials in the past 20 years due to strong demand in material performance set by
technological developments, the use of composite materials has increased manifold. Most of these applications of the composite
material are situations where the reduction in strength and durability due to fatigue process is very likely. This work has been a
great need in the exact fatigue properties of glass and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, both unidirectional
carbon and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites were detected for fatigue test by rotating bending machine.It was found that
the probability distribution of the resistance fatigue of carbon fiber and glass fiber composite materials reinforced by fibers, at
certain stress level, can be prepared by Weibull distribution of two parameter with statistical co-relation coefficient values
greater than 0.80. Many methods were used to find out the parameters of the Weibull distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness
of fit was also used to amplify the results mentioned above. The Weibull distribution with two parameters is used to integrate the
probability of default in the S-N relationship.
Keywords: Composite, Fatigue test, S-N curve
This document discusses the finite element analysis and optimization of a screw compressor housing. The original design analysis found a maximum deformation of 0.17mm and principal stress of 104.3MPa, within design limits. Topology optimization suggested areas where material could be reduced up to 5% of the weight. The optimized design was created and analyzed, showing a weight reduction from 24.6kg to 23.8kg while stresses and deformations remained within design criteria.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
This document outlines the agenda and methodology for a research project on self-reinforced fibre polymer composites, with an emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface. The research will involve theoretical and experimental investigations of the interfacial properties, quasi-static properties, and low velocity impact properties of four types of self-reinforced polymer composites. Fractography and correlation studies will also be conducted. The goal is to better understand the relationship between interfacial properties, mechanical properties, and impact behavior, while addressing gaps in current literature regarding these composites. Thermal analysis, laminate preparation, mechanical testing, and microscopy techniques will be employed in the study.
This document discusses the stress-strain behavior of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) under uniaxial compression. Cylinder specimens with varying fiber contents were tested to determine their complete stress-strain curves and develop stress-strain models. The highest compressive strength of 171.3 MPa was achieved with 2% 13mm fibers. A modified toughness index was proposed and ranged from 2.64 to 4.65, indicating fiber reinforcement improved cracking resistance. The optimal fiber contents were found to be 3% 6mm fibers or 2% 13mm fibers. Several models were examined and a modified model provided the best fit for predicting the stress-strain behavior of UHPC.
Evaluation of Reduction in Compressive Strength of Singly Symmetric CFS Membe...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study evaluating the reduction in compressive strength of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns due to local buckling effects. A finite element analysis is conducted to analyze the behavior of fixed-ended and pinned-ended columns under compression. The analysis shows that local buckling causes a shift in the effective centroid for pinned columns, introducing overall bending and reducing capacity by up to 39% compared to fixed-ended columns. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the effects of cross-section dimensions, material properties, and slenderness ratios on column strength. Results are also compared to several design methods to evaluate their accuracy in predicting the behavior and strength of cold-formed steel columns.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
This paper addresses the fracture toughness ( ), or also known as critical stress intensity Factor, according to
conditions of Lineal Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). The characterization of the mechanical properties in
tensile and fracture toughness of structural steel pipes API-5L used in hydrocarbons transportation was
performed. For fracture toughness, the material was tested through fatigue crack propagation on standardized
compact specimen (CT) according to ASTM E-399 norm. A thickness (B) equal to and a crack size (a) equal
to 0.5w were used. With the porpoise of establishing the adequate conditions at the crack tip, the specimens were
subjected to fatigue pre-cracking by application of repeated cycles of load in tensile-tensile and constant load
amplitude with a load ratio of R = 0.1. The experimental Compliance method was used based on data obtained
from load vs. Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD). The results show a Stress Intensity factor of 35.88
MPa√m for a 25 mm crack size specimen. The device used for testing is a MTS-810 machine with capacity of
100KN and 6 kHz sampling rate, which meets the conditions of the ASTM E-399 standard. The cracking
susceptibility of steel is influenced by the size, morphology and distribution of non-metallic inclusions,
thermochemical interaction with the environment and microstructure.
This document outlines a student's workplan to study the fracture of functionally graded materials. The plan includes conducting a literature review to identify gaps and objectives, modeling the material and analyzing it using software, performing parametric studies on properties like reinforcement size and volume fractions, and submitting a final report. Experimental results are also presented on a photoelastic model that show stress distributions and crack propagation under loading. Numerical finite element modeling is found to match the experimental photoelastic results to within 5-8 percent.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
We’re all trying to find that idea or spark that will turn a good project into a great project. Creativity plays a huge role in the outcome of our work. Harnessing the power of collaboration and open source, we can make great strides towards excellence. Not just for designers, this talk can be applicable to many different roles – even development. In this talk, Seasoned Creative Director Sara Cannon is going to share some secrets about creative methodology, collaboration, and the strong role that open source can play in our work.
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Axial Crushing of Aluminum Honey Comb Under Dynamic Loading ConditionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the axial crushing of aluminum honeycomb structures under dynamic loading conditions. Experiments were conducted using both semi-static and dynamic testing methods. Specifically, honeycomb samples measuring 75x75x35mm were tested in a universal testing machine and a drop weight machine. The testing aimed to study the deformation and energy absorption of honeycomb under compressive loads. Finite element analysis was also conducted using LS-Dyna software to simulate honeycomb crushing. The results provide valuable insights into manufacturing materials with high energy absorption capacity.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Journals
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on an aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi array to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Analysis of the signal-to-noise ratios showed that pin diameter was the most influential factor for tensile strength, while tool traverse feed had the greatest effect on hardness. The optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength were a rotational speed of 1400 rpm, feed rate of 40 mm/min, and pin diameter of 6 mm.
3) For hardness, the optimal parameters were a
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document reviews several studies that analyzed bolted joints in composite laminates. It discusses how clamping force and laminate stacking sequence can affect failure mechanisms and strength. The review examines both experimental and modeling/simulation approaches. Studies investigated topics like bearing strength, fatigue characteristics, stress distributions, and the effects of parameters like bolt-hole clearance and clamping loads. Overall, the review indicates that while modeling techniques have improved understanding, further work is still needed to optimize bolted joint design given composites' brittle failure modes.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi design to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Tensile strength, hardness, and elongation measurements were made on the welded joints produced under each experimental condition. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated from the data to analyze the effects of the parameters on the properties.
3) Statistical analysis using Minitab found that tool rotational speed had the greatest influence on tensile strength and hardness, while pin diameter most influenced ductility.
Static and Transient Vibrational Analysis of Functionally Graded MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses static and transient vibrational analyses of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using finite element modeling. FGMs are composite materials with continuous variation of material properties, such as a ceramic-metal mixture. The analyses examine deflection, vibration frequencies, and transient response of FGM plates and shells under mechanical and thermal loads. Results show the material gradient and volume fractions significantly impact structural response. Finite element modeling using first-order shear deformation theory is employed to efficiently analyze the functionally graded structures.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
Analysis of fatigue behavior of glass carbon fiber epoxy compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract
There are so many applications of composite materials in the past 20 years due to strong demand in material performance set by
technological developments, the use of composite materials has increased manifold. Most of these applications of the composite
material are situations where the reduction in strength and durability due to fatigue process is very likely. This work has been a
great need in the exact fatigue properties of glass and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, both unidirectional
carbon and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites were detected for fatigue test by rotating bending machine.It was found that
the probability distribution of the resistance fatigue of carbon fiber and glass fiber composite materials reinforced by fibers, at
certain stress level, can be prepared by Weibull distribution of two parameter with statistical co-relation coefficient values
greater than 0.80. Many methods were used to find out the parameters of the Weibull distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness
of fit was also used to amplify the results mentioned above. The Weibull distribution with two parameters is used to integrate the
probability of default in the S-N relationship.
Keywords: Composite, Fatigue test, S-N curve
This document discusses the finite element analysis and optimization of a screw compressor housing. The original design analysis found a maximum deformation of 0.17mm and principal stress of 104.3MPa, within design limits. Topology optimization suggested areas where material could be reduced up to 5% of the weight. The optimized design was created and analyzed, showing a weight reduction from 24.6kg to 23.8kg while stresses and deformations remained within design criteria.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
This document outlines the agenda and methodology for a research project on self-reinforced fibre polymer composites, with an emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface. The research will involve theoretical and experimental investigations of the interfacial properties, quasi-static properties, and low velocity impact properties of four types of self-reinforced polymer composites. Fractography and correlation studies will also be conducted. The goal is to better understand the relationship between interfacial properties, mechanical properties, and impact behavior, while addressing gaps in current literature regarding these composites. Thermal analysis, laminate preparation, mechanical testing, and microscopy techniques will be employed in the study.
This document discusses the stress-strain behavior of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) under uniaxial compression. Cylinder specimens with varying fiber contents were tested to determine their complete stress-strain curves and develop stress-strain models. The highest compressive strength of 171.3 MPa was achieved with 2% 13mm fibers. A modified toughness index was proposed and ranged from 2.64 to 4.65, indicating fiber reinforcement improved cracking resistance. The optimal fiber contents were found to be 3% 6mm fibers or 2% 13mm fibers. Several models were examined and a modified model provided the best fit for predicting the stress-strain behavior of UHPC.
Evaluation of Reduction in Compressive Strength of Singly Symmetric CFS Membe...IRJET Journal
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Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
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conditions of Lineal Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). The characterization of the mechanical properties in
tensile and fracture toughness of structural steel pipes API-5L used in hydrocarbons transportation was
performed. For fracture toughness, the material was tested through fatigue crack propagation on standardized
compact specimen (CT) according to ASTM E-399 norm. A thickness (B) equal to and a crack size (a) equal
to 0.5w were used. With the porpoise of establishing the adequate conditions at the crack tip, the specimens were
subjected to fatigue pre-cracking by application of repeated cycles of load in tensile-tensile and constant load
amplitude with a load ratio of R = 0.1. The experimental Compliance method was used based on data obtained
from load vs. Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD). The results show a Stress Intensity factor of 35.88
MPa√m for a 25 mm crack size specimen. The device used for testing is a MTS-810 machine with capacity of
100KN and 6 kHz sampling rate, which meets the conditions of the ASTM E-399 standard. The cracking
susceptibility of steel is influenced by the size, morphology and distribution of non-metallic inclusions,
thermochemical interaction with the environment and microstructure.
This document outlines a student's workplan to study the fracture of functionally graded materials. The plan includes conducting a literature review to identify gaps and objectives, modeling the material and analyzing it using software, performing parametric studies on properties like reinforcement size and volume fractions, and submitting a final report. Experimental results are also presented on a photoelastic model that show stress distributions and crack propagation under loading. Numerical finite element modeling is found to match the experimental photoelastic results to within 5-8 percent.
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Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
Experimental Study of the Fatigue Strength of Glass fiber epoxy and Chapstan ...IJMER
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2) The study developed a fatigue testing rig to apply cyclic bending loads to composite beam specimens and measure the resulting stiffness degradation over cycles until failure.
3) The testing rig incorporated a load cell, data acquisition system, and software to automatically record measurements over millions of load cycles and analyze the failure behavior and fatigue life of the composite laminates.
EFFECT OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND FILLERS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF THER...IAEME Publication
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Experimental investigation of the crashworthiness performance of laminated co...IRJET Journal
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Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
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Static structural and dynamic analysis of cracks in composite materialsIRJET Journal
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1) Modeling a cracked and uncracked composite beam in ANSYS and analyzing their stress distributions and natural frequencies under static and dynamic loading. The cracked beam showed higher stresses and lower natural frequencies.
2) Conducting a case study on modeling and analyzing a cracked bicycle crank made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The crank was meshed and its stress fields were analyzed to study the effect of cracks on its strength and failure behavior.
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Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
IRJET- A Review on Functionally Graded PlateIRJET Journal
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Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Various TheoriesIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of functionally graded materials (FGMs) and various analytical theories used to model them. It begins with an introduction to FGMs, which are advanced composite materials with continuous, smooth variations in composition and material properties. It then discusses several analytical approaches used to model FGMs, including the Mori-Tanka method, composite sphere/cylinder assemblage models, and micromechanical models using finite element analysis. The document concludes with a literature review summarizing several research studies that have applied these analytical approaches to modeling FGM beams, plates, and sandwich structures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED WITH JUT...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an investigation into composite materials reinforced with glass fibers, jute fibers, and silicon carbide powder. Researchers looked at the mechanical properties of these composites under tensile, compression, and impact loading. They found that hand layup fabrication resulted in better performance for natural fiber reinforcement with glass fibers. Silicon carbide was shown to be an excellent material for absorbing and carrying heavy loads. The document provides details on the materials and testing methods used in the study.
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This document discusses mechanical testing performed on composite tow samples and an isogrid boom structure at various temperatures. Composite tow samples made from ILC's TP283E shape memory polymer resin and carbon fiber reinforcement were tested to determine flexural and tensile modulus as a function of temperature. An isogrid boom structure made from the same materials was also tested in tension, compression, and creep at different temperatures. The test results of the composite tows and isogrid boom were compared to predicted values calculated using a rule of mixtures analysis.
Study on Material Selection for Particular DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses material selection for engineering designs and describes tensile testing conducted on aluminum alloy specimens. It begins by explaining the importance of selecting the appropriate material based on the intended application and life of the product. Tensile testing is then introduced as a common mechanical test to determine material properties like yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The document goes on to describe tensile tests performed on aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and 2024-T3 specimens using a digital testing system equipped with strain sensors. The results show the yield point, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate tensile strength differed between the two aluminum alloys. This information helps engineers select the best material based on the design criteria and requirements.
IRJET- Structural Health Monitoring of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete BeamIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on monitoring the structural health of a glass fibre reinforced concrete beam using thermocouple sensors. Glass fibre mesh was used to reinforce concrete prisms instead of steel reinforcement. Thermocouple sensors embedded in the prisms measured the internal temperature at different loads. A relationship was derived between internal temperature and applied load. The temperature increased by 0.2°C for every load change. The study concluded that temperature monitoring can provide a warning of damage as temperature rises with increasing loads. Further research is needed to develop a more economical health monitoring system using thermocouple sensors.
IRJET- Erosion Wear Characteristics of Polyester Composite Filled with Linz D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into improving the erosion wear and mechanical properties of polyester composites by adding Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag filler. Composites with 0-30% LD slag by weight were tested. Testing found that wear resistance and hardness increased significantly with higher slag content. Microhardness was up to 4 times higher for the 30% composite compared to neat polyester. Predictive models using artificial neural networks estimated erosion rates within 15% of experimental values. The research aims to utilize an industrial waste, LD slag, to develop wear-resistant polymer composites.
IRJET- Determination of Fracture Parameters of Self-Compacting Lightweight Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on determining the fracture parameters of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) considering the maximum aggregate size, using the work of fracture method. Three-point bending tests were performed on notched beam specimens with varying coarse aggregate sizes. Test results showed that as coarse aggregate size increased, the fracture energy of the specimens also increased, which can be explained by changes in fractural dimensions. Parameters like fracture energy, fracture zone length, and crack-tip opening displacement were evaluated to characterize the fracture behavior of SCLC.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy angle ply laminates. Flexural fatigue tests were conducted on laminate composites with different fiber orientations: [00]4, [±450]4, [±550]4, and [00, 900]4. The tests measured the stiffness degradation of the laminates as a function of the number of load cycles applied. The results showed that stiffness reduced rapidly at first as the top and bottom layers were damaged, then the rate of reduction slowed as a "pivoting effect" limited further damage. Numerical models were able to describe the stiffness degradation curves.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
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How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
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Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
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Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
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What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||3 ||Issue|| 1||Pages|| 23-27||2014||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
Tensile Test for Environmental Effect On Glass Fiber Composite
Materials
Kalidass R1, Balaji S2,
1
Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, T.M. Palayam, Coimbatore – 641 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------The basic reason for working on this area arises from the fact that composites are vulnerable to environmental
degradation. A moist environment, coupled with high or low temperature conditions is extremely detrimental for
composites. There have been several efforts made by researchers in the last few years to establish the much
needed correlation between the mechanical properties of the material and the moist environment or similar
hydrothermal conditions, subjected to thermal shocks, spikes, ambient & sub ambient temperatures. But most
research has been on the mechanical aspects rather than the physical & chemical interface and how this brings
change in the internal mechanical properties and affects a variety of other morphological changes. The focus of
our research has been to understand the physical changes that take place at the bonding interface between the
fibers and the matrix, as it is of prime importance due to its link to the stress transfer, distribution of load and it
also governs the damage accumulation & propagation. This has wide significance in aerospace applications,
because the aircraft components are exposed to harsh moist environment. Hence our project work aims at the
characterization of the hybrid GFRP’S by DSC/SEM and to analyze the variation of Tg and flexural strength
along with the mode of failure due to variation in moisture and temperature gradient.
KEYWORDS : Glass fiber reinforced polymer composite, Hydrothermal, Environmental conditioning, Resin.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 23.December-2013
Date of Publication: 20.January.2014
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Over 95% of the fibers used in reinforced plastics are glass fibers, as they are inexpensive, easy to
manufacture and possess high strength and stiffness with respect to the plastics with which they are reinforced.
Their low density, resistance to chemicals, insulation capacity are other bonus characteristics, although the one
major disadvantage in glass is that it is prone to break when subjected to high tensile stress for a long time.
Therefore, data on the effects of moisture on retention of the mechanical properties of GFRP during long term
environmental exposure are crucial for them to be utilized in outdoor applications. The environmental stress
cracking characteristics of GFRP were studied using fracture mechanics samples under constant tensile load and
water environment. For GFRP the characteristics of crack length as a function of exposure time. Ductile aramid
fibers seemed to project the glass fiber reinforcement from stress cracking due to higher chemical resistance and
complex failure mechanisms.
In addition to the prediction of load transfer in the joint stress analysis was conducted to investigate the
effect of bonded on the peel and shear stress distribution in the adhesive. The main objective of this work is to
investigate the effects on flexural strength of GFRP composite materials subjected to hydrothermal aging and its
life predication by mathematical modelling. In this work, the effects of environmental ageing on retention of
flexural properties of GFRP are studied and qualitative correlation to between results from ageing and
accelerated ageing is discussed.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermo set matrix in composites is very important property because
it defines the critical service temperature of the component and consequently their applications. For practical
applications they are used at a temperature below their Tg i.e. in the glass state.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 23
2. Tensile Test For Environmental Effect On Glass…
When materials are exposed to hydrothermal environment, the Tg usually decreases and therefore, the
service temperature of the material changes. Moisture absorption by epoxy matrix composites has plasticizer
effect, as reduction of Tg of the matrix. This effect is usually reversible when water is removed but exposure to
high temperature can produce irreversible effects, which is attributed to the chemical degradation of the matrix
and attack on the fiber/matrix interface. This causes increase of internal voids of the entangling polymer chain,
promoting chain expansion and the microcracks formation into the polymer matrix. There are many factors on
which moisture absorption depends such as temperature, fiber volume fraction, reinforcement orientation, fiber
nature, and area of exposed surfaces, diffusivity and surface protection [1, 2].With the constant necessity of the
development of light weight structures, the advancements of science and technology in several areas has
contributed to the improvement of aviation parts. Structural components of aircraft for civilian and military
purposes, such as flaps, rudders, fairings, aileron, fuel tanks, elevator, tail cone and others that were previously
made of metal alloys are recently being manufactured in laminated structures of advanced polymeric composites
(Kim and Ye, 2005). Currently, several companies are already introducing these parts in their aircraft, among
which may be cited as Airbus, Boeing and Embraer (Botelho and Rezende, 2000).Thermoplastic composite
materials have several advantages over traditional thermoset composites in the manufacture of lightweight
structures, among them the fact that these materials can be reprocessable, have good cost effectiveness and
solidify in a short time compared with slow curing of the thermoset resins, which facilitate their use (Botelho et
al., 2003). Between the thermoplastic matrix, the poly (ether-imide) (PEI) is a polymer of high performance with
good properties, such as strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures, good electrical properties, ample
chemical resistance, besides low cost. Furthermore, its glass transition temperature Tg is high compared to other
engineering polymers and can be used in aeronautical applications (Oliveira et al., 2009; Zenasni et al., 2006;
Viña et al., 2008; Chevali et al., 2010). Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites in outdoor applications
encounter ambient moisture, variation of temperature, salinity and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in addition to stress
and temperature, which affects mechanical properties (White and Shyichuk, 2007). These materials are used for
long periods of time on airplanes, so it is necessary to know exactly which influence of such factors ensure its
safe operation, preserving their properties for the period desired (Yakimets et al., 2004).So, in addition to
mechanical properties (tensile, compression, shear etc.), it is important that the maximum service temperature be
verified making sure the aircraft flight envelope, based on knowledge of Tg and melting temperature (Tm)..
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
3.1 Tensile test for polymer matrix composite materials using UTM (ASTM D3039/D3039M-OO)
To perform mechanical testing some type force application device is required, along with grips or other
fixtures to transfer the applied loading to the test specimen while special purpose load frames can be and are
used, general purpose load frames, termed universal testing machines, of the most common. These are either
electro mechanical or hydraulic devices.
Fig. 1 Test specimen in UTM
Current generation electro mechanical testing machines typically have moving cross head which moves
up and down, on two rotating screws driven by electric motor. Load is monitored by an electronic load cell
connected to a strip chart recorder and/or personal computer. The more versatile of these machines can operate
in load, displacement or strain control. In load control, as specified rate loading can be applied to the test
specimen via electronic feedback from the load cell to the driving motor.
3.1.1 Summary of Test Method
A thin flat strip of material having a constant rectangular cross section is mounted in the grips of a
mechanical testing machine (Figure 1) and monotonically loaded in tension while recording load. The ultimate
strength of the material can be determined, from the maximum load carried before failure. If the coupon strain is
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3. Tensile Test For Environmental Effect On Glass…
monitored, then the stress response of the material can be determined from which the ultimate tensile strain,
tensile modulus of elasticity, poisson ratio can be derived.
3.1.2 Significance and Work
This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specification, research and
development quality assurance, and structural design and analysis.
3.1.3 Testing Machine Heads
The test machine shall have both essential stationary head and a movable head.
3.1.4 Drive Mechanism
The testing machine drive mechanism shall be capable imparting to the movable head a controlled
velocity with respect to the stationary head. The velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being
regulated.
3.1.5 Load Indicator
The testing machine load sensing device shall be capable of indicating the load being carried by the test
specimen.
3.1.6 Grips
Each head of the testing machine shall carry one grip for holding the test specimen so that the direction
of load applied to the specimen is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
3.2 Tensile strength
Tensile strength is indicated by the maximam of a stress-strain curve and, in general, indicates when
necking will occur. As it is an intensive property, its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen. It is,
however, dependent on the preparation of the specimen and the temperature of the test environment and material.
Tensile strength, along with elastic modulus and corrosion resistance, is an important parameter of engineering
materials used in structures and mechanical devices. It is specified for materials such as alloys, composite
materials, ceramics, plastics and wood.
3.3 Explanation
There are three definitions of tensile strength:
Yield strength
The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform
permanently.
Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to tension, compression or shearing. It is
the maximum stress on the stress-strain curve.
Breaking strength
The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
IV. SETTING PROPERTIES FOR THE MESH
4.1 Width Thickness Length
Select the specimen width and thickness to promote failure in the gage section. Keep the gauge section
as far from the gribs as reasonable possible and provide a significant amount of material under stress therefore
produce a more statistically significant result.
4.2 Use of Tabs
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4. Tensile Test For Environmental Effect On Glass…
Tabs are strongly recommended to failure the specimen in the fiber direction.
Width
mm (in)
Fiber orientation
Balanced
symmetric
and
Overall length mm(in)
Thickness
mm(in)
25
(1.0)
250
(10.0)
2.5
(0.1)
4.3 Specimen Overview
The prepared slabs of the composite materials were taken from the mold and then specimens were
prepared from composite slabs for different thermal and fire resistance tests according to ASTM standards
(Figure 2). The test specimens were cut by laminate by using different tools. Three identical test specimens were
prepared for different tests.
Fig. 2 Test Specimen
4.4 Tensile Test Specimen
Tensile test specimen before test (Fig. 3) section of universal test machine. After the test section tensile
changed (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3 Tensile Test Specimen before Test
Fig. 4 Tensile Test Specimen after Test
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Different values got from tensile test is tabulated and discussed.
From tensile test, the values of ultimate tensile (Breaking) load, Ultimate Tensile Stress are calculated.
Test Specimen
(Glass fiber/Epoxy)
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Specimen 4
Specimen 5
Average
Ultimate tensile (Breaking) load(KN)
11.87
11.90
12.03
12.02
11.86
11.93
VI.
Ultimate Stress
(KN/mm2)
0.371
0.372
0.376
0.375
0.370
0.372
CONCLUSION
In this Project We have Fabricated Glass Fiber laminated plate using Epoxy resin and Hardner. We
were make this Glass fiber laminates by Hand layup Method and cured process under Room temperature. After
making Laminated plate, We have cut the laminates into Standard Test specimen using ASTM (American
society of Testing Materials) table. Totally Five test specimens are drawn from that Glass fiber laminate, After
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5. Tensile Test For Environmental Effect On Glass…
that test specimens are tested in the Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Each test specimen tested separately,
and found out Ultimate tensile load of specimen each Specimen, then the ultimate tensile stress calculated using
following formulaUltimate Tensile stress= Ultimate tensile load/Cross sectional area Thus average Ultimate
tensile stress value calculated for that Glass fiber/Epoxy laminate. Then the study about application of Glass
fiber laminates in aircraft construction is carried out successfully.
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