Lung abscess
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Lung abscess is a localized, suppurative infection within the lung that forms a cavitating area. It can be caused by inadequately treated pneumonia, aspiration of substances like alcohol or gastric contents, bronchial obstruction by tumors or foreign bodies, pulmonary infarction, septic emboli from infections elsewhere in the body, or subphrenic or hepatic abscesses. Symptoms include swinging fever, cough, purulent sputum, chest pain, hemoptysis, malaise, weight loss, finger clubbing, anemia, and crepitations. Diagnosis involves blood tests, sputum analysis, chest x-rays, and CT scans. Treatment consists of antibiotics selected based on culture sensitivities
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Atelectasis - a respiratory disorder
Atelectasis is derived from the Greek words “ateles” and “ektasis”, meaning incomplete expansion.
Refers to closure or collapse of alveoli.
Atelecstasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of a lung or lobe of a lung develops when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated.
atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It can be primary, due to prematurity or lung immaturity, or secondary due to obstruction from mucus, tumors, or surgery. Symptoms include rapid shallow breathing, cough, hypoxia, and fever. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum tests, and CT scans. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen therapy, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for complications like infections.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Pulmonary Abscess in Children .. Dr Padmesh
This document discusses pulmonary abscesses in children. It defines a lung abscess as a localized collection of thick-walled purulent material within the lung parenchyma caused by infection and tissue destruction. Lung abscesses can be primary, occurring in previously healthy patients, or secondary, occurring in patients with underlying conditions. Common predisposing factors include aspiration, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and CT scan identifying a cavity containing air-fluid levels. Treatment consists of antibiotics for 2-3 weeks, with surgical drainage for severe or unimproving cases. Prognosis is generally excellent.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Disorders of pleura
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
:Bronchiectasis : Nursing Management
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. It can be caused by airway obstruction, infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiencies. Symptoms include chronic cough, excessive sputum production, recurring lung infections, shortness of breath, and finger clubbing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, sputum analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgery to remove diseased portions of the lung.
Recommended
Atelectasis - a respiratory disorder
Atelectasis is derived from the Greek words “ateles” and “ektasis”, meaning incomplete expansion.
Refers to closure or collapse of alveoli.
Atelecstasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of a lung or lobe of a lung develops when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated.
atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It can be primary, due to prematurity or lung immaturity, or secondary due to obstruction from mucus, tumors, or surgery. Symptoms include rapid shallow breathing, cough, hypoxia, and fever. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum tests, and CT scans. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen therapy, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for complications like infections.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Pulmonary Abscess in Children .. Dr Padmesh
This document discusses pulmonary abscesses in children. It defines a lung abscess as a localized collection of thick-walled purulent material within the lung parenchyma caused by infection and tissue destruction. Lung abscesses can be primary, occurring in previously healthy patients, or secondary, occurring in patients with underlying conditions. Common predisposing factors include aspiration, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and CT scan identifying a cavity containing air-fluid levels. Treatment consists of antibiotics for 2-3 weeks, with surgical drainage for severe or unimproving cases. Prognosis is generally excellent.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Disorders of pleura
The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It normally contains a thin film of fluid to allow the lungs to move during breathing. Disorders occur when excess fluid or air collects in the pleural space. Common causes of pleural effusions include heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, and tuberculosis. The fluid is analyzed to determine the specific cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, chest tubes, or antibiotics. Pneumothorax is the collection of air in the pleural space, and can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension-related requiring urgent treatment.
:Bronchiectasis : Nursing Management
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. It can be caused by airway obstruction, infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiencies. Symptoms include chronic cough, excessive sputum production, recurring lung infections, shortness of breath, and finger clubbing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, sputum analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgery to remove diseased portions of the lung.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary contusion is injury to the lung parenchyma caused by blunt chest trauma, resulting in edema and bleeding into the alveolar spaces. It is commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents. Clinically, patients may experience respiratory distress, coughing blood, and decreased breath sounds. Chest x-rays often under-estimate the injury, while CT scans can detect contusions immediately and assess severity. Treatment involves supportive care, oxygen supplementation, ventilation if needed, and prevention of complications like ARDS and pneumonia. Most contusions resolve within a week but can occasionally lead to long-term lung issues.
Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Interstitial lung disease
This document provides information on interstitial lung disease from a seminar presented by Ms. Saheli Chakraborty. It defines interstitial lung disease as progressive scarring of lung tissue. It discusses the objectives, introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, complications, management, nursing management, nursing diagnoses and common types of interstitial lung diseases including sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, asbestosis and acute interstitial pneumonitis.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infections, genetic conditions, or other lung diseases that damage the airways. People with bronchiectasis commonly produce large amounts of sputum and experience recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scans. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and controlling infections with antibiotics. Surgical options are available for severe cases involving hemorrhage or localized disease.
12100053 pulmonary contusion
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) allows for the comprehensive examination of the chest with high sensitivity and specificity. It can detect pulmonary contusions and other thoracic injuries like rib fractures, hemothoraces, and pneumothoraces that may be missed on initial chest x-rays. MDCT is now the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary contusions due to its ability to quantify the amount of injured lung and predict patient prognosis. The rapid acquisition speed of MDCT reduces motion artifacts compared to previous CT technologies.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity and become enlarged. This makes breathing difficult. The main causes are smoking cigarettes and exposure to air pollution or dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-rays, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhalers, oxygen therapy, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Managing the condition can help prevent further lung damage and associated complications.
Lung contusion and ARDS
Lung contusion is when, as a result of chest trauma, there is direct or indirect damage of the parenchyma of the lung that leads to oedema or alveolar haematoma and loss of physiological structure and function of the lung.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury that is associated with a variety of etiologies.
Pneumothorax
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This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Emphysema
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
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Kartagener's syndrome (final)
Kartagener's syndrome is a rare genetic lung disorder where there is a defect in the cilia lining the respiratory tract. It occurs in about 1 in 32,000 live births. People with Kartagener's syndrome often have respiratory distress as newborns, excess mucus, and reoccurring chest infections. It was first identified by German physician Manes Kartagener in 1933. Currently there is no cure, but proper treatment and monitoring can lead to a full life expectancy.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess or pulmonary abscess is a local suppurative process within the lung.
It is characterized by accumulation of pus accompanied by the destruction of lung tissue.
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Cystic fibrosis
1. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up.
2. The disorder involves a mutation in the CFTR gene which results in the malfunction of chloride channels in epithelial cells.
3. Symptoms often appear in childhood and include salty-tasting skin, poor growth/weight gain, frequent lung infections, and thick mucus in the lungs and pancreas.
Bronchiectasis
The document discusses bronchitis and related respiratory conditions. It defines acute bronchitis as a self-limiting inflammation of the bronchial passages typically caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years, often caused by smoke or environmental pollutants. Bronchiectasis is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting structures, resulting in reduced mucus clearance and airway obstruction.
Lung absces
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Pleural effusion basics
This document discusses pleural effusions, which is fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by transudates or exudates. Transudates are caused by conditions that increase venous pressure like heart failure, while exudates are caused by infection, inflammation, or malignancy. Symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, and cough. Signs include decreased breath sounds and chest expansion on examination. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, ultrasound, or diagnostic thoracentesis. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, diuretics, chest physiotherapy, and tube thoracostomy or VATS for drainage in some cases.
Investigation OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures used to investigate respiratory diseases. It describes noninvasive procedures like radiographic imaging, sputum examination and pulmonary function tests. Invasive procedures discussed include skin tests, blood gas analysis and thoracentesis. Specialized procedures like bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy and lung biopsy are also outlined. Details are provided on specific radiographic techniques, interpreting chest X-rays, and indications for CT scans and MRI. Procedures for blood gas analysis and thoracentesis are summarized.
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Atelectasis
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary contusion is injury to the lung parenchyma caused by blunt chest trauma, resulting in edema and bleeding into the alveolar spaces. It is commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents. Clinically, patients may experience respiratory distress, coughing blood, and decreased breath sounds. Chest x-rays often under-estimate the injury, while CT scans can detect contusions immediately and assess severity. Treatment involves supportive care, oxygen supplementation, ventilation if needed, and prevention of complications like ARDS and pneumonia. Most contusions resolve within a week but can occasionally lead to long-term lung issues.
Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Interstitial lung disease
This document provides information on interstitial lung disease from a seminar presented by Ms. Saheli Chakraborty. It defines interstitial lung disease as progressive scarring of lung tissue. It discusses the objectives, introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, complications, management, nursing management, nursing diagnoses and common types of interstitial lung diseases including sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, asbestosis and acute interstitial pneumonitis.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infections, genetic conditions, or other lung diseases that damage the airways. People with bronchiectasis commonly produce large amounts of sputum and experience recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scans. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and controlling infections with antibiotics. Surgical options are available for severe cases involving hemorrhage or localized disease.
12100053 pulmonary contusion
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) allows for the comprehensive examination of the chest with high sensitivity and specificity. It can detect pulmonary contusions and other thoracic injuries like rib fractures, hemothoraces, and pneumothoraces that may be missed on initial chest x-rays. MDCT is now the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary contusions due to its ability to quantify the amount of injured lung and predict patient prognosis. The rapid acquisition speed of MDCT reduces motion artifacts compared to previous CT technologies.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity and become enlarged. This makes breathing difficult. The main causes are smoking cigarettes and exposure to air pollution or dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-rays, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhalers, oxygen therapy, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Managing the condition can help prevent further lung damage and associated complications.
Lung contusion and ARDS
Lung contusion is when, as a result of chest trauma, there is direct or indirect damage of the parenchyma of the lung that leads to oedema or alveolar haematoma and loss of physiological structure and function of the lung.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury that is associated with a variety of etiologies.
Pneumothorax
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By HIREN GEHLOTH For Nursing Students Medical Surgical Nursing
LAUGH A LOT IT CLEARS THE LUNGS
TEACHING IS ONE PROFESSION THAT CREATE ALL OTHER PROFESSION
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Emphysema
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
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Kartagener's syndrome is a rare genetic lung disorder where there is a defect in the cilia lining the respiratory tract. It occurs in about 1 in 32,000 live births. People with Kartagener's syndrome often have respiratory distress as newborns, excess mucus, and reoccurring chest infections. It was first identified by German physician Manes Kartagener in 1933. Currently there is no cure, but proper treatment and monitoring can lead to a full life expectancy.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess or pulmonary abscess is a local suppurative process within the lung.
It is characterized by accumulation of pus accompanied by the destruction of lung tissue.
Content:
Definition
Etiology and pathogenesis
Morphology
Clinical Features
Diagnostic findings
Prevention
Management
Cystic fibrosis
1. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up.
2. The disorder involves a mutation in the CFTR gene which results in the malfunction of chloride channels in epithelial cells.
3. Symptoms often appear in childhood and include salty-tasting skin, poor growth/weight gain, frequent lung infections, and thick mucus in the lungs and pancreas.
Bronchiectasis
The document discusses bronchitis and related respiratory conditions. It defines acute bronchitis as a self-limiting inflammation of the bronchial passages typically caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years, often caused by smoke or environmental pollutants. Bronchiectasis is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting structures, resulting in reduced mucus clearance and airway obstruction.
Lung absces
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
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Investigation OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures used to investigate respiratory diseases. It describes noninvasive procedures like radiographic imaging, sputum examination and pulmonary function tests. Invasive procedures discussed include skin tests, blood gas analysis and thoracentesis. Specialized procedures like bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy and lung biopsy are also outlined. Details are provided on specific radiographic techniques, interpreting chest X-rays, and indications for CT scans and MRI. Procedures for blood gas analysis and thoracentesis are summarized.
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Lungs abscess and bronchitis
Lung abscesses are collections of pus within the lung tissue that can develop from infections like pneumonia or from aspirating foreign materials. Symptoms may include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, and sputum cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on culture results, drainage procedures, and occasionally surgery for complications. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, nutrition, pain management, and educating patients on long-term antibiotic use and preventing recurrence.
Hemoptysis
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types of Pneumonia ,complications and treatment .pptx
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Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Lung abscess
- 1. Lung abscess Cavitating area of localized,suppurative infection within the lung
- 2. Causes • Inadequately treated pneumonia • Aspiration (alcoholism,oesophageal obstruction,bulbar palsy) • Bronchial obstruction (tumor,foreign body) • Pulmonary infarction • Septic emboli (septicemia,right heart endocarditis,IV drug use) • Subphrenic or hepatic abscess
- 3. Clinical features • Swinging fever • Cough • Purulent,foul smelling sputum • Pleuritic chest pain • Haemoptysis • Malaise • Weight loss • Finger clubbing • Anaemia • Crepitations • Empyema (20-30%)
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- 5. CXR • Walled cavity • Fluid level
- 6. Treatment • Antibiotics indicated by sensitivities • Continue until healed (4-6 weeks) • Antibiotic instillation may be needed • Postural drainage • Repeated aspiration • Surgical excision