Deforestation, illegal hunting, and forest fires are a few current issues that have an impact on the diversity andecosystem of forests. To increase the biodiversity of species and ecosystems, it becomes imperative to preservethe forest. The conventional techniques employed to prevent these issues are costly, less effective, and insecure.The current systems are unreliable and use more energy. By utilizing an Internet of Things (IOT) system, thistechnology offers a more practical and economical method of continuously maintaining and monitoring the statusof the forest. To guarantee excellent security, this system combines a number of sensors, alarms, cameras, lights,and microphones. It aids in reducing forest loss, animal trafficking, and forest fires. In the suggested system,sensors are used for monitoring, and cloud storage is used for data storage. Through the use of machine learning,the raspberry pi camera module significantly aids in the prevention of unlawful wildlife hunting as well as thedetection and prevention of forest fires.
An Approach For Identifying The Forest Fire Using Land Surface Imagery By Loc...IOSR Journals
This document presents a new approach for identifying forest fires using land surface temperature satellite imagery. It involves segmenting the imagery into clusters using k-means clustering to locate regions of abnormal temperature distribution. The mean wavelength value is then computed for regions of interest using Haar wavelets. Experimental results on 312 images found that a mean wavelength exceeding 10.14 accurately identified forest fire locations according to historical records, with an average accuracy of 89.5%. This approach provides an improved method for early forest fire detection compared to existing techniques.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes Pakistan's National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) and plans to address deforestation. The NFMS aims to monitor forest resources, establish a national database, and report to international conventions. A working group drafted an action plan with objectives like adopting clear roles and responsibilities, monitoring forest indicators, and establishing a database. The plan also outlines steps to activate the working group to address deforestation emergencies in Pakistan and validate the action plan with stakeholders. Solutions to deforestation discussed include banning cutting, planting trees, recycling wood products, raising awareness, and supporting forestation organizations.
Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests for purposes like farming, ranching, and urban development. Over half of the world's original forests have been destroyed, endangering millions of animals. Deforestation continues due to economic incentives of farmland over forested land, as well as policies encouraging soy production. Deforestation disrupts local ecosystems and weather patterns, compromising watersheds and increasing risks of stronger storms. Solutions include reducing paper and product consumption, enacting ambitious forest policies, and increasing anti-deforestation efforts.
Cloud Based Forest Fire Alert System using IoTijtsrd
The most common hazard in forest fire Accident are themselves destroy the forest and great threat for wildlife and peoples. The number of trees has reduced drastically so the forest are creates an unhealthy environment for animals to survive in the forest. Forest covers 31 of the world and 21 of the India. It has found in a survey that 80 of losses are caused due to fire. This project of a system fire was detected early stages. It was tracking and alarming for protection of trees against forest fire. Now IOT Internet of things devices and cloud based to forest fire alerting system. If cloud can used to storing the information of data to monitoring the different environmental variables such as temperature, smoke, moisture of the forest. So finally to prevent the fire to spread over a huge area and precaution the forest. Ajith. S | Chandru. S | Boopalan. E | Periyathambi. P ""Cloud Based Forest Fire Alert System using IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30070.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30070/cloud-based-forest-fire-alert-system-using-iot/ajith-s
Afforestation has both positive and negative environmental impacts. While it increases oxygen production through photosynthesis, it can also harm animal habitats. Some scientists have found that afforestation disrupts vital biotic and abiotic factors that many species depend on, such as water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. However, trees do play an important role in sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gases. The full impacts of afforestation programs over the past century require more research to fully understand their costs and benefits.
EIAM unit 5(Assessment of Impact of development Activities on Vegetation an...GantaKalyan1
The document summarizes the key steps in performing an environmental risk assessment (ERA) as part of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). It discusses the five main steps: 1) hazard identification, 2) hazard analysis and scoping, 3) exposure assessment, 4) risk characterization, and 5) risk management. For each step, it provides details on the objectives and processes involved. It also compares EIA and ERA, noting that ERA focuses specifically on identifying and analyzing potential environmental hazards and risks, which helps to inform the overall EIA process.
The document discusses the relationship between international trade and the environment. It notes that while trade rules were established before environmental concerns became prominent, there is now an increased potential for conflict as both environmental regulations and trade have expanded rapidly. Trade liberalization could have both positive and negative environmental effects depending on context. Countries are concerned about the environmental impacts of trade as well as how domestic environmental policies might restrict trade more than necessary. Stronger environmental standards in some countries could also impact their competitiveness. Overall, the trade and environmental regimes have developed separately and more coordination is now needed to address potential conflicts.
An Approach For Identifying The Forest Fire Using Land Surface Imagery By Loc...IOSR Journals
This document presents a new approach for identifying forest fires using land surface temperature satellite imagery. It involves segmenting the imagery into clusters using k-means clustering to locate regions of abnormal temperature distribution. The mean wavelength value is then computed for regions of interest using Haar wavelets. Experimental results on 312 images found that a mean wavelength exceeding 10.14 accurately identified forest fire locations according to historical records, with an average accuracy of 89.5%. This approach provides an improved method for early forest fire detection compared to existing techniques.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes Pakistan's National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) and plans to address deforestation. The NFMS aims to monitor forest resources, establish a national database, and report to international conventions. A working group drafted an action plan with objectives like adopting clear roles and responsibilities, monitoring forest indicators, and establishing a database. The plan also outlines steps to activate the working group to address deforestation emergencies in Pakistan and validate the action plan with stakeholders. Solutions to deforestation discussed include banning cutting, planting trees, recycling wood products, raising awareness, and supporting forestation organizations.
Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests for purposes like farming, ranching, and urban development. Over half of the world's original forests have been destroyed, endangering millions of animals. Deforestation continues due to economic incentives of farmland over forested land, as well as policies encouraging soy production. Deforestation disrupts local ecosystems and weather patterns, compromising watersheds and increasing risks of stronger storms. Solutions include reducing paper and product consumption, enacting ambitious forest policies, and increasing anti-deforestation efforts.
Cloud Based Forest Fire Alert System using IoTijtsrd
The most common hazard in forest fire Accident are themselves destroy the forest and great threat for wildlife and peoples. The number of trees has reduced drastically so the forest are creates an unhealthy environment for animals to survive in the forest. Forest covers 31 of the world and 21 of the India. It has found in a survey that 80 of losses are caused due to fire. This project of a system fire was detected early stages. It was tracking and alarming for protection of trees against forest fire. Now IOT Internet of things devices and cloud based to forest fire alerting system. If cloud can used to storing the information of data to monitoring the different environmental variables such as temperature, smoke, moisture of the forest. So finally to prevent the fire to spread over a huge area and precaution the forest. Ajith. S | Chandru. S | Boopalan. E | Periyathambi. P ""Cloud Based Forest Fire Alert System using IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30070.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30070/cloud-based-forest-fire-alert-system-using-iot/ajith-s
Afforestation has both positive and negative environmental impacts. While it increases oxygen production through photosynthesis, it can also harm animal habitats. Some scientists have found that afforestation disrupts vital biotic and abiotic factors that many species depend on, such as water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. However, trees do play an important role in sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gases. The full impacts of afforestation programs over the past century require more research to fully understand their costs and benefits.
EIAM unit 5(Assessment of Impact of development Activities on Vegetation an...GantaKalyan1
The document summarizes the key steps in performing an environmental risk assessment (ERA) as part of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). It discusses the five main steps: 1) hazard identification, 2) hazard analysis and scoping, 3) exposure assessment, 4) risk characterization, and 5) risk management. For each step, it provides details on the objectives and processes involved. It also compares EIA and ERA, noting that ERA focuses specifically on identifying and analyzing potential environmental hazards and risks, which helps to inform the overall EIA process.
The document discusses the relationship between international trade and the environment. It notes that while trade rules were established before environmental concerns became prominent, there is now an increased potential for conflict as both environmental regulations and trade have expanded rapidly. Trade liberalization could have both positive and negative environmental effects depending on context. Countries are concerned about the environmental impacts of trade as well as how domestic environmental policies might restrict trade more than necessary. Stronger environmental standards in some countries could also impact their competitiveness. Overall, the trade and environmental regimes have developed separately and more coordination is now needed to address potential conflicts.
Deforestation is a major threat to global biodiversity. In Madagascar, the rapid deforestation of rainforests due to population growth, cattle ranching, and mining has devastated endemic wildlife, eradicating many species found nowhere else. Similarly, in Malaysia deforestation for palm oil and timber plantations, occurring at one of the highest rates globally, is destroying peatland forests and endangered species' habitats. Deforestation disrupts nutrient cycling, removes tree cover critical for many species, and causes soil erosion and genetic diversity loss, threatening biodiversity. Strong government protection and alternative economic models are needed to curb deforestation and conserve ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots.
The document discusses nature and humanity's relationship with nature. It argues that humans are inherently part of nature as we depend on natural systems like soil, air, water and plants for survival. However, modern life has increasingly isolated humans from nature. While people may interact with nature through activities like hiking, they often view nature as something separate. The document notes how earlier human societies like hunter-gatherers and agricultural societies had a closer relationship with nature as their lives and technologies directly depended on the environment. Now, industrialization has led to widespread environmental damage and humans have an enormous impact on natural cycles. To better care for the environment, humans must recognize that we are part of the natural community and our fate is intertwined with nature
1) Deforestation in Malaysia is growing rapidly due to urban development and agriculture, threatening biodiversity.
2) Loss of habitat from deforestation endangers many animal species in Malaysia and could lead to their extinction, such as Malayan tigers, Sumatran rhinos, and orangutans.
3) Deforestation disrupts ecosystems and causes environmental problems like climate change, rising temperatures, and soil erosion that negatively impact both humans and animals.
Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and expanding cities threaten global biodiversity. Deforestation removes habitat and species face extinction as forests hold most of Earth's species diversity. In Malaysia, oil palm plantations expanded by clearing forests, reducing habitat and unique species. Deforestation in Madagascar eliminated habitat rapidly and its unique species cannot be found elsewhere, showing how human impacts can drive species extinction.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
The document discusses forest fires, their causes, types, effects, and the need for fire management. It notes that forest fires are mainly caused by environmental factors like lightning or human activities such as shifting cultivation. Fires can spread along the forest floor as surface fires or through tree crowns as crown fires. Forest fires result in loss of timber, biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and increase global warming. Proper fire management requires prevention, detection, control and research as outlined in India's National Master Plan for Forest Fire Control.
A Review On Effects Of Deforestation On Landslide Hill AreasTony Lisko
1) The document discusses the effects of deforestation on landslides in hill areas. It notes that deforestation removes vegetation that stabilizes slopes and removes water from the ground, increasing landslide risks.
2) The main causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, fuel wood removal, and human population pressures. Deforestation for agriculture expansion is a major direct cause.
3) Removing trees increases landslide risks because tree roots reinforce soil and slopes, canopies reduce rainfall impact, and root death after logging leaves soil vulnerable to oversaturation.
The document discusses key topics in environmental studies including the components of the environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It describes the layers of the atmosphere and issues like pollution, biodiversity loss, natural resource depletion. Forests are described as important natural resources that provide various ecosystem services but are threatened due to overexploitation through activities like logging, mining and construction. Sustainable management of forests and other resources is needed to address growing environmental challenges.
Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Lo...ijtsrd
Environmental Pollution EP has become a global issue as the impacts are mainly crucial threats to man and biodiversity especially in Africa and other developing countries. In addition to humans and biodiversity, the effects of EP are intense on plants, animals, soil, water and air. As population increases, human needs for food, clothes, mobility and shelter get elevated which in turn require higher use of technology and energy resources vis à vis anthropogenic activities are the primary causes of the rising challenges of EP. This work is aimed at reviewing the roles of anthropogenic activities as key drivers of environmental pollution and loss of biodiversity. In order to achieve this aim and justify the work, the following specific objectives were developed including to i identify and review relevant literature on anthropogenic activities prevalent in Africa. ii examine the impacts of the major anthropogenic activities on the environment including human health, soil, water, air, flora and fauna biodiversity. iii proffer sustainable solutions to curb the menace. Primary findings reveal the significant and adverse effects of anthropogenic activities on environmental risks, health and biodiversity due to increase in waste generation and use of non renewable resources. Urgent need is necessary to create awareness among the various sectors of the society and to sensitize the people on the sustainable ways for waste generation and management. The paper recommends need for the comprehensive development and establishment of appropriate laws and policies to ameliorate EP and its associated menace. Justin Okorondu | Nasir A. Umar | Chukwuemeka O. Ulor | Chinwe G. Onwuagba | Bridget E. Diagi | Susan I. Ajiere | Chukwudi Nwaogu "Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50142.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/50142/anthropogenic-activities-as-primary-drivers-of-environmental-pollution-and-loss-of-biodiversity-a-review/justin-okorondu
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
This document provides a core module syllabus for environmental studies courses. It outlines 8 units that cover topics such as the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental pollution, social issues, human population, and field work. The syllabus includes learning objectives, key concepts, and the number of lectures recommended for each unit. It aims to equip students across various disciplines with knowledge of environmental issues and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
This document provides a core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that cover the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity and conservation, environmental pollution, social and environmental issues, human population and the environment, and field work. The syllabus aims to provide students knowledge across these key topics in environmental studies through lectures, case studies, and field visits.
Deforestation is a significant environmental problem that is damaging forests worldwide. Over four-fifths of the world's original forests have already been destroyed. Deforestation occurs for reasons like agriculture, logging, and urban development, but it has serious negative consequences for the environment and climate. By cutting down and burning forests, carbon dioxide emissions increase and contribute to global warming. Deforestation also destroys animal habitats, threatens biodiversity, and harms soil quality. While deforestation occurs in many parts of the world, countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and parts of Africa and Southeast Asia have seen substantial forest loss. Urgent action is needed to reduce deforestation and mitigate its harmful effects.
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Participatory Approach for the Integrated and Sustainable Management of the PNViAI Publications
This study proposes an Analysis on the participatory management of Virunga National Park using SWOT analysis. We started from the constant incomprehension and perpetual opposition of the local population on the management of the PNVi. The question asked is to know the management strategy aimed at involving all the actors in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After having presented and analyzed the data of our sample which were provided to us by 3 territories and a city including 12% in the territory of Nyiragongo, 15% in the city of Goma, 22% in the territory of Masisi and 51% in the territory of Rutshuru the size of the sample to be considered in relation to the strategies for involving the population in the sustainable management of the PNVi. The results showed that the best way to generate the PNVi would be the integrated management model, at least 42% of study participants proposed it, 31% proposed the multi-agent model, 20% proposed the traditional model policeman and 7% suggested private management.
This slide presentation is part DYUTI 2010 preconference series. This slides discuss various environmental disasters. Prepared and Presented by Kochubaby Manjorran
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Air quality forecasting using convolutional neural networksBIJIAM Journal
Air pollution is now one of the biggest environmental risks, which causes more than 6 million premature deathseach year from heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, respiratory disease, and so on. Protecting humans from thedamage which is caused by air pollution is one of the major issues for the global community. The prediction ofair pollution can be done by machine learning (ML) algorithms. ML combines statistics and computer science tomaximize the prediction power. ML can be also used to predict the air quality index (AQI). The aim of this researchis to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict air quality from the unseen data set, whichincludes concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The proposedsystem will be implemented in two steps; the first step will focus on data analysis and pre-processing, includingfiltering, feature extraction, constructing convolutional neural network layers, and optimizing the parameters ofeach layer, while the second step is used to evaluate its model accuracy. The output is predicted as AQI for thedeveloped CNN model. The developed CNN model achieves a root-mean-square error of 13.4150 and a highaccuracy of 86.585%. The overall model is implemented using MATLAB software.
Object detection and ship classification using YOLO and Amazon RekognitionBIJIAM Journal
The need for reliable automated object detection and classification in the maritime sphere has increasedsignificantly over the last decade. The increased use of unmanned marine vehicles necessitates the developmentand use of an autonomous object detection and classification systems that utilize onboard cameras and operatereliably, efficiently, and accurately without the need for human intervention. As the autonomous vehicle realmmoves further away from active human supervision, the requirements for a detection and classification suite callfor a higher level of accuracy in the classification models. This paper presents a comparative study using differentclassification models on a large maritime vessel image dataset. For this study, additional images were annotatedusing Roboflow, focusing on the types of subclasses that had the lowest detection performance, a previous workby Brown et al. (1). The present study uses a dataset of over 5,000 images. Using the enhanced set of imageannotations, models were created in the cloud using Google Colab using YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 as wellas in Amazon Web Services using Amazon Rekognition. The models were tuned and run for five runs of 150 epochseach to collect efficiency and performance metrics. Comparison of these metrics from the YOLO models yieldedinteresting improvements in classification accuracies for the subclasses that previously had lower scores, but atthe expense of the overall model accuracy. Furthermore, training time efficiency was improved drastically using thenewer YOLO APIs. In contrast, using Amazon Rekognition yielded superior accuracy results across the board, butat the expense of the lowest training efficiency.
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Deforestation is a major threat to global biodiversity. In Madagascar, the rapid deforestation of rainforests due to population growth, cattle ranching, and mining has devastated endemic wildlife, eradicating many species found nowhere else. Similarly, in Malaysia deforestation for palm oil and timber plantations, occurring at one of the highest rates globally, is destroying peatland forests and endangered species' habitats. Deforestation disrupts nutrient cycling, removes tree cover critical for many species, and causes soil erosion and genetic diversity loss, threatening biodiversity. Strong government protection and alternative economic models are needed to curb deforestation and conserve ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots.
The document discusses nature and humanity's relationship with nature. It argues that humans are inherently part of nature as we depend on natural systems like soil, air, water and plants for survival. However, modern life has increasingly isolated humans from nature. While people may interact with nature through activities like hiking, they often view nature as something separate. The document notes how earlier human societies like hunter-gatherers and agricultural societies had a closer relationship with nature as their lives and technologies directly depended on the environment. Now, industrialization has led to widespread environmental damage and humans have an enormous impact on natural cycles. To better care for the environment, humans must recognize that we are part of the natural community and our fate is intertwined with nature
1) Deforestation in Malaysia is growing rapidly due to urban development and agriculture, threatening biodiversity.
2) Loss of habitat from deforestation endangers many animal species in Malaysia and could lead to their extinction, such as Malayan tigers, Sumatran rhinos, and orangutans.
3) Deforestation disrupts ecosystems and causes environmental problems like climate change, rising temperatures, and soil erosion that negatively impact both humans and animals.
Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and expanding cities threaten global biodiversity. Deforestation removes habitat and species face extinction as forests hold most of Earth's species diversity. In Malaysia, oil palm plantations expanded by clearing forests, reducing habitat and unique species. Deforestation in Madagascar eliminated habitat rapidly and its unique species cannot be found elsewhere, showing how human impacts can drive species extinction.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
The document discusses forest fires, their causes, types, effects, and the need for fire management. It notes that forest fires are mainly caused by environmental factors like lightning or human activities such as shifting cultivation. Fires can spread along the forest floor as surface fires or through tree crowns as crown fires. Forest fires result in loss of timber, biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and increase global warming. Proper fire management requires prevention, detection, control and research as outlined in India's National Master Plan for Forest Fire Control.
A Review On Effects Of Deforestation On Landslide Hill AreasTony Lisko
1) The document discusses the effects of deforestation on landslides in hill areas. It notes that deforestation removes vegetation that stabilizes slopes and removes water from the ground, increasing landslide risks.
2) The main causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, fuel wood removal, and human population pressures. Deforestation for agriculture expansion is a major direct cause.
3) Removing trees increases landslide risks because tree roots reinforce soil and slopes, canopies reduce rainfall impact, and root death after logging leaves soil vulnerable to oversaturation.
The document discusses key topics in environmental studies including the components of the environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It describes the layers of the atmosphere and issues like pollution, biodiversity loss, natural resource depletion. Forests are described as important natural resources that provide various ecosystem services but are threatened due to overexploitation through activities like logging, mining and construction. Sustainable management of forests and other resources is needed to address growing environmental challenges.
Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Lo...ijtsrd
Environmental Pollution EP has become a global issue as the impacts are mainly crucial threats to man and biodiversity especially in Africa and other developing countries. In addition to humans and biodiversity, the effects of EP are intense on plants, animals, soil, water and air. As population increases, human needs for food, clothes, mobility and shelter get elevated which in turn require higher use of technology and energy resources vis à vis anthropogenic activities are the primary causes of the rising challenges of EP. This work is aimed at reviewing the roles of anthropogenic activities as key drivers of environmental pollution and loss of biodiversity. In order to achieve this aim and justify the work, the following specific objectives were developed including to i identify and review relevant literature on anthropogenic activities prevalent in Africa. ii examine the impacts of the major anthropogenic activities on the environment including human health, soil, water, air, flora and fauna biodiversity. iii proffer sustainable solutions to curb the menace. Primary findings reveal the significant and adverse effects of anthropogenic activities on environmental risks, health and biodiversity due to increase in waste generation and use of non renewable resources. Urgent need is necessary to create awareness among the various sectors of the society and to sensitize the people on the sustainable ways for waste generation and management. The paper recommends need for the comprehensive development and establishment of appropriate laws and policies to ameliorate EP and its associated menace. Justin Okorondu | Nasir A. Umar | Chukwuemeka O. Ulor | Chinwe G. Onwuagba | Bridget E. Diagi | Susan I. Ajiere | Chukwudi Nwaogu "Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50142.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/50142/anthropogenic-activities-as-primary-drivers-of-environmental-pollution-and-loss-of-biodiversity-a-review/justin-okorondu
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
This document provides a core module syllabus for environmental studies courses. It outlines 8 units that cover topics such as the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental pollution, social issues, human population, and field work. The syllabus includes learning objectives, key concepts, and the number of lectures recommended for each unit. It aims to equip students across various disciplines with knowledge of environmental issues and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of the core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that make up the syllabus: 1) The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, 2) Natural resources, 3) Ecosystems, 4) Biodiversity and conservation, 5) Environmental pollution, 6) Social issues and the environment, 7) Human population and the environment, and 8) Field work. The introduction discusses how environmental studies draws on various disciplines and aims to educate students on key environmental topics through a holistic approach.
This document provides a core module syllabus for environmental studies courses in higher education. It outlines 8 units that cover the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity and conservation, environmental pollution, social and environmental issues, human population and the environment, and field work. The syllabus aims to provide students knowledge across these key topics in environmental studies through lectures, case studies, and field visits.
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Prevention of fire and hunting in forests using machine learning for sustainable forest management
1. BOHR International Journal of Internet of things,
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
2023, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 58–64
DOI: 10.54646/bijiam.2023.17
www.bohrpub.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Prevention of fire and hunting in forests using machine
learning for sustainable forest management
S. Caroline1*, J. Sam Alaric2 and A. Anitha3
1Department of ECE, St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, India
2Department of EEE, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
3Department of ECE, St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, India
*Correspondence:
S. Caroline,
caroline@sxcce.edu.in
Received: 07 June 2023; Accepted: 28 July 2023; Published: 21 August 2023
Deforestation, illegal hunting, and forest fires are a few current issues that have an impact on the diversity and
ecosystem of forests. To increase the biodiversity of species and ecosystems, it becomes imperative to preserve
the forest. The conventional techniques employed to prevent these issues are costly, less effective, and insecure.
The current systems are unreliable and use more energy. By utilizing an Internet of Things (IOT) system, this
technology offers a more practical and economical method of continuously maintaining and monitoring the status
of the forest. To guarantee excellent security, this system combines a number of sensors, alarms, cameras, lights,
and microphones. It aids in reducing forest loss, animal trafficking, and forest fires. In the suggested system,
sensors are used for monitoring, and cloud storage is used for data storage. Through the use of machine learning,
the raspberry pi camera module significantly aids in the prevention of unlawful wildlife hunting as well as the
detection and prevention of forest fires.
Keywords: forest fire, wildlife hunting, sustainable forest, sensors, deforestation
1. Introduction
All living things, including humans, are a part of the
environment, which offers a variety of vital resources for
survival. Consequently, it is crucial to protect the ecosystem.
For instance, plants are the primary generators of oxygen,
which is necessary for life to exist on Earth. Therefore, we
must stop deforestation in order to save trees. Additionally,
a number of animal species are endangered as a result of
wildlife hunting.
The earth was covered with trees once. The amount
of land covered by trees has substantially decreased as
human population has grown and technology has advanced.
Deforestation is the process by which forests and trees are
lost due to the act of removing trees and forests. Typically,
urbanization leads to deforestation. This however has a
damning effect on our environment. Forests are home to 70%
of all land animals and plant species.
A paucity of trees contributes to both the loss of habitat
and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. By removing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, forests act as important
carbon sinks. Trees help to control the water cycle, which in
turn helps to control the amount of water in the atmosphere.
In areas where trees have been cut down, less water can be
recycled into the soil. As a result, agricultural cultivation
becomes unfeasible due to the drying out of the soil.
1.1. Hunting wildlife
Hunting is a three-step process that involves finding,
pursuing, and killing wild animals in order to trade, market,
and financially get profit from their body and its parts.
Hunting causes a lot of suffering to particular wild creatures.
In addition to leading to extinction, overhunting has put
a number of animal species in jeopardy (1). Migrating or
hibernating animals that are hunted and killed develop a
58
2. 10.54646/bijiam.2023.17 59
fear of being killed, which may eventually make them to
cease. Different species of both plants and animals suffer
from the population decline brought on by hunting, which
finally causes extinction. On the other hand, extinction has
a significant negative effect on the health of the entire
ecosystem because each species helps to keep our world
habitable in some way.
1.2. Forest fire
Wildfire, sometimes referred to as forest fire, bush, or
vegetation fire, is any uncontrolled and non-prescribed
combustion or burning of plants that consumes natural fuels
and spreads based on environmental variables in a natural
setting, such as a forest, grassland, brush land, or tundra.
Along with posing a threat to the entire regime of fauna
and flora, they gravely harm the biodiversity, ecology, and
ecosystem of a location. Climate-related factors, such as
temperature, wind direction and speed, soil and atmosphere
moisture content, and length of dry periods, are significantly
responsible for environmental causes. It mainly destroys the
environment, and hence, the forest fire affects the forest
biodiversity severely.
The sun or a lightning strike might cause fire naturally, but
most wildfires are ignited by reckless people. 84% of wildfires
are ignited by unattended campfires, lighted cigarette butts,
carelessly burnt garbage, and arson. Previously thought to
be caused by lightning, wildfires are now understood to be
caused by human error.
Stormwater runoff is the effect of forest fires that is most
easily seen. The ground’s soil changes after the absence
of vegetation, becoming hydrophobic and preventing water
absorption. Due to the incapacity to absorb water, debris
and silt are encouraged to be transported into larger bodies
of water, further contaminating important and necessary
resources. Flash floods following a fire pose a risk and
enable the introduction of heavy metals from ash and soil to
reach waterways.
We can employ intelligent algorithms to identify forest
fires, poaching, and deforestation before they occur in order
to prevent these problems. However, the systems in use are
outdated and cannot provide the user with correct data.
We can precisely predict the data by Internet of Things
(IOT). As a result, this endeavor is crucial for sustaining and
monitoring the forest. These systems may also be far more
effective than the ones in use now.
With the use of sensor and IOT technology, the Forest
Monitoring System can be utilized to monitor a wide variety
of terrain. It can be used to track the data uninterruptedly
and continually. With the aid of machine learning, hunting
and deforestation can be stopped. The thingspeak cloud
assists in the ongoing monitoring of pertinent data such as
forest temperature, humidity, forest fire detection, moisture
content, rain detection, height checking, and so on. The
raspberry pi is also cost-efficient and can be used for
multiple purposes. The flame detector used detects the
fire immediately.
1.3. Literature review
Deforestation and natural catastrophes have a negative
impact on the forest environment in a number of significant
ways. As background noise is analyzed by a classification
algorithm, sensors are employed to monitor variables such
as temperature, gas concentrations, soil humidity, and so on.
Chainsaws, vehicles, and forest environment all make noise
in the background. The forest guardian immediately notifies
people in charge (by email, SMS, etc.) so that they can take
action to halt the illegal destruction. An online application
allows access to a map showing all dangerous regions. The
user gets access to the collected data with the help of the
Internet and a mobile application that permits warnings
whenever fire, pollution sources, or illegal deforestation
is discovered. An IOT project Sea Forest environment
monitoring system was created with the help of public and
private forest owners as well as national environmental and
disaster response authorities (2).
A wireless sensor network-based system is used for
monitoring forests and their surroundings to precisely
monitor forest cover and quality (3). The monitoring of the
forest and its surroundings, however, can still be regarded as
an unsolved research issue because of its considerable size.
Despite the fact that enough people have been dispatched, it
is ineffective. Through the use of wireless sensor technology
and the elimination of manual surveillance to the greatest
extent possible, this prevents forest accidents, the entry
of animals into the surrounding forest areas, and illegal
activities in the forest.
To increase rainfall, lessen wind attrition, stem the tide
of logging, and stop the encroachment of the desert,
governments, particularly in semiarid regions of the world,
designate tracts of woods as forest reserves. Forests are the
third most significant natural resource on Earth after air and
water. They effectively keep the atmosphere’s gaseous balance
by collecting carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, which
also helps to complete the hydrological cycle and produce
rainfall. Food, medicine, timber, and many more goods
can all be found in forests. They provide defense against
things like radiation, drought, flooding, and soil erosion. The
importance of forests in recreation and esthetics and as the
habitat for a variety of wildlife indicates only a few of their
additional roles. The main procedures that are crucial for
forest monitoring including the detection of soil moisture,
fire, human activity, and tree cutting (logging) are suggested.
The initial step in the IOT-based forest security system is
to gather sensor data from tree sites. Second, a Python-
based system receives, processes, and analyzes, sends SMS,
3. 60 Caroline et al.
and notifies concerned security personnel, staff members, or
forest officers of the location of the impacted site (4).
Modern monitoring technology uses satellites to detect
forest fires; however, this works when the fire is widely
dispersed. These techniques are therefore no longer effective.
According to a report, 80% of losses in woodlands are
accumulated as a result of fires being discovered too late.
A new approach to predict the fire at an early stage in
order to overcome these two is presented. The hardware kit
with a temperature and humidity sensor is connected to a
computer and placed around the forest area according to the
suggested approach. The information gathered by the sensor
is uploaded at predetermined intervals. The cloud application
is then used to upload these data. The fire alarm will sound if
the temperature in the forest rises unnaturally, and the forest
authorities will be notified. With the aid of machine learning,
it can forecast future fires (5).
The environment has an impact on tree growth in
artificial forest plantations, which is crucial for ensuring both
quality and quantity. Earlier, the growth circumstances and
information have been evaluated by experience. The ATmega
128L and CC2420 wireless node hardware chips are designed
as the system’s core and are integrated into a variety of
sensors and modules for measuring tree growth, humidity,
and temperature. Additionally, it completes the Z-Stack
protocol stack’s multisensor finite state machine program
and enhances the composition of the gateway structure.
Numerous experiments are used to gather the statistical
data. The system is quite stable and supports IOT apps for
monitoring forest data (6).
The benefits of trees include concealment and improved
air quality. A strong, well-maintained tree is better equipped
to survive weather conditions like ice storms, tropical storms,
or strong gusts that can cause trees to fizzle. Protecting the
trees is necessary to preserve the ecology. The intelligent
forest system provides some safeguards to protect the tree
from various dangers, such as unauthorized or illegal tree
cutting, lightning-caused fire, internal fires, and nasty dirt.
We can obtain the current state of the forest with the help
of IOT. The IOT system offers better data efficiency and
accuracy, which greatly aids in minimizing deforestation and
other environmental issues (7).
The earth’s forests produce air, soil, and climate cycles
as well as support life. These ecological features support
several industry sectors. The last 10 years saw the destruction
of nearly 13 million hectares of forests, putting them in
danger. Only a few nations have developed a similar smart
forest system, which is required to offer monitoring and
prevention for the forest. In comparison to conventional
conservation, using sensors, a minimal wireless system, and
renewable energy will produce energy that is more accurate,
real-time, efficient, and easy to maintain. The system is
made up of a camera, a grid of humidity and temperature
sensors, fire and smoke detectors, and other sensors that
are all connected to one another, each powered by a solar
panel and lithium battery to form a mesh network. The
microcontroller processes the data before sending them
periodically to the monitoring server and giving warnings
when a situation arises. Government agencies and even the
general public can exchange and access the precautionary
information (8).
Accidental forest fires are the most frequent type, and they
can pose a serious hazard to both people and wildlife. The
IOT technology connects devices, stores data, and enables
objects to collect data for transmission through an Internet-
based system. Here, smoke detectors, temperature, humidity,
and ultrasonic sensors are utilized to detect the presence of
fire and to gather data via the cloud in order to prevent urgent
action and advance the system. In order to avert an accident,
GSM sends an urgent message to fire fighters (9).
Knowledgeable investment, policies, planning, and
monitoring the forest sector would be more advantageous
for effective value of forest resources. Despite certain
cutting-edge technologies, protecting trees in the forest’s
vast expanse is difficult. This study presents a system for
monitoring forests and their surroundings that also prevents
the trafficking of trees using a WSN-based IOT technology.
Due to the size of the land, monitoring the forest and
surrounding area is still difficult. Even with the deployment
of enough troops, the problems with the forest could still
be dangerous and ineffective. A WSN based on IOT has
been tried for the prevention of forest accidents, animal
infiltration in nearby areas, and illicit activities (10).
It is crucial to safeguard the ecosystem and the world. In
the contemporary day, technology can be employed to create
a favorable living environment by avoiding catastrophic
failure. The effort is to form an IOT-based device with
embedded autonomous capabilities that is able to recognize
a forest fire as early as feasible and act quickly before it
spreads and does significant damage. The suggested model
integrates analytics as a service and provides intelligence
at the peripheral. The model is constructed to combine
autonomic aspects like self-monitoring and healing in order
to achieve the ubiquitous environment that is created for a
certain aim (11).
Internet of Things-based frameworks for monitoring the
environment and climate change are now seen as being
extremely successful. This research describes a framework
that makes use of sensors to monitor forest conditions and
quickly transmits the data to a server for prediction. In
order to deal with and use them for the betterment of a
Big Data condition, this investigation aims to explore the
important structures for both batch and stream sensors.
Big Data tools were used to handle, store, and display
information for the IOT. Sensors for carbon monoxide
(MQ 9), carbon dioxide (MQ 135), hydrogen (MQ 2), and
methane (MQ 4) were evaluated during the experiment. They
were connected with an Arduino-based microcontroller
that supports the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) (12).
4. 10.54646/bijiam.2023.17 61
Forest fires worsen the forests and put species at peril.
This paper offered a platform for intelligent early warning
fire detection based on image processing. A real-time flame
detecting system that distinguishes between fire and fire-
colored objects is utilized to locate the actual fire incidence.
Early detection of forest fires allows the IOT platform
powered by the Raspberry Pi Microcontroller to take prompt
action to put out the fire before it spreads to a large area. For
forest monitoring, the Raspberry Pi-connected GSM modem
alerts the control room. The image processing technology is
connected to the GSM module and Raspberry Pi to identify
forest fires as early as possible. It alerts everyone to the danger
by sounding an alarm with a loud noise (13).
Environmental information acquired through real-time
analysis of the environment may be useful for spotting or
averting emergencies. Through IOT devices and sensors,
it is now feasible to monitor a variety of environmental
parameters, including temperature, humidity, pressure, and
concentrations of harmful gases like carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. Radical shifts in any of these variables,
alone or in combination, may indicate unfavorable weather
conditions that could cause a natural disaster like a forest
fire. The real-time control of fire and tree-cutting events is
possible with the IOT system proposed in this study. The
suggested technology uses sensors and a microprocessor to
spot potentially hazardous situations. Light and smoke are
indicators of fire risk. The severity of the fire is indicated by a
buzzer (14).
A wireless sensor network is made up of compact,
multipurpose, low-cost, low-power sensor nodes. In a
wireless sensor network, we deploy numerous separate nodes
that each function on a different application based on
the topology of the network. Each wireless sensor node is
made up of different components, each of which has its
own research focus depending on the needs of the overall
system. The constrained energy resources of the sensor nodes
and the environment may make it difficult for a wireless
system for monitoring forest environmental conditions to be
successful (15).
Because forest fire poses a major threat to forest resources
and has an adverse effect on the ecosystem, protecting
forests from fire is crucial for the survival of wildlife. This
article uses vibration sensor, sound sensor, and fire sensor
technology to recognize fire and numerous chemicals that
cause forest degradation. A forest ranger can access the
information before an odd scenario emerges by utilizing
the MEMS accelerometer to detect vibrations created when
tree branches rub against one another. The location is also
recognized using GPS, and the information is communicated
through the IOT. The current system uses multiple sensors, a
microcontroller, a GSM module, and Zigbee to communicate
information and warn the relevant party when the vibration
sensor reaches a certain threshold (16).
1.4. Summary
The existing system cannot be used to detect the forest fire at
the right time. Due to several lags in the system, the system
does not have proper reliability. The efficiency is very less
and also does not show continuous data, and as a result of
this, monitoring of the forest and the environment cannot
be properly done. The existing system needs continuous Wi-
Fi connection, and as a result of this, the results cannot be
obtained at the right time.
2. Proposed system
Six distinct sensors are employed in this system to perceive
the forest. Since these data are connected to the cloud,
we can continuously monitor the forests with the help of
the Raspberry Pi and machine learning object detection
algorithm. The thingspeak cloud data are updated every
15 s, allowing for the monitoring of the forest’s temperature,
humidity, altitude, and sea pressure. Using the fire sensor, the
forest fire may be accurately detected. The camera module
that is part of this system is also very helpful in stopping
deforestation and animal hunting. For a specific forest area,
the total number of sensors required is determined as follows:
Total number of sensors needed = Area of forest covered/
Range of the sensor.
The Raspberry Pi contains a built-in camera module,
which significantly lowers the system cost. It works like
a tiny computer, making data searches more effective
and pertinent. The system’s machine learning algorithm
significantly reduces the need for hunting and forest clearing.
The Raspberry Pi camera module immediately sends any
signs of deforestation or animal hunting to the system and
warns the officers utilizing this system, creating a fantastic
route to stop these unlawful activities. Deforestation and
wildlife poaching can be reliably recognized since the object
identification algorithm has a correct and accurate detection
range. It continuously updates while monitoring the data.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram consists of six sensors,
that is, a flame sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature and
humidity sensor, rain sensor, and barometer sensor, which
are used for measuring various parameters of the forest
environment such as temperature, humidity, altitude, sea
pressure, soil moisture in the soil, and the raining condition.
The bread board is used to transfer the various data from
the six sensors to the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pins. The output
and power supply are connected with a + 5 Vcc connection,
and the ground pins are connected appropriately. The data
from the Raspberry Pi are linked to the Thingspeak cloud.
The Raspberry Pi python software is used to interface the
field names with the data entered for each field. Each
sensor is given a variable name in the Python program,
5. 62 Caroline et al.
FIGURE 1 | Block diagram.
and the variable names are called using the define and call
back function. Thus, the different parameters of the forest
environment are continuously monitored.
Six sensors, namely, a temperature and humidity sensor,
a soil moisture sensor, a gas moisture sensor, a barometer
sensor, a flame sensor, and a rain sensor, are linked to the
Raspberry Pi via a breadboard.
3. Results and discussion
The different sensors are connected to the raspberry pi using
the jumper cables, and the data are given to the thingspeak
cloud. The overall experiment setup is highly cost-efficient,
and each field datum is connected to each sensor. The overall
experiment setup is given in Figure 2.
The buzzer is used to notify everyone when there is
a forest fire, deforestation, or a wildlife hunt. For proper
operation, the buzzer timing is configured in the Python
application. A Python application performs the annotation,
while another Python program stimulates the connections.
The application written in Python for the Raspberry Pi
simulates the outcomes.
3.1. Temperature field
The temperature sensor data are given to the Thingspeak
cloud. The graph shows the recent temperature data which
were recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it shows an
FIGURE 2 | Experimental setup.
FIGURE 3 | Temperature field.
average temperature of 33 degree Celsius. The temperature
field reading is shown in Figure 3.
3.2. Humidity field
The humidity sensor data are given to the Thingspeak cloud.
The graph shows the recent humidity data which were
6. 10.54646/bijiam.2023.17 63
FIGURE 4 | Humidity field.
FIGURE 5 | Altitude field.
FIGURE 6 | Flame sensor field.
FIGURE 7 | Gas sensor reading field.
recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it shows an
average humidity range of 75 on 23rd March and it slowly
decreases and shows the lowest on 26th March. The humidity
field reading is shown in Figure 4.
3.3. Altitude field
The altitude reading data are given to the Thingspeak
cloud. The graph shows the recent altitude data which were
recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it shows the
FIGURE 8 | Sea pressure reading field.
altitude range of 100 to 120 on 23rd March and it slowly
decreases and again increases and shows the highest on 26th
March. The altitude field reading is shown in Figure 5.
3.4. Flame sensor field
The flame sensor reading data are given to the Thingspeak
cloud. The graph shows the recent flame sensor data which
were recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it shows
that there is no flame detected from 23rd to 26th March. If
any flame is detected by the sensor, immediately, the data get
updated in the cloud. The flame sensor reading field is shown
in Figure 6.
3.5. Gas sensor reading field
The gas sensor reading data are given to the Thingspeak
cloud, and these data are continuously updated for every
15 s. The graph shows the recent gas sensor data which
were recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it shows
that there is no gas detected from 23rd to 26th March. If
any gas is detected by the sensor, immediately, the data get
updated in the cloud. The gas sensor reading field is shown
in Figure 7.
3.6. Sea pressure reading field
The sea pressure reading data are given to the Thingspeak
cloud, and these data are continuously updated for every
15 s. The graph shows the recent sea pressure sensor data
which were recorded during 23rd to 26th of March, and it
shows that there is a great rise in the sea pressure on 23rd
March and the value is dipped on 24th March and goes
on decreasing up to 26th March. The sea pressure level is
the average pressure level which is present in the sea, and
it is greatly used in the prediction of the rainfall. The sea
pressure level increases or decreases eventually with time,
and hence, the sea pressure level plays a vital role in the forest
monitoring and maintenance. The sea pressure level reading
is shown in Figure 8.
The readings which are measured using the sensor are
continuously monitored and are updated eventually in the
cloud Thingspeak data server. These data are updated for
7. 64 Caroline et al.
every 15 s. The sea pressure level helps greatly in monitoring
the average rainfall in that particular area.
4. Conclusion and future scope
A novel approach to monitoring and sustaining forests
that makes use of cloud data is very practical and senses
all significant environmental factors, including temperature,
humidity, height, and sea pressure. It accurately detects the
flame and monitors the air quality, preventing future forest
fires from occurring. With the aid of a machine learning
system, it also stops deforestation and wildlife hunting.
It has a variety of uses, including managing forest fires,
control of air pollution, and monitoring of many air quality
indicators in one place. It can be employed in areas with
high levels of pollution as well as where deforestation and
wildlife poaching are frequent occurrences. The camera
may be used to watch the forest at any time, whether it
is day or night, due to the great efficiency of the camera
module. When compared to the current approach, the
proposed solution is both more effective and significantly
more affordable. Additionally, it is an entirely IOT system
and more accurate. When compared to the current method,
it is cost-effective.
Author contributions
All authors discussed the results and contributed to the
final manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that
could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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