Epilepsy
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Epilepsy is defined as recurrent unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. It has many potential causes including genetic factors, congenital malformations, infections, trauma, and tumors. Seizures are classified as partial or generalized based on where they originate and their effects. Treatment involves initiating anti-seizure medication after two seizures to prevent recurrence, with the medication chosen based on seizure type and potential side effects monitored. Lifestyle advice and emergency plans are also provided to patients.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects over 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to excessive excitatory activity and decreased inhibitory activity in the brain. While most patients can be managed with anti-epileptic drugs, 10-40% continue having seizures despite treatment. Common anti-epileptic drugs work by blocking sodium channels, enhancing GABA, or decreasing glutamate in the brain. Special consideration is required for treating epilepsy during pregnancy, in children, and in the elderly population.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy- Definition, cause, Types of Epilepsy, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment options along with Mechanism of action
Types of Seizure
This document classifies and defines different types of seizures. It discusses the importance of determining the seizure type to identify the cause, select appropriate treatment, and provide a prognosis. Seizures are classified as either focal or generalized. Focal seizures originate in one area of the brain, while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres. Different generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, and others. Focal seizures can be simple, complex, or start focally and spread. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the clinical presentations and brain mechanisms of several common seizure types.
Space occupying lesions
This document provides information about space occupying lesions (SOLs) such as brain tumors and abscesses. It defines SOLs as tumors or abscesses within the skull that compress brain tissue. The document discusses the epidemiology, types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, medical and surgical management, nursing care and complications of different SOLs. It provides detailed information about various brain tumors and abscesses, including definitions and characteristics.
Type of seizures
TYPE OF SEIZURES
SITI MARIAM BINTI MOHD HAMZAH
Classification of Seizure Type
PARTIAL SEIZURE
SIMPLE PARTIAL
COMPLEX PARTIAL
INVOLVE TONIC/CLONIC CONVULSION
GENERALISED SEIZURES
ABSENCES SEIZURES
MYOCLONIC SEIZURES
CLONIC SEIZURES
TONIC SEIZURES
TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURES
ATONIC SEIZURES
Extrapyramidal disorders
Extrapyramidal symptoms. ... These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is an infection of the nervous system caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis. It typically develops after many years of untreated syphilis. Symptoms vary depending on the areas affected but may include mental deterioration, paralysis, meningitis, tabes dorsalis resulting in girdle pain and joint damage, and ocular symptoms. Treatment involves intravenous penicillin, but neurosyphilis can still cause permanent damage. Nursing care focuses on maintaining patient health, safety, and independence through measures like seizure precautions, skin care, physiotherapy, and partner screening.
Epilepsy ppt
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary from brief lapses of awareness to severe and prolonged convulsions. Management involves anti-seizure medications and lifestyle modifications. Nurses play an important role in patient education and safety during seizures.
Recommended
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects over 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to excessive excitatory activity and decreased inhibitory activity in the brain. While most patients can be managed with anti-epileptic drugs, 10-40% continue having seizures despite treatment. Common anti-epileptic drugs work by blocking sodium channels, enhancing GABA, or decreasing glutamate in the brain. Special consideration is required for treating epilepsy during pregnancy, in children, and in the elderly population.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy- Definition, cause, Types of Epilepsy, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment options along with Mechanism of action
Types of Seizure
This document classifies and defines different types of seizures. It discusses the importance of determining the seizure type to identify the cause, select appropriate treatment, and provide a prognosis. Seizures are classified as either focal or generalized. Focal seizures originate in one area of the brain, while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres. Different generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, and others. Focal seizures can be simple, complex, or start focally and spread. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the clinical presentations and brain mechanisms of several common seizure types.
Space occupying lesions
This document provides information about space occupying lesions (SOLs) such as brain tumors and abscesses. It defines SOLs as tumors or abscesses within the skull that compress brain tissue. The document discusses the epidemiology, types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, medical and surgical management, nursing care and complications of different SOLs. It provides detailed information about various brain tumors and abscesses, including definitions and characteristics.
Type of seizures
TYPE OF SEIZURES
SITI MARIAM BINTI MOHD HAMZAH
Classification of Seizure Type
PARTIAL SEIZURE
SIMPLE PARTIAL
COMPLEX PARTIAL
INVOLVE TONIC/CLONIC CONVULSION
GENERALISED SEIZURES
ABSENCES SEIZURES
MYOCLONIC SEIZURES
CLONIC SEIZURES
TONIC SEIZURES
TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURES
ATONIC SEIZURES
Extrapyramidal disorders
Extrapyramidal symptoms. ... These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is an infection of the nervous system caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis. It typically develops after many years of untreated syphilis. Symptoms vary depending on the areas affected but may include mental deterioration, paralysis, meningitis, tabes dorsalis resulting in girdle pain and joint damage, and ocular symptoms. Treatment involves intravenous penicillin, but neurosyphilis can still cause permanent damage. Nursing care focuses on maintaining patient health, safety, and independence through measures like seizure precautions, skin care, physiotherapy, and partner screening.
Epilepsy ppt
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary from brief lapses of awareness to severe and prolonged convulsions. Management involves anti-seizure medications and lifestyle modifications. Nurses play an important role in patient education and safety during seizures.
Approach to seizure
This document provides an overview of approaches to seizure and epilepsy diagnosis and classification. It discusses the differential diagnosis of seizures and conditions that can mimic seizures like syncope. It describes focal seizures which originate in one hemisphere and can involve motor, sensory or cognitive symptoms. Generalized seizures rapidly engage both hemispheres and include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures and atonic seizures. Seizures are classified based on their origin and symptoms. The EEG findings for different seizure types are also outlined.
Seizures and epilepsy
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Seizure
This document discusses seizures, including their definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and nursing management. Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be focal, affecting one area, or generalized, affecting both sides. They are classified based on symptoms such as loss of awareness, muscle jerking, or staring. Diagnostic tests include EEG, CT, MRI, and blood tests. Treatment involves antiseizure medications, surgery like vagus nerve stimulation for refractory cases, or dietary therapies like the ketogenic diet. Nursing care focuses on patient safety during seizures and proper medication management to prevent occurrences.
Epilepsy
Most people have difficulty differentiating between seizure and convulsion. This presentation also highlights the differences between hysterical fit and grand mal seizure.
How to manage the client is briefly discussed.
Movement disorders
The document discusses various movement disorders, classifying them as either hypokinetic-hypertonic (such as Parkinson's disease) or hyperkinetic-hypotonic (including tremors, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and ballism). Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dopamine loss in the basal ganglia. Its treatment involves levodopa drugs and dopamine agonists. Tremors can be essential, physiological, or pathological, and are treated with beta-blockers or anti-epileptics. Dystonia causes abnormal muscle contractions and is treated with medications, botulinum toxin, or surgery. Chorea involves irregular movements and its causes include Huntington's disease and
Cerebrovascular Disorder
This document discusses cerebrovascular disorders such as ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Ischemic strokes are caused by blockages in blood vessels leading to the brain, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding into the brain tissue or surrounding spaces. The document outlines various types of strokes and their causes, as well as symptoms, effects on neurological functions, medical management including thrombolysis, and contraindications for thrombolysis treatment.
Extrapyramidal disorders
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
Epilepsy.....
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that result from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, originating simultaneously across both hemispheres of the brain, or partial, originating in a localized region of the brain. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Partial seizures can be simple, with motor, sensory or other symptoms but no change in consciousness, or complex, with impaired consciousness. Seizures can have various causes including genetic factors, head injuries, infections, or other acquired brain abnormalities. Evaluation and treatment involve diagnostic testing, medication, and management of any underlying conditions.
Myoclonus
Myoclonus is characterized by brief, involuntary muscle contractions or inhibitions. It can be classified anatomically based on its physiological origin in the cortex, subcortex, or periphery. Clinically, myoclonus is classified as physiological, essential, epileptic, or secondary. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, with anti-seizure medications often used for cortical or cortical-subcortical myoclonus, and benzodiazepines or botulinum toxin injections for other types.
Epilepsy
This document discusses epilepsy and seizure disorders. It defines a seizure as abnormal electrical discharges of cerebral neurons resulting in changes to motor, sensory or psychomotor activity. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures can involve convulsions (shaking) or not. Antiepileptic drugs are used to prevent seizures, with different classes targeting sodium channels, GABA, or calcium channels. Common antiepileptics discussed include valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, and phenobarbital. Adverse effects and mechanisms of several drugs are outlined. Classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes is also covered.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and is characterized by a triad of symptoms including confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. It is commonly seen in alcoholics and those with prolonged starvation or malnutrition. The main pathology involves inhibition of thiamine-dependent metabolism in brain regions with high metabolic demand. Treatment involves emergency high-dose parenteral thiamine to reverse the neurological deficits. Left untreated, many patients will develop the amnestic syndrome of Wernicke-Korsakoff.
Hemiplegia
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Seizures
A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. It can cause changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness. If you have two or more seizures or a tendency to have recurrent seizures, you have epilepsy.
Hemorrhagic stroke
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
Status Epilepticus
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency characterized by prolonged or continuous seizure activity without recovery between seizures. It can be convulsive, involving muscle contractions and loss of consciousness, or nonconvulsive with episodes of staring and unresponsiveness. Immediate treatment is needed to prevent permanent brain or heart damage. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and tests like bloodwork, EEG, or brain imaging. Treatment focuses on stopping seizures and managing complications through medications, injury prevention, and educating patients and their families on self-care and coping strategies.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by recurrent seizures that are not caused by an immediate brain insult. A seizure involves abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, while epilepsy describes the underlying brain condition causing recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is generally diagnosed after a person experiences at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure and at least a 60% risk of having another within ten years. Epilepsy can be caused by genetic and structural/metabolic factors and in some cases the cause is unknown. Seizures are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging.
Epilepsy
Up todate info on epilepsy classification Signs and Symptoms and management
Included are also EEG findings
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing demyelination of the nerves. It results in progressive muscle weakness and diminished reflexes. The main classifications are acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Miller Fisher syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies, lumbar puncture, electromyography and other tests. Treatment focuses on plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin or supportive care. Most patients recover fully, though respiratory support may be needed and rehabilitation is often required.
Epilepsy
This document summarizes information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as abnormal excessive neuronal discharge and epilepsy as a chronic seizure disorder. Seizures are classified as partial or generalized. Common causes of epilepsy include family history, head injuries, infections, and tumors. Diagnosis involves EEG and brain imaging. Treatment depends on seizure type but may include carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproic acid, and other anticonvulsants. The majority of people with epilepsy live normal lives, as epilepsy is not contagious or a mental illness.
EPILEPSY
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
status epilepticus
Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity lasting longer than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than 30 minutes. It requires immediate treatment to prevent neurological damage. Initial treatment involves airway management, IV access, glucose/thiamine administration, and first line anti-seizure medications like lorazepam, midazolam, or diazepam. Second and third line agents are used if seizures continue. Continuous EEG monitoring is important for detecting both overt and subtle seizures. Prompt treatment is crucial as delays can reduce effectiveness.
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Approach to seizure
This document provides an overview of approaches to seizure and epilepsy diagnosis and classification. It discusses the differential diagnosis of seizures and conditions that can mimic seizures like syncope. It describes focal seizures which originate in one hemisphere and can involve motor, sensory or cognitive symptoms. Generalized seizures rapidly engage both hemispheres and include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures and atonic seizures. Seizures are classified based on their origin and symptoms. The EEG findings for different seizure types are also outlined.
Seizures and epilepsy
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Seizure
This document discusses seizures, including their definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and nursing management. Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be focal, affecting one area, or generalized, affecting both sides. They are classified based on symptoms such as loss of awareness, muscle jerking, or staring. Diagnostic tests include EEG, CT, MRI, and blood tests. Treatment involves antiseizure medications, surgery like vagus nerve stimulation for refractory cases, or dietary therapies like the ketogenic diet. Nursing care focuses on patient safety during seizures and proper medication management to prevent occurrences.
Epilepsy
Most people have difficulty differentiating between seizure and convulsion. This presentation also highlights the differences between hysterical fit and grand mal seizure.
How to manage the client is briefly discussed.
Movement disorders
The document discusses various movement disorders, classifying them as either hypokinetic-hypertonic (such as Parkinson's disease) or hyperkinetic-hypotonic (including tremors, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and ballism). Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dopamine loss in the basal ganglia. Its treatment involves levodopa drugs and dopamine agonists. Tremors can be essential, physiological, or pathological, and are treated with beta-blockers or anti-epileptics. Dystonia causes abnormal muscle contractions and is treated with medications, botulinum toxin, or surgery. Chorea involves irregular movements and its causes include Huntington's disease and
Cerebrovascular Disorder
This document discusses cerebrovascular disorders such as ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Ischemic strokes are caused by blockages in blood vessels leading to the brain, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding into the brain tissue or surrounding spaces. The document outlines various types of strokes and their causes, as well as symptoms, effects on neurological functions, medical management including thrombolysis, and contraindications for thrombolysis treatment.
Extrapyramidal disorders
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
Epilepsy.....
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that result from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, originating simultaneously across both hemispheres of the brain, or partial, originating in a localized region of the brain. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Partial seizures can be simple, with motor, sensory or other symptoms but no change in consciousness, or complex, with impaired consciousness. Seizures can have various causes including genetic factors, head injuries, infections, or other acquired brain abnormalities. Evaluation and treatment involve diagnostic testing, medication, and management of any underlying conditions.
Myoclonus
Myoclonus is characterized by brief, involuntary muscle contractions or inhibitions. It can be classified anatomically based on its physiological origin in the cortex, subcortex, or periphery. Clinically, myoclonus is classified as physiological, essential, epileptic, or secondary. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, with anti-seizure medications often used for cortical or cortical-subcortical myoclonus, and benzodiazepines or botulinum toxin injections for other types.
Epilepsy
This document discusses epilepsy and seizure disorders. It defines a seizure as abnormal electrical discharges of cerebral neurons resulting in changes to motor, sensory or psychomotor activity. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures can involve convulsions (shaking) or not. Antiepileptic drugs are used to prevent seizures, with different classes targeting sodium channels, GABA, or calcium channels. Common antiepileptics discussed include valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, and phenobarbital. Adverse effects and mechanisms of several drugs are outlined. Classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes is also covered.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and is characterized by a triad of symptoms including confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. It is commonly seen in alcoholics and those with prolonged starvation or malnutrition. The main pathology involves inhibition of thiamine-dependent metabolism in brain regions with high metabolic demand. Treatment involves emergency high-dose parenteral thiamine to reverse the neurological deficits. Left untreated, many patients will develop the amnestic syndrome of Wernicke-Korsakoff.
Hemiplegia
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Seizures
A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. It can cause changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness. If you have two or more seizures or a tendency to have recurrent seizures, you have epilepsy.
Hemorrhagic stroke
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
Status Epilepticus
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency characterized by prolonged or continuous seizure activity without recovery between seizures. It can be convulsive, involving muscle contractions and loss of consciousness, or nonconvulsive with episodes of staring and unresponsiveness. Immediate treatment is needed to prevent permanent brain or heart damage. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and tests like bloodwork, EEG, or brain imaging. Treatment focuses on stopping seizures and managing complications through medications, injury prevention, and educating patients and their families on self-care and coping strategies.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by recurrent seizures that are not caused by an immediate brain insult. A seizure involves abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, while epilepsy describes the underlying brain condition causing recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is generally diagnosed after a person experiences at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure and at least a 60% risk of having another within ten years. Epilepsy can be caused by genetic and structural/metabolic factors and in some cases the cause is unknown. Seizures are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging.
Epilepsy
Up todate info on epilepsy classification Signs and Symptoms and management
Included are also EEG findings
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing demyelination of the nerves. It results in progressive muscle weakness and diminished reflexes. The main classifications are acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Miller Fisher syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies, lumbar puncture, electromyography and other tests. Treatment focuses on plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin or supportive care. Most patients recover fully, though respiratory support may be needed and rehabilitation is often required.
Epilepsy
This document summarizes information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as abnormal excessive neuronal discharge and epilepsy as a chronic seizure disorder. Seizures are classified as partial or generalized. Common causes of epilepsy include family history, head injuries, infections, and tumors. Diagnosis involves EEG and brain imaging. Treatment depends on seizure type but may include carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproic acid, and other anticonvulsants. The majority of people with epilepsy live normal lives, as epilepsy is not contagious or a mental illness.
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Similar to Epilepsy
EPILEPSY
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
status epilepticus
Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity lasting longer than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than 30 minutes. It requires immediate treatment to prevent neurological damage. Initial treatment involves airway management, IV access, glucose/thiamine administration, and first line anti-seizure medications like lorazepam, midazolam, or diazepam. Second and third line agents are used if seizures continue. Continuous EEG monitoring is important for detecting both overt and subtle seizures. Prompt treatment is crucial as delays can reduce effectiveness.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures occur when there is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. The document discusses the types of seizures including generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, complex partial, and simple partial seizures. It also outlines the diagnostic studies, medical management with anti-seizure medications, and surgical options that include resection of the seizure focus area or disconnecting communication between brain hemispheres. Vagus nerve stimulation is another treatment approach where a device implanted in the chest delivers electrical pulses to the vagus nerve in the neck to help prevent seizures.
Seizure disorders
This document discusses seizure disorders and epilepsy. It begins by differentiating between types of seizures, such as partial and generalized seizures. Diagnostic tests for seizures are outlined, along with the assessment and management of seizures. Various anti-seizure medications are discussed, along with goals of drug therapy and patient education. Nursing priorities for patients with seizures include maintaining a patent airway, providing oxygenation, obtaining vascular access, using seizure precautions, administering appropriate medications, and assessing therapeutic drug levels.
Approach to seizure disorder
This slide was prepared for teaching purpose to medical students. It contain information from different books and medical journals. please inform if any of the information given need to be changed.
Seizure disorders
1) Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive synchronous firing of neurons in the brain. They can be classified as partial or generalized seizures. Status epilepticus refers to continuous or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness.
2) Evaluation of seizures involves a detailed history, neurological exam, and diagnostic tests like EEG, MRI and bloodwork to identify underlying causes. Treatment depends on seizure type and includes antiepileptic drugs, adrenocorticotropic hormone for infantile spasms, and surgery for refractory cases.
3) Febrile seizures are common in young children and usually resolve without complications, but complex febrile seizures and other risk factors increase risk of developing epilepsy later in life. Proper management of
Seizure disorders
1) Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive synchronous firing of neurons in the brain. They can be classified as partial or generalized seizures. Status epilepticus refers to continuous or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness.
2) Evaluation of seizures involves a detailed history, exam, and tests like EEG, MRI and bloodwork to identify underlying causes. Treatment depends on seizure type and includes antiepileptic drugs, adrenocorticotropic hormone for infantile spasms, and surgery for refractory cases.
3) Febrile seizures are common in young children and usually resolve without complications, but complex febrile seizures and other risk factors increase risk of developing epilepsy later in life. Proper management of status epile
AlharebEpilepsy(1).pptx
This document provides an overview of epilepsy including definitions, types of seizures, causes, risk factors, diagnostic approach, treatment options, and antiepileptic drug management. Key points include: epilepsy is defined as recurrent unprovoked seizures; status epilepticus is a medical emergency; common causes include vascular, infectious, traumatic, autoimmune and metabolic factors; evaluation involves clinical history, EEG, MRI and video telemetry; treatment involves acute seizure control and chronic antiepileptic drug management to prevent recurrence; drug selection depends on seizure type and side effect profile; surgery is an option for drug-resistant cases.
Epilepsy and seizure disorders in children
This document provides information on epilepsy and seizure disorders in children. It defines different types of seizures including generalized, focal, and febrile seizures. Common causes and syndromes of epilepsy in children are discussed. Evaluation, management, and treatment of status epilepticus and febrile seizures are summarized. The goal of treatment is to control seizures with medication while minimizing side effects.
Anticonvulsives
The document discusses epilepsy and antiseizure drugs. It defines epilepsy as a neurological disorder involving recurrent seizures. It describes the anatomy of the brain, common triggers for seizures, classification of seizures, and drugs commonly used to treat epilepsy such as carbamazepine, valproate, phenytoin, and levetiracetam. Optimum treatment involves using one drug initially and increasing the dose gradually while monitoring for side effects and therapeutic drug levels.
APPROACH TO SEIZURE CME
Sudden temporary change in PHYSICAL movement, SENSATION, BEHAVIOUR because of abnormal discharged of electrical impulses from nerve cells.
CLASSIFICATION
PARTIAL SEIZURE / FOCAL SEIZURE
>> Aimed to determine:
Type of seizure
Frequency
Severity
Aura
LOC
Dyspnea
Fixed and dilated pupil
Incontinence
Factors that precipitate them.
Developmental history taking (events of pregnancy and childbirth)
Questioned about illnesses or head injury
seizure disorder_015608.pptx
This document provides information on seizure disorder including definitions, etiology, phases, classification, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It defines a seizure as a transient, uncontrolled electrical discharge in the brain that interrupts normal function. Seizures can be partial or generalized and are classified further. Management involves drug therapy using antiepileptics, surgery such as resection or callosotomy, and vagus nerve stimulation. Nursing care focuses on safety and managing medication. Complications include injury and decreased quality of life.
Fits, faints and funny turns
The document defines syncope as a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It classifies syncope into cardiac, reflex/neurocardiogenic, and orthostatic hypotension categories based on etiology. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias like bradycardia or structural issues like aortic stenosis. Reflex syncope includes vasovagal which can be triggered by emotions or orthostatic stress, and carotid sinus syncope caused by pressure on the carotid sinus. Orthostatic hypotension syncope results from autonomic dysfunction or drugs/illnesses that cause volume depletion.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. A seizure occurs when there is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. About 2.3 million Americans have epilepsy. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, common causes include head trauma, brain tumors, strokes, genetic factors, and developmental issues. Treatment involves medications, surgery, dietary therapies and lifestyle modifications, with the goal of eliminating seizures without side effects. The choice of treatment depends on the seizure type, underlying causes, age, and other individual factors.
Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.
Central Nervous System is one of the unit in Pharmacotherapeutics Subject which is for Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy. The unit covers diseases like Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine. The presentation includes the point as per diploma in pharmacy students may understand very easily. The syllabus is framed by Pharmacy Council of India which is implemented by MSBTE ER 2020-2021
Movement disorders
1) Chorea is a genetic disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG nucleotide repeats in the Huntington gene (HTT) located on chromosome 4p16.3. This results in production of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) which causes degeneration of neurons in the brain.
2) Symptoms include involuntary dance-like movements or chorea, cognitive decline, psychiatric problems like depression and aggression. Onset and severity depends on number of CAG repeats - higher repeats cause earlier onset of more severe symptoms.
3) There is no cure for Chorea. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like antipsychotics for psychosis, antidepressants for depression, tranquilizers for anxiety and chorea. Nursing care
Epilepsy
The document provides information about epilepsy including:
1. It defines epilepsy as a condition with recurrent seizures due to an underlying chronic process, and classifies seizures as either partial or generalized depending on where they originate in the brain.
2. Common epilepsy syndromes are described such as temporal lobe epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and West syndrome. Causes of epilepsy include genetic factors, injuries, infections, and tumors.
3. The diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's medical history and performing tests like an EEG to determine the seizure type and localization. Differential diagnoses include syncope, migraines, and psychogenic seizures.
335. Epilepsy and Seizures.ppt
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Seizure ii
HISTORY : Description about seizure activity.
Age of Onset.
Duration.
Focal / Generalized.
Loss of conciousness, associated features .
H/o previous attack.
H/O Trauma, Drug ingestion.
Evaluation and Management of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common condition, encountered by neurologists, pediatricians, physicians and other doctors. It can be easily treated with anti-epileptic drugs. The current presentation discusses the approach to management of epilepsy, focussing on diagnosis and treatment.
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Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.
Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.
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Epilepsy
- 1. Epilepsy
- 2. Definition • A group of disorder of unprovoked recurrent seizure (idiopathic epilepsy)
- 3. Pathophysiology 1. Hypersynchronous discharge 2. Large group of neuron activated repetitively 3. Imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmitter 4. Abnormal voltage-controlled membrane channel
- 4. Etiology 1. Idiopathic 2. Secondary • Genetic : family history • Congenital malformation of the brain : hydrocephalus with large head or headache • Perinatal complications : birth asphyxia or trauma • Neurocutaneous syndrome : neurofibromatosis with skin lesion • Intracranial haemorrhage : bleeding disorder,NAI • CNS infection : meningitis,encephalitis,brain abscess • Trauma : history of MVA or NAI • CVA : vasculitis • Neoplasm : solid CNS tumor
- 5. Classifications • Partial seizures • Simple partial seizures • Begin in a specific area of the brain • Consciousness not impaired • Motor:originate in the motor cortex cause recurrent contraction of the muscle of one part of the body • Sensory:originate from sensory centrer (postcentral gyrus) • Visual • somatic • Psychic : originate from temporal lobe • Emotional disturbances • Autonomic disurbances • Complex partial seizures • Aura > may be generalized > may be altered consciousness + post ictal confusion and drowsiness + amnesia • Partial seizures evolving to secondary generalized seizures
- 7. Classification • Generalized seizures • Tonic clonic • Tonic : generalized contraction of muscle and extension of the limb and trunk + cyanosis • Clonic : bilateral symmetrical and intense jerking then slowly diminish + urine and fecal incontinence + buccal oral trauma • For few seconds - minutes • Post ictal drowsiness or deep sleep for several hours • Awakening : confused,tired,headache,muscle pain • Absence seizures • Frequent brief impairment of consciounsness • Stop > stares blankly or blink repeatedly not less than 30s • Consciousness recovered immediately • No incontinence or falling • Myoclonic : Sudden brief shock like contractions of one extremity or entire body • Clonic • Tonic atonic : Common in retarded children with mixed children disorder • Atonic > fall abruptly
- 8. Classification • Unclassified epileptic seizure • Primary childhood seizure • West syndrome (infantile spasm) • Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy • Neonatal seizure • Febrile convusion • Status epilepticus
- 9. History • Chief complaint : fitting and duration • Seizures description by witness • What is he doing at that time • Description : sudden LOC,posture,jerking movement,up rolling eyeball,drooling of saliva,cyanosis, urine/incontinence • Post ictal : drowsiness,lethargy,amnesia,insoluble crying,irritability,diarrhea,trauma • Precipitated factor : flash light,extreme exhaustion,tired,emotionally unstable,sleep deprivation • Etiology : fever,vomiting,photophobia,neck stiffness,insoluble crying,irritability,diarrhea,trauma
- 10. Differential diagnosis of seizures • Neonates and infants • Jitteriness • Benign myoclonus • Apnea • GERD • Shuddering attacks • Benign paroxysmal torticollis • Hyperekplexia • Young children • Breath holding spells • Reflex anoxic seizures • Parasomnia • Benign paroxysmal vertigo • Paroxysmal choreoathetosis • Rage attack • Childhood and adolescent • Vasovagal syncope • Migraine • Narcolepsy • Panic attacks • Pseudoseizures • Others • Drugs induced dystonia • Cardiac dysrythmias
- 11. Complications of seizures • Muscle ache • Head trauma • Oral or buccal trauma • Impact on life
- 12. Examination • Normal • Rule out secondary causes • Dysmorphism • Neurocutaneous sign • Hydrocephalus • Head trauma • NF manifestation
- 13. Investigation • Recommended when 2nd afebrile seizures occur • FBC • Blood C&S • RBS • Serum Ca,PO4,Mg and BUSE • Skull Xray • ECG • EEG • MRI/CT scan
- 14. Principles of anticonvulsant therapy for epilepsy 1. Treatment initiated after 2 episodes (recurrence risk is 80%) 2. Classify seizure type and epileptic syndrome 3. Monotherapy,most appropriate drug,increase dose gradually (until max dose or side effects occur) 4. 1st drug fail > optimize 2nd drug then withdraw the 1st drug 5. If combine,use different MOA 6. Monitor drugs level : compliance,well controlled,drug interaction (polypharmacy) 7. Withdraw drug when seizure free for 2 years (taper within 3-6months) 8. Seizure recur:last dose reduction is reversed and refer
- 15. Selecting anticonvulsant • Partial seizure • 1st line : Carbamazepine,Sodium Valproate • 2nd line : Lamotrigine,Topiramate,Levetiracetam,Phenytoin,Phenobarbitone, Clonazepam • Generalized seizure • 1st line : Sodium Valproate,Adrenocorticotrophin,Prednisolone,Vigabatrin • 2nd line : Lamotrigine,Topiramate,Nitrazepam,Clonazepam,Valproate
- 16. Side effect and toxicity of anticonvulsant • Carbamazepine • Side effects:drowsiness,dizziness,ataxia,diplopia,rash • Toxicity:agranulocytosis,Steven-Johnson syndrome • Sodium Valproate • Side effects:nausea,epigastric pain,tremor,alopecia,weight gain,hair loss, thrombocytopenia • Serious toxicity:hepatotoxicity (2years of age),hepatitis,pancreatitis, encephalopathy • Lamotrigine • Side effects:Dizziness,somnolence,insomnia,rash • Serious toxicity:Steven-Johnson syndrome • Topiramate • Side effects:Weight loss,somnolence,mental slowing,word finding difficulty,hypohidrosis • Renal calculi
- 17. Advice • Educate and counsel on epilepsy • Compliance! • Don't stop medication by yourself > breakthrough seizure • Watch TV in bright light room and avoid sleep deprivation • No cycling,swimming or climbing alone • Emergency treatment for seizure • Inform teacher and school about the condition