This document discusses simulating a loudness control in LTspice using .wav audio files. It begins with background on equal-loudness contours and how loudness controls can restore low and high frequencies at lower listening levels. The document shows how the frequency response of a simulated loudness control matches equal-loudness contours. It compares the response of a loudness control circuit to a flat volume control and demonstrates using .wav files as inputs and outputs of the LTspice simulation.
Hybrid pi model of a Transistor. And designing of pi model using transistor with internal capacitances & internal resistance default considerations. along with CE short channel current gain with and without load. and also FET analysis its equivalent circuits.in FET analysis we have common source and common drain type of systems along with their equivalent circuits and analysis. capture these images and findout the solution for your hybid pi model high frequncy nature of a transistor. All the best. keep in contact with my linkedin.
This Presentation is related to multistage amplifiers. different topics related to multistage amplifiers like two stage amplifiers. Two stage RC coupled amplifiers, cascading techniques, CE-CB cascod amplifiers, darlington pair, fet analysis
Hybrid pi model of a Transistor. And designing of pi model using transistor with internal capacitances & internal resistance default considerations. along with CE short channel current gain with and without load. and also FET analysis its equivalent circuits.in FET analysis we have common source and common drain type of systems along with their equivalent circuits and analysis. capture these images and findout the solution for your hybid pi model high frequncy nature of a transistor. All the best. keep in contact with my linkedin.
This Presentation is related to multistage amplifiers. different topics related to multistage amplifiers like two stage amplifiers. Two stage RC coupled amplifiers, cascading techniques, CE-CB cascod amplifiers, darlington pair, fet analysis
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method of changing the duration of a pulse with respect to the analog input. The duty cycle of a square wave is modulated to encode a specific analog signal level. This pulse width modulation tutorial gives you the basic principle of generation of a PWM signal. The PWM signal is digital because at any given instant of time, the full DC supply is either ON or OFF completely. PWM method is commonly used for speed controlling of fans, motors, lights in varying intensities, pulse width modulation controller etc. These signals may also be used for approximate time-varying of analogue signals. Below you can see the pulse width modulation generator circuit diagram (pulse width modulator) using op amp. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Pulse width modulation dc motor control is one of the popular circuits in Robotics.
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Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method of changing the duration of a pulse with respect to the analog input. The duty cycle of a square wave is modulated to encode a specific analog signal level. This pulse width modulation tutorial gives you the basic principle of generation of a PWM signal. The PWM signal is digital because at any given instant of time, the full DC supply is either ON or OFF completely. PWM method is commonly used for speed controlling of fans, motors, lights in varying intensities, pulse width modulation controller etc. These signals may also be used for approximate time-varying of analogue signals. Below you can see the pulse width modulation generator circuit diagram (pulse width modulator) using op amp. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Pulse width modulation dc motor control is one of the popular circuits in Robotics.
A Hertzian dipole is a starting point of antenna theory. Since most of antennas can be understood with a Hertzian dipole, we need to thoroughly study this kind of an infinitesimal antenna that is not real in practical applications.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
Students will be able to understand about the various Amplifiers, its type and design. Students will be able to remember the working patterns and principles of different Amplifiers types. Students will be able to choose the right Amplifiers for speakers. Students will know about the characteristics of each Amplifiers.
Pulse modulation techniques involve a periodic pulse train as a carrier. Different parameters such as amplitude, width and position (phase) of pulse is modified to form PAM, PWM and PPM. Analog and Digital modulation techniques involved in various communication applications. Pulse Code modulation is the widely used and most important digital modulation technique.
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2. EQUAL-LOUDNESS CONTOUR
Equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure (dB SPL), over
the frequency spectrum, for which the human ear perceive the same
loudness when presented with pure steady tones (unit is the phon).
120
INTENSITY LEVEL (dB)
100
80
100
90
60 80
70
60 Loudness level (phon)
40
10 100 1000 10000
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Contours of equal loudness (from the Radiotron Designers Handbook).
For more info . . .
http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Equal_Loudness_Contours.html
2
3. A LOUDNESS CONTROL
A loudness control is used as an attempt to restore extreme low and high
frequencies. As the sound level decreases, the ear becomes less sensitive
to both extreme low and high frequencies. Thus, when listening at reduced
PARAMETERS:
RVOL = 500k
levels, if the frequency response of your system is maintained flat, you will
VOL = 0.0245
not hear those extremes as well.
PARAMETERS:
RVOL1 = {(1-VOL+1u)*RVOL}
RVOL2 = {(VOL+1u)*RVOL}
R1 20
Input
V1 200k
1Vac RVOL-1 C1
0Vdc {RVOL1} 76.9739p R2
2.2119meg
Output
0
0 RVOL-2
{RVOL2}
R3
330 -20
R4 C2
2MEG 58.7883n R5
1 -40
4.6695k
L1
20m
C3
3.9244n
-60
2 20Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 50KHz
DB(V(OUTPUT))
0 Frequency
A loudness control and its frequency response (example)
3
4. THE LOUDNESS CONTROL VS. EQUAL-LOUDNESS CONTOUR
20
0
INTENSITY LEVEL (dB)
-20
100
100(Sim)
90
90(Sim)
80
-40
80(Sim)
70
70(Sim)
60
60(Sim)
-60
10 100 1000 10000
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Frequency response of the loudness control (simulation) is compared to the equal-loudness contour.
4
6. Loudness Control vs. Flat Volume
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
20Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 50KHz 20Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 50KHz
DB(V(OUTPUT)) DB(V(OUTPUT))
Frequency Frequency
LOUDNESS CONTROL RESPONSE FLAT VOLUME RESPONSE
6
7. LTspice Simulation: .WAV IN/OUT Loudness Control
Low to high swept audible signal (Input)
-30 dB level down with the loudness control (Output)
Loudness Control with .WAV input and output Simulation result: input and output signal
7
8. LTspice Simulation: .WAV IN/OUT Flat Volume
Low to high swept audible signal (Input)
-30 dB level down with the flat volume (Output)
Flat Volume with .WAV input and output Simulation result: input and output signal
8
10. USING WAVE FILE (.WAV) AS INPUT
Using audio signal (WAVE file) as an input voltage for LTSpice could be done
by replace the voltage expression of the voltage source with a WAVE-file
expression: wavefile=“file location" chan=0 (as seen in the example
below)
“chan” refers to the respective channel in the WAVE file used for the
simulation, can be a number between 1 and 65535 although usually
channel 0 refer to the left channel and channel 1 refers to the right channel
A loudness control and its frequency response (example)
10
11. USING WAVE FILE (.WAV) AS OUTPUT
Exporting an output signal as an audio signal (WAVE file) could be done by
adding SPICE directive as: .wave=“file location" 16 44100 Output (as
seen in the example below)
“16” refers to the bitrate, 44100 is the sampling frequency and Output is
referring to a label in circuit.
A loudness control and its frequency response (example)
11
12. LTspice Simulation: music01.WAV IN/OUT Loudness Control
music01.wav audio signal (Input)
-30 dB level down with the loudness control (Output)
Loudness Control with music01.WAV input and output Simulation result: input and output signal
12
13. LTspice Simulation: music01.WAV IN/OUT Flat Volume
Low to high swept audible signal (Input)
-30 dB level down with the flat volume (Output)
Flat Volume with music01.WAV input and output Simulation result: input and output signal
13
14. .WAV FILES LOCATION
Output files created
by LTSpice
An input file
Output files created
by LTSpice
14