Here are the key steps to design an LNA:
1. Calculate the minimum achievable noise figure NFmin using the noise parameter Fmin. This depends on device parameters like transconductance gm, output resistance ro, bias current density Jc, etc.
2. Choose an optimal value for Jc that minimizes NFmin. This Jc-opt depends on device capacitances, bias voltage, and frequency of operation.
3. Design the input matching network to transform the source impedance (usually 50 ohms) to the optimal impedance looking into the transistor for minimum noise. This involves choosing component values for the matching network.
4. Design the biasing circuitry to provide stable bias point
This document summarizes the key specifications and simulation results for an operational amplifier with part number NJU7043 manufactured by New Japan Radio. It includes 3 sentences on the output voltage swing, input offset voltage, and slew rate based on Spice model simulations and compares the results to measurement data.
Control of AC machines can be done through various methods such as pole changing, voltage control, and variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) control. Vector control is also an effective method that controls the torque and flux of induction motors by separately regulating the torque and rotor flux components. It achieves decoupled control of torque and flux to provide fast dynamic response like a separately excited DC motor. Slip energy recovery methods can also be used to control induction motor speed through adjustment of rotor slip.
Torque Systems specializes in high performance brush servo motors like the TORQUEMASTER 4100 series. These motors provide smooth operation, accurate control, high torque-to-inertia ratios, and long service life. The 4100 series delivers superior low and high speed performance with maximum power ratings. It is available in different torque and speed configurations to meet various industrial automation and machinery applications.
This document provides specifications for Silicon PIN Diodes from Infineon Technologies branded as BAR50. It includes maximum ratings, electrical characteristics, and application information. The BAR50 diodes are current-controlled RF resistors suitable for switching and attenuating applications from 10 MHz up to 6 GHz with low capacitance and harmonic distortion. Package options include TSLP-2-1, SC79, and SOD323.
The LM567/LM567C are tone decoders designed to provide a saturated transistor switch output when an input signal is present within the passband. The circuit consists of an I and Q detector driven by a voltage controlled oscillator which determines the center frequency. External components independently set center frequency, bandwidth, and output delay. Features include a 20:1 frequency range adjustable with a resistor, logic compatible output, and bandwidth adjustable from 0 to 14%. Applications include touch tone decoding, frequency monitoring, FSK demodulation, and communications paging decoders.
The document discusses phase-locked loops (PLLs), including what they are, how they are modeled and operate, properties of PLLs, and applications. A PLL is a negative feedback system that automatically adjusts the frequency and phase of a control signal to match a reference signal. It consists of a phase detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator. The document provides examples of modeling and simulating a PLL using Simulink. It also summarizes tests of a PLL design under different conditions and discusses other applications of PLLs beyond frequency demodulation.
This document summarizes the key specifications and simulation results for an operational amplifier with part number NJU7043 manufactured by New Japan Radio. It includes 3 sentences on the output voltage swing, input offset voltage, and slew rate based on Spice model simulations and compares the results to measurement data.
Control of AC machines can be done through various methods such as pole changing, voltage control, and variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) control. Vector control is also an effective method that controls the torque and flux of induction motors by separately regulating the torque and rotor flux components. It achieves decoupled control of torque and flux to provide fast dynamic response like a separately excited DC motor. Slip energy recovery methods can also be used to control induction motor speed through adjustment of rotor slip.
Torque Systems specializes in high performance brush servo motors like the TORQUEMASTER 4100 series. These motors provide smooth operation, accurate control, high torque-to-inertia ratios, and long service life. The 4100 series delivers superior low and high speed performance with maximum power ratings. It is available in different torque and speed configurations to meet various industrial automation and machinery applications.
This document provides specifications for Silicon PIN Diodes from Infineon Technologies branded as BAR50. It includes maximum ratings, electrical characteristics, and application information. The BAR50 diodes are current-controlled RF resistors suitable for switching and attenuating applications from 10 MHz up to 6 GHz with low capacitance and harmonic distortion. Package options include TSLP-2-1, SC79, and SOD323.
The LM567/LM567C are tone decoders designed to provide a saturated transistor switch output when an input signal is present within the passband. The circuit consists of an I and Q detector driven by a voltage controlled oscillator which determines the center frequency. External components independently set center frequency, bandwidth, and output delay. Features include a 20:1 frequency range adjustable with a resistor, logic compatible output, and bandwidth adjustable from 0 to 14%. Applications include touch tone decoding, frequency monitoring, FSK demodulation, and communications paging decoders.
The document discusses phase-locked loops (PLLs), including what they are, how they are modeled and operate, properties of PLLs, and applications. A PLL is a negative feedback system that automatically adjusts the frequency and phase of a control signal to match a reference signal. It consists of a phase detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator. The document provides examples of modeling and simulating a PLL using Simulink. It also summarizes tests of a PLL design under different conditions and discusses other applications of PLLs beyond frequency demodulation.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs), including their history, applications, components, and design requirements. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with an early use in 1932 for radio signal reception. Key applications include frequency multiplication, modulation/demodulation, data synchronization, and use in devices like cell phones and hard disk drives. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate the relationships between phase and frequency in a PLL system and its voltage-controlled oscillator, phase detector, and charge pump components.
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers that are direct replacements for popular op amp models. They offer features like overload protection, no latch-up, and stability. The LM741C/E variants have their performance guaranteed over a 0°C to 70°C range instead of -55°C to 125°C. The document provides electrical characteristics for the LM741 models including input offset voltage, bias current, gain, output voltage and current specifications.
ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING COURSE
Lect 2- Electric Machines
Please subscribe to my YouTube Channel for best training lectures:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRkUJFOsyZG1E1LDWzUr_hw
The TLP350 is an optocoupler consisting of a GaAlAs LED and photodetector in an 8-lead DIP package. It is suitable for gate driving IGBTs or power MOSFETs with a peak output current of ±2.5A. It has a guaranteed operating temperature range of -40 to 100°C, supply current of 2mA max, and supply voltage range of 15-30V. The TLP350 provides electrical isolation of 3750Vrms between the input and output.
This document appears to be a student project report on analog signal processing. It includes an introduction discussing why analog signal processing is still important despite digitization trends. It then discusses some common issues with using operational amplifiers in analog circuits and advantages of using operational transconductance amplifiers instead. The report goes on to provide circuit diagrams and simulations of various analog filters and oscillators designed using OTAs.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the engineering division products catalogue document:
The document presents Link Microtek's product catalogue covering a wide range of microwave components including adapters, attenuators, couplers, filters, horn antennas, OMTs, rotary joints and custom sub-systems. Each section provides descriptions of standard products along with their key specifications such as frequency range, power handling, connectors and flanges. Custom and special components can also be engineered based on specific customer requirements.
The document describes the LM741 operational amplifier. It provides general information on the device, including that it is a general purpose operational amplifier that improves upon previous standards. It offers features like overload protection and freedom from oscillations. The LM741C/E variants have their performance guaranteed over a wider temperature range than other variants. Electrical characteristics and specifications are provided in tables. Packaging and connection diagrams are displayed.
Original Opto PC957L PC957 P957 957 DIP-8 New Sharpauthelectroniccom
This document provides specifications for the PC957L0NSZ0F series of photocouplers. Key details include:
1. It is an 8-pin DIP or SMT package photocoupler with input-output isolation of 5.0kVrms, high-speed response up to 1Mbps, and high common mode rejection ratio of 15kV/μs.
2. It has approvals from UL and VDE and is lead-free and RoHS compliant. Applications include use in programmable controllers and inverters.
3. Electrical characteristics include a forward voltage of 1-1.6V, rise/fall times of 0.2/0.
Original Opto TLP620GB TLP620 P620 620 DIP-4 New ToshibaOriginal Opto TLP620G...authelectroniccom
This document summarizes specifications for the Toshiba TLP620, TLP620-2, and TLP620-4 photocouplers. The TLP620 consists of an infrared emitting diode optically coupled to a photo-transistor. The TLP620-2 has two isolated channels and the TLP620-4 has four channels. Key specifications include a collector-emitter voltage rating of 55V minimum, current transfer ratio of 50% minimum, and isolation voltage of 5000Vrms minimum. Electrical characteristics, isolation characteristics, switching times and derating curves are provided.
The document describes the LM124 series of low power quad operational amplifiers. It provides specifications for the amplifiers including their ability to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range, low current drain, high gain, wide bandwidth, and temperature stability. Application areas are listed as transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks, and conventional op amp circuits that can now be implemented in single power supply systems.
This document provides product information for various industrial electrical components including relays, timers, contactors, transformers, and power supplies. It lists part numbers, specifications, and brief descriptions. The company specializes in control and isolation products for industrial applications.
This document discusses unit protection schemes for auto-transformers. It describes how auto-transformers transfer power through both galvanic connection and magnetic coupling. The document then discusses several different types of unit protection schemes that can be used for auto-transformers, including ones based on ampere-turn balance, Kirchhoff's law, and zero-sequence currents. As an example, it analyzes protection schemes that could be applied to a 400/400/130 MVA auto-transformer.
This document introduces SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) and how to model and simulate circuits using SPICE. It describes SPICE control cards, circuit elements, units, voltage and current sources, and shows examples of modeling an RC circuit response, NMOS I-V characteristics, inverter transient analysis, propagation delay measurement, and leakage current measurement. It also discusses extracting SPICE netlists from circuit layout tools like L-Edit to verify the layout functionality through simulation.
The poem describes a relationship where one person helped the other through difficult times by wiping away their tears, clearing their confused mind, and buying back their soul. They held the person up and gave them dignity, strength to stand alone, and put them on a pedestal. They were there when needed and cared for the person by keeping them warm, taking them home when lost, and giving hope. They turned lies back into the truth and called the person a friend. The person expresses that they finally found someone who cares and will not leave.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs), including their history, applications, components, and design requirements. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with an early use in 1932 for radio signal reception. Key applications include frequency multiplication, modulation/demodulation, data synchronization, and use in devices like cell phones and hard disk drives. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate the relationships between phase and frequency in a PLL system and its voltage-controlled oscillator, phase detector, and charge pump components.
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers that are direct replacements for popular op amp models. They offer features like overload protection, no latch-up, and stability. The LM741C/E variants have their performance guaranteed over a 0°C to 70°C range instead of -55°C to 125°C. The document provides electrical characteristics for the LM741 models including input offset voltage, bias current, gain, output voltage and current specifications.
ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING COURSE
Lect 2- Electric Machines
Please subscribe to my YouTube Channel for best training lectures:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRkUJFOsyZG1E1LDWzUr_hw
The TLP350 is an optocoupler consisting of a GaAlAs LED and photodetector in an 8-lead DIP package. It is suitable for gate driving IGBTs or power MOSFETs with a peak output current of ±2.5A. It has a guaranteed operating temperature range of -40 to 100°C, supply current of 2mA max, and supply voltage range of 15-30V. The TLP350 provides electrical isolation of 3750Vrms between the input and output.
This document appears to be a student project report on analog signal processing. It includes an introduction discussing why analog signal processing is still important despite digitization trends. It then discusses some common issues with using operational amplifiers in analog circuits and advantages of using operational transconductance amplifiers instead. The report goes on to provide circuit diagrams and simulations of various analog filters and oscillators designed using OTAs.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the engineering division products catalogue document:
The document presents Link Microtek's product catalogue covering a wide range of microwave components including adapters, attenuators, couplers, filters, horn antennas, OMTs, rotary joints and custom sub-systems. Each section provides descriptions of standard products along with their key specifications such as frequency range, power handling, connectors and flanges. Custom and special components can also be engineered based on specific customer requirements.
The document describes the LM741 operational amplifier. It provides general information on the device, including that it is a general purpose operational amplifier that improves upon previous standards. It offers features like overload protection and freedom from oscillations. The LM741C/E variants have their performance guaranteed over a wider temperature range than other variants. Electrical characteristics and specifications are provided in tables. Packaging and connection diagrams are displayed.
Original Opto PC957L PC957 P957 957 DIP-8 New Sharpauthelectroniccom
This document provides specifications for the PC957L0NSZ0F series of photocouplers. Key details include:
1. It is an 8-pin DIP or SMT package photocoupler with input-output isolation of 5.0kVrms, high-speed response up to 1Mbps, and high common mode rejection ratio of 15kV/μs.
2. It has approvals from UL and VDE and is lead-free and RoHS compliant. Applications include use in programmable controllers and inverters.
3. Electrical characteristics include a forward voltage of 1-1.6V, rise/fall times of 0.2/0.
Original Opto TLP620GB TLP620 P620 620 DIP-4 New ToshibaOriginal Opto TLP620G...authelectroniccom
This document summarizes specifications for the Toshiba TLP620, TLP620-2, and TLP620-4 photocouplers. The TLP620 consists of an infrared emitting diode optically coupled to a photo-transistor. The TLP620-2 has two isolated channels and the TLP620-4 has four channels. Key specifications include a collector-emitter voltage rating of 55V minimum, current transfer ratio of 50% minimum, and isolation voltage of 5000Vrms minimum. Electrical characteristics, isolation characteristics, switching times and derating curves are provided.
The document describes the LM124 series of low power quad operational amplifiers. It provides specifications for the amplifiers including their ability to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range, low current drain, high gain, wide bandwidth, and temperature stability. Application areas are listed as transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks, and conventional op amp circuits that can now be implemented in single power supply systems.
This document provides product information for various industrial electrical components including relays, timers, contactors, transformers, and power supplies. It lists part numbers, specifications, and brief descriptions. The company specializes in control and isolation products for industrial applications.
This document discusses unit protection schemes for auto-transformers. It describes how auto-transformers transfer power through both galvanic connection and magnetic coupling. The document then discusses several different types of unit protection schemes that can be used for auto-transformers, including ones based on ampere-turn balance, Kirchhoff's law, and zero-sequence currents. As an example, it analyzes protection schemes that could be applied to a 400/400/130 MVA auto-transformer.
This document introduces SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) and how to model and simulate circuits using SPICE. It describes SPICE control cards, circuit elements, units, voltage and current sources, and shows examples of modeling an RC circuit response, NMOS I-V characteristics, inverter transient analysis, propagation delay measurement, and leakage current measurement. It also discusses extracting SPICE netlists from circuit layout tools like L-Edit to verify the layout functionality through simulation.
The poem describes a relationship where one person helped the other through difficult times by wiping away their tears, clearing their confused mind, and buying back their soul. They held the person up and gave them dignity, strength to stand alone, and put them on a pedestal. They were there when needed and cared for the person by keeping them warm, taking them home when lost, and giving hope. They turned lies back into the truth and called the person a friend. The person expresses that they finally found someone who cares and will not leave.
This document is the CV of Christos D. Tzelepis, which summarizes his professional experience and qualifications. He has over 14 years of experience in banking and industrial risk management, quality management, and six sigma projects. Currently unemployed, he is seeking new opportunities and has held roles such as Lead Auditor, Six Sigma Black Belt, and department head roles in banks and machinery companies.
BrickFest 2005 discusses automated brick layout for Lego models. It describes using 3D modeling software to create outlines of models layer by layer, representing each layer's brick layout. Different techniques are presented for generating all possible brick layouts as a lattice and applying a cost function to select the best layout. The goal is to build large, structurally sound Lego models automatically by filling layers with bricks in the most optimal way.
El documento proporciona información sobre etiquetas HTML como <br>, <pre>, <hr> y comentarios. Explica que <br> produce un salto de línea en el navegador, <pre> mantiene el formato del texto, <hr> inserta una línea horizontal para separar secciones, y los comentarios van entre <!-- y //--> sin mostrar en el navegador.
Un emulador es un software que permite ejecutar programas o videojuegos en una plataforma diferente a la original. Los periféricos incluyen dispositivos de entrada como teclados y ratones, de salida como monitores e impresoras, de almacenamiento como discos duros, y de comunicación como tarjetas de red. Las interfaces son puertos físicos que permiten la conexión y comunicación entre sistemas y dispositivos.
Earthen Restaurant Group - TOAST presentation Albert Talcott
Earthen Restaurant Group encompasses three concepts, focusing on "Toast", which will serve alcohol and hors d'oeuvres. Toast aims to be a spot for guests throughout the evening, offering hors d'oeuvres boards with a variety of ingredients for guests to build their own combinations from as well as made to order options. Both food and drink menus will change regularly and feature local ingredients, beers, wines, and cocktails designed to pair well with dishes.
Un código QR es un código de barras bidimensional creado en 1994 por Denso Wave para almacenar información de forma rápida y eficiente. Se caracteriza por tres cuadrados en las esquinas que permiten detectar su posición. Fue diseñado para leer su contenido a alta velocidad y es muy común en Japón, siendo el código bidimensional más popular en ese país.
Sachin Kumar is a human resources professional with over 1 year of experience in HR, personnel administration, and industrial relations across multiple industries. He currently works as a Business HR for Bajaj Allianz in Delhi-NCR. His expertise includes recruitment, performance management, training, change management, and statutory compliance. Previously he worked as a Senior HR Executive at King Management Solutions in Gurgaon. He holds an MBA in HR and a master's degree in labor and development.
Wolfgang Marguerre founded Marguerre Group in 1983. Marguerre Group has grown to become a dynamic group of 6,000 people worldwide with offices globally. The company was established in 1983 and has experienced fast growth to become a multinational organization with employees around the world.
Banca - WALL TRICKS APP: Aplicativo para registro e compartilhamento de manob...Bruno Sartori Quadros
Apresentação utilizada para banca do meu trabalho de conclusão de curso que tem como objetivo propor um aplicativo para smartphone direcionado ao segmento esportivo do skate que auxilie o usuário a registrar e a compartilhar vídeos que revelam a realização de manobras, fazendo deste
conteúdo matéria-prima para uma rede social organizada em forma de aplicativo.
O trabalho foi desenvolvido com base em uma metodologia específica para produtosdigitais – o Projeto E.
Este documento describe las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y su papel en la educación. Discute cómo las TIC se han convertido en extensiones de las capacidades humanas y cómo han transformado la comunicación educativa a través de la radio, la televisión y otros medios. También analiza los paradigmas de los medios multimedia interactivos en línea, incluidos la base de datos, el hipertexto, la convergencia, la comunicación, la participación. Finalmente, señala que las TIC ahora forman parte integral de los currículos educat
Este documento presenta los elementos fundamentales para el desarrollo de un proyecto de administración para la empresa Textiles Miño. Incluye secciones sobre planeación estratégica con un análisis FODA, visión, misión, objetivos y estrategias. También cubre temas de organización como división de trabajo, estructura organizacional, dirección con énfasis en liderazgo y comunicación, control de gestión y recursos humanos.
There can be many causes for radiated emission in electronic circuits. I'm explaining one here. Please go through the slides & share your thoughts on it.
This document provides an outline and summary of a Ph.D. defense on a continuous-time S-D ADC in an InP-based HBT technology. It discusses issues with achieving integration using a substrate-transfer DHBT process and a new mesa technology approach. It summarizes device results including ft and fmax of 200-300 GHz. It also discusses the design and measurement results of static frequency dividers up to 110 GHz and an overview of delta-sigma modulation theory for S-D ADCs.
This document provides specifications for the AN7273 and AN7273S ICs, which are designed for stereo tuners. It includes:
1) An overview of the ICs' functions including level meter output, stop signal output, and low power consumption.
2) A block diagram showing the ICs' components like the FM/AM IF amplifier, FM detector, and audio amplifier.
3) Pin descriptions and specifications for electrical characteristics, maximum ratings, and recommended operating ranges.
4) Application circuit diagrams and specifications for external components like coils and filters.
The document discusses magnetic-Hall effect based sensors and provides details on Hall effect principles and applications. It describes how the Hall effect produces a voltage difference when a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field. It then discusses typical Hall sensor shapes and applications, Hall voltage equations, and the Hall coefficient. The document also provides examples of Hall effect magnetic sensors and switches, describing features and benefits.
The document discusses various digital and analog modulation techniques:
1) AM, FM, ASK, PSK, and FSK are described as different modulation methods that encode data onto amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal. ASK encodes bits as presence or absence of a carrier amplitude, while PSK and FSK vary the phase or frequency.
2) Digital modulation techniques like ASK, PSK, FSK are compared, with PSK generally having better noise immunity but greater complexity than ASK.
3) Key concepts in modulation and demodulation are introduced, including matched filters, carrier recovery in ASK, coherent vs non-coherent detection, and the use of VCOs
This document presents a novel 30-90 GHz singly balanced mixer with broadband LO/IF capabilities. The mixer uses a novel compensated Marchand balun and a mixing core with three transistors to provide constant transconductance over a wide IF bandwidth. Simulation and measurement results show the mixer achieves conversion gains between -5.8 to -11.8 dB and 3-dB IF bandwidths from 1.8 to 26 GHz, with LO frequencies from 30 to 90 GHz. The mixer has a small chip size of 0.389mm2 and consumes 0.6mW of DC power.
The MO-RX3400-A is an ASK receiver module that operates at 315/434 MHz frequencies. It uses a single-conversion superheterodyne architecture with an integrated PLL for local oscillator generation. It can demodulate OOK, HCS, and PWM modulated signals into digital outputs. The module has low power consumption, works over a wide temperature range, and is designed for applications such as car security systems, remote controls, and wireless automation.
This document proposes a digitally controlled wideband frequency modulator using an injection-locked oscillator with fine frequency resolution. It achieves wideband FM modulation by controlling the phase between a delayed version of the oscillator output signal and the oscillator itself. The key advantages are scalable linear tuning range and fine frequency resolution without requiring large capacitor arrays. Simulation and measurement results show it can achieve frequency steps of 24.8 kHz and an FM range of over 2 GHz by adjusting the injection current ratio.
This document describes the design of power management circuits for wearable devices. It includes high-level block diagrams and specifications for a boost converter, buck converter, and multi-stage low-dropout voltage regulator. Detailed schematics and simulation results are provided for the converters and various blocks including the error amplifier, ramp generator, comparator, and clock generator. PVT analysis is also presented to demonstrate the robustness of the designs across process, voltage, and temperature variations.
Design of DC-DC Converter for SMPS with Multiple isolated outputs.Prajwal M B Raj
This document describes the design of a DC-DC converter for a switched mode power supply (SMPS) with multiple isolated outputs. It discusses different DC-DC converter topologies including SEPIC, flyback, and forward converters. Simulation results are presented for each converter providing 12V, 5V and 3.3V outputs from a 200-400V input. A closed loop control circuit with PI controller is designed and simulated for the SEPIC converter, showing improved regulation over open loop operation.
The fanout of a 74LS00 NAND gate is around 10-15.
The 74LS00 data sheet typically specifies a maximum high output current (IOH) of 0.4 mA and a maximum low output current (IOL) of 8 mA.
Since the typical input current required by a 74LS00 gate is around 0.2-0.4 mA, one 74LS00 output can reliably drive around 10-15 74LS00 inputs before the output current capability is exceeded.
So in summary, a single 74LS00 NAND gate output can drive approximately 10-15 other 74LS00 gate inputs according to the typical specifications.
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a periodic waveform without an external signal source. It relies on positive feedback to maintain oscillations. There are two main types - the feedback oscillator which uses positive feedback of the output, and the relaxation oscillator which uses an RC timing circuit to generate a non-sinusoidal signal like a square wave. For an oscillator to operate, the loop gain of the feedback must be at least 1, and the phase must be zero, at a specific oscillation frequency determined by the phase characteristics of the feedback loop. Key parameters for oscillator performance include frequency range, output voltage swing, drive capability, phase noise, and power dissipation. A ring oscillator uses an odd number of inverter stages in a closed
This document provides technical specifications and performance data for the GTO1014 10-inch subwoofer driver, including its dimensions, power handling, frequency response, impedance, and enclosure recommendations. It lists specifications such as a sensitivity of 88dB, power handling of 350 watts RMS, and a frequency response ranging from 25Hz to 400Hz. The document also provides Thiele-small parameters and graphs showing the frequency response and excursion capabilities in different enclosure types.
Capacity analysis of gsm systems using slow frequency hoppinShiju Chacko
The document analyzes capacity of GSM systems using slow frequency hopping and multiple beam smart antennas through simulation and analytical modeling. It summarizes key GSM features and describes a wireless simulator developed with 16 macrocells, fractional loading, and switched-beam antennas. An analytical solution is presented to model co-channel interference and total interference without power control using equations that consider path loss, beam patterns, and frequency hopping averaging. The total interference and desired signal power are calculated to analyze system capacity.
Design of Energy- and Area-Efficient Sensor Readout Circuits (Chih-Chan Tu)Chih-Chan Tu
This document describes a sensor interface circuit design project. It presents the architecture of a capacitively-coupled continuous-time delta-sigma modulator (CC-CTDSM) sensor interface that uses a current-splitting OTA and FIR digital-to-analog converter. Measurement results show the design achieves 75.1dB SNDR over a 2kHz bandwidth while consuming 130uW from a 1.8V supply. The document also discusses using a voltage-controlled oscillator based approach for sensor interfaces and proposes a chopped Gm-CCO architecture to reduce 1/f noise.
This document discusses stepping motor device modeling. It describes frequency models including 3-element, 5-element, and ladder models. It also discusses adding internal voltage dependency to frequency models. Graphs and circuit diagrams are provided to show impedance characteristics and example motor drive circuits. Simulation results examine effects of clock speed on current rise time and develop a function to model back EMF voltage based on motor speed. The goal is to accurately model stepping motor behavior for integration into system simulations.
The OPRO Series antennas have K,Ka,Q,U,V,E,W,F,D band , OPRO Series antenna’s frequency range covers 22GHz-170GHz.The antenna offers 6.5 dBi nominal gain and 115 degrees typical half power beam width on the E-plane and 60 degrees typical half power beam width on the H-plane. The antenna supports linear polarized waveforms. The input of this antenna is a WR-06 ,WR-08,WR-10,WR-12,WR-15,WR-19,WR-22,WR-28,WR-34 waveguide with UG387/U-M flange.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1dkij0sgZ2mFkozmPzPZa5b2JX8GxTKQF
https://rfecho.com
https://twitter.com/RFecho_official
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#Antenna #Ranges #Gain #Measurements #System #Setups #Feed #Horns #RFecho #Probe #Series
This document describes the design of a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) circuit. It includes the goals of providing a 3.3V output voltage from a 5V input. The key components of an LDO - pass transistor, error amplifier, and voltage reference - are discussed. Calculations are shown for efficiency, transistor sizes, setting the bias voltage, and sizing additional transistors. A block diagram and final schematic are presented. Post-layout simulations demonstrate the line regulation as the input voltage is changed.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
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1. A Graduation project on
Wireless RF Transceiver
Presented by
Ain Sham Univer sit y
s
Ahmad Ibrahim
Facul t y Of Engineer ing Hazem Mohammad
Graduation Project 2001 Mohammad Atef
Mohammad Khalifa
Sherif Sobhi
Presented to
Dr. Khaled Sharaf
2. شكر
نتقدم بخالص الشكر و التقدير
للدكتور/ خالد شرف لما بذله معنا من
جهد ووقت كان فيهما خير قدوة فى
الدب و العلم و نحسبه على خير
ول نزكي على ال أحدا
3. Introduction
• Tx transmits at a centre frequency of
950MHz with a 20MHz B.W.
• Rx receives at a centre frequency of
1GHz with a 20MHz B.W.
6. Heterodyne vs. homodyne
• Heterodyne receiver is preferred over
homodyne Rx by its superior selectivity &
sensitivity.
• Heterodyne requires off-chip filters.
• Heterodyne requires greater area & so cost.
• However it is still used it is too much easier to
design.(no oscillator isolation problem)
10. Frequency Stability
• How to improve frequency stability ?
- Reduce noise
- Follow the oscillator with a buffer
- Thermally isolate the oscillator
- Use crystal to control the frequency
11. Voltage controlled oscillator
• If the output frequency can be adjusted by a
voltage, then we have a VCO.
• The tank capacitance can be replaced by a
reverse-biased diode (varactor)
12. Oscillator’s Parameters
• Phase Noise in LC circuits
- It may affect both the frequency and
amplitude of the output signal.
- The higher the Q of the tank, the lower the
phase noise.
13. Oscillator’s Parameters
• Phase Noise in VCO
Depends on the path into which the noise is
injected.
- Noise in signal path
- Noise in control path
• Another source of noise is generated by the
active device.
14. Oscillator’s parameters
• Oscillator Pulling
- Coupling from the power amplifier
- The desired signal is accompanied by a
large interferer
- The load pulling
• Oscillator Pushing
30. Transmitter VCO
• Negative Resistance Cell
- Uses active feedback network
-2(1/gm +RE)
instead of passive Vcc
network used in other Q4 Q3
topologies Q1 Q2
RE RE
{
Q5 Q6 Q7
CURRENT SOURCE Vcs
R4 R5 R3
0 0 0 0
-R cell
31. Transmitter VCO
• Verification of –R cell by Simulation
-0.016KV 200V
N N
e e
g g
a a
t -0.250KV t
i (950M,-66.844) i
v v 0V
e e
R -0.500KV R
e e
s s
i i
s s -200V
t t
-0.750KV (954M,-320.383)
a a
n n
c c
e e
-1.000KV -400V
1.5MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1.0GHz 10GHz 100GHz 30.6MHz 100.0MHz 1.00GHz 10.0GHz 28.6GHz
VR(Q21:c,Q23:c) Vr(Q23:c,Q22:b)
Frequency Frequency
Without tank With tank
32. Transmitter VCO
• The Tank Circuit
- Used to select the frequency
- Used to change the frequency
• The Output Buffer
- Acts as an isolation stage
33. Transmitter VCO
• Simulation Results
3 4 9 mV 5 0 mV
A
M
P
L
I
T
2 0 0 mV
U
D
E
0V
0V
- 5 0 mV
- 1 4 9 mV
0s 0. 5us 1. 0us 1. 5us 2. 0us 2. 5us 3. 0us 3. 00802us 3. 01000us 3. 01200us 3. 01400us 3. 01600us
V( C9 : 2 ) V( R4 0 : 1 )
T i me T i me
4 0 mV
A
M
P
L
I
T
U
D
E
2 0 mV
0V
9 5 5 . 0 5 MHz 9 6 0 . 0 0 MHz 9 6 5 . 0 0 MHz 9 6 9 . 6 0 MHz
V( R4 0 : 1 )
Fr e q u e n c y
34. Transmitter VCO
• Tuning Range
- The tuning range of the VCO is 20MHz
while Vcontrol is from 0 to 2.7v
39. Transmitter Section
• Output Signal
3 0 0 mV
2 0 0 mV
1 0 0 mV
0V
9 4 6 . 0 0 MHz 9 4 8 . 0 0 MHz 9 5 0 . 0 0 MHz 9 5 2 . 0 0 MHz 9 5 3 . 9 8 MHz
V( L 3 0 : 1 , MNMN) V( R2 3 : 2 , C3 : 2 )
Fr e q u e n c y
40. LNA
• LNA main charactaristics
- Noise figure
- Gain
- linearity
- S-parameters
- Power consumption
41. LNA input stage topologies
Vcc Vcc
Zc
Rb Zc
Output
Output
Vb Input
Input
Rs
bias Ze
Common base Common emitter
-better isolation 0 -poor isolation 0
-high unavoidable (Miller capacitance)
noise for 50Ohm -lower NF
input match((gm) -1 = 50)
42. Cascode amplifier
Vcc
Zc
-Better isolation than CE Output
o/p
(no Miller) Vb match.
-Less components than cascade
-Easily converted to differential
Input
i/p
match.
Ze
&
bias
0
56. Mixer topologies
• Passive mixer
- Microwave frequency
- No conversion gain
- high power consumption
- Transformer coupling
- Good linearity
57. Mixer topologies
Active mixer: Vcc
LO
LO
- Provides conversion gain
- Low power from LO port RF
- Excellent isolation Vbias
- No matching problem
58. Single balanced vs double
balanced
Vcc Vcc
LO
LO
LO LO
RF RF RF
Vbias Vbias Vbias
0
-Poor port to port isolation -perfect isolation
-Less noise contribution -higher noise contribution
60. Common emitter
• Consists of:
- Driver stage
- Switcher stage
- Load
Driver stage have the main effect in the mixer
linearity and noise figure
61. Gain
18
18
16
16
14 14
12 12
Gain
Gain
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Idc
driverarea
Gain with biasing current gain with driver area
62. Noise figure
12 10.5
10
11
9.5
10
9
9
NF(dB)
8.5
NF(DB)
8 8
7 7.5
7
6
6.5
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
6
driver area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
switch area
NF against driver area NF against switches area
63. Shot noise
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
NF(dB)
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
bias current
NF against bias current
Base noise will be more effected at high bias current
68. Simulation result
1 . 0 mV
I F s i gnal
0V
RF s i g n a l
- 1 . 0 mV
152. 5ns 156. 0ns 160. 0ns 164. 0ns 168. 0ns 172. 0ns
V( R1 9 : 1 , OUT 2 ) V( N1 0 1 9 8 3 , N1 0 6 9 0 8 )
T i me
1 . 0 mV
out put I F c o mp o n e n t
( 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 M, 8 2 2 . 4 6 4 u )
I nput RF c o mp o n e n t
( 1 . 0 0 0 0 G, 1 0 3 . 1 6 7 u )
100uV
10uV
1 0 MHz 3 0 MHz 1 0 0 MHz 3 0 0 MHz 1 . 0 GHz 3 . 0 GHz
V( R1 9 : 1 , OUT 2 ) V( N1 0 1 9 8 3 , N1 0 6 9 0 8 )
Fr e q u e n c y
70. Why IF ?
Selecting a
narrow channel
at RF , means
very high Q for
f0
the filters , so a
down shift in Q=
frequency is ∆f
needed to relax
the channel
select filter’s Q .
72. Automatic Gain Control
(AGC)
AGC means high gain for weak signals ,
and lower gain for relatively strong
signals , in order to maintain a near
constant output level, and to To buffer
the receiver electronics from change in
input signal strength .
87. FSK Demodulator
Quadrature detector :
• Most common for IC applications.
• Used for non I-Q Reception.
• Converts the FM signal to a PM signal ,then
detected by a PM detector .