This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation. It describes the key requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution such as high data rates, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency compared to previous standards. The document then covers various aspects of the LTE standard, including the OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA uplink transmission schemes, MIMO concepts, protocol architecture, UE capabilities, and testing considerations. Abbreviations used and additional references are also provided.
TTI bundling is a technique used in LTE to improve uplink coverage for voice calls by transmitting the same transport block containing voice data over multiple consecutive subframes without waiting for HARQ feedback. This provides a coding gain of up to 4dB compared to single subframe transmission, allowing power-limited UEs at the cell edge to be received with sufficient quality. TTI bundling can be implemented in both FDD and TDD LTE networks but with some differences due to limitations on consecutive uplink subframes in TDD configurations. It provides lower latency voice transmission compared to alternatives like RLC segmentation while reducing overhead.
LTE TDD uses time division duplexing to separate uplink and downlink transmissions on the same frequency band. It divides each 10ms frame into uplink and downlink timeslots. Key aspects of LTE TDD include its frame structure with special subframes containing DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields, supported frequency bands and bandwidths, and physical channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PRACH that operate differently than in LTE FDD. Network planning requires consideration of uplink/downlink configuration and propagation delays between base stations and mobile stations.
The document provides an overview of LTE and its evolution from previous cellular standards. It discusses the targets of LTE including high data rates up to 100 Mbps, low latency, high spectral efficiency, and flexibility in spectrum and bandwidth. It also describes the EPS architecture with E-UTRAN, EPC, and the air interface structure of LTE including OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Key layers like the PHY, MAC, and RLC layers are also summarized.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
TTI bundling is a technique used in LTE to improve uplink coverage for voice calls by transmitting the same transport block containing voice data over multiple consecutive subframes without waiting for HARQ feedback. This provides a coding gain of up to 4dB compared to single subframe transmission, allowing power-limited UEs at the cell edge to be received with sufficient quality. TTI bundling can be implemented in both FDD and TDD LTE networks but with some differences due to limitations on consecutive uplink subframes in TDD configurations. It provides lower latency voice transmission compared to alternatives like RLC segmentation while reducing overhead.
LTE TDD uses time division duplexing to separate uplink and downlink transmissions on the same frequency band. It divides each 10ms frame into uplink and downlink timeslots. Key aspects of LTE TDD include its frame structure with special subframes containing DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields, supported frequency bands and bandwidths, and physical channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PRACH that operate differently than in LTE FDD. Network planning requires consideration of uplink/downlink configuration and propagation delays between base stations and mobile stations.
The document provides an overview of LTE and its evolution from previous cellular standards. It discusses the targets of LTE including high data rates up to 100 Mbps, low latency, high spectral efficiency, and flexibility in spectrum and bandwidth. It also describes the EPS architecture with E-UTRAN, EPC, and the air interface structure of LTE including OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Key layers like the PHY, MAC, and RLC layers are also summarized.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
3 gpp long term evolution (lte) transport block size and code ratetjuanmx
The document discusses how transport block size is calculated in LTE. It explains that the transport block size depends on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of resource blocks assigned to the user equipment. The size is determined by looking up the MCS index and transport block size index in 3GPP specification tables. For example, with an MCS index of 20 and 2 resource blocks, the transport block size is 776 bits. The code rate, or ratio of transmitted bits to maximum possible bits, is also calculated as an example.
This document discusses WCDMA channels at different levels including logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. It provides details on:
- Logical channels describe the type of information transferred and include control and traffic channels.
- Transport channels describe how logical channels are transferred over the interface and include dedicated and common channels.
- Physical channels provide the transmission medium and are defined by specific codes. They include channels like DPDCH, DPCCH, PDSCH, PRACH, and CPICH.
- The document also discusses the radio frame structure in WCDMA and details on different physical channel types and their characteristics.
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This document provides an overview of LTE air interface concepts including:
- Main LTE features such as frequency bands and mobility protocols.
- The LTE protocol stack including layers such as RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC and physical.
- LTE channel types including logical, transport, and physical channels.
- Key physical channel functions like reference signals, synchronization signals, broadcast channels, and control channels.
- Uplink/downlink channel structures including time and frequency domain configurations.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
Throughput calculation for LTE TDD and FDD systemsPei-Che Chang
This document discusses the calculation of throughput for LTE TDD and FDD systems. It explains that LTE systems have configurable channel bandwidth and modulation schemes, unlike fixed CDMA systems. The document then provides an example calculation of throughput for a 20 MHz bandwidth LTE FDD system using 100 resource blocks, 64QAM modulation, and 4x4 MIMO. It calculates the downlink throughput as approximately 300 Mbps and uplink as 75 Mbps after accounting for overhead. Similar calculations are shown for LTE TDD systems using different frame configurations.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
Oea000000 lte principle fundamental issue 1.01Ndukwe Amandi
This document provides an overview of LTE systems and technologies. It describes LTE's development through 3GPP releases, its network architecture as an all-IP flat network, and its key air interface technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. The document also outlines LTE's protocol stacks, channels, and deployment considerations for a smooth evolution from 2G/3G networks to 4G LTE.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
The document describes the air interface protocols in LTE including the protocol stack and functions of each layer. The key points are:
- The protocol stack has physical, MAC, RLC, and PDCP layers, along with RRC for control and NAS for non-radio functions.
- The physical layer uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, and provides basic transmission over the air interface.
- MAC handles transport channels, priority, and HARQ. RLC provides segmentation, reassembly, and error correction.
- PDCP performs header compression and ciphering. RRC handles mobility, security, QoS, and NAS message transfer.
-
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a two-day LTE training session, including:
1. An introduction to LTE radio procedures such as initial access, downlink physical channels, and cell search.
2. Details on synchronization signals like the primary and secondary synchronization signals that help devices find and synchronize to cells.
3. Descriptions of downlink reference signals and the system information broadcast channel that provide essential configuration details to devices.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
This document discusses random access channel self-tuning in LTE networks. It begins with an introduction to random access in LTE, including its uses and procedures. It then discusses self-optimizing networks and random access channel optimization as a use case. Key performance metrics for random access channel are identified and experiments are described that tune parameters to measure their effects on performance and interference. The conclusion emphasizes that random access channel performance is heavily dependent on design parameters and encourages self-optimizing networks research.
The document provides an introduction to Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communication technology. It describes how LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques to provide better performance with higher throughput and reduced interference compared to prior standards. It also discusses how LTE supports scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
1. The three sets involved in 3G handover are the active set, monitored set, and detected set. The active set contains cells in soft handover, the monitored set contains cells to monitor, and the detected set contains detected cells.
2. The major difference between GSM and UMTS handover decision is that GSM uses time-based reporting while UMTS uses event-triggered reporting.
3. Events 1A-1F relate to changes in primary common pilot channel power levels and adding or removing cells from the active set.
This document from EventHelix.com provides information about 3GPP LTE channels and the MAC layer. It describes the different logical and transport channels used in LTE, including the functions of the MAC layer such as mapping channels, error correction, and priority handling. Diagrams and explanations are provided for the downlink and uplink channel architectures, as well as the physical layer channels and signaling procedures like random access.
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. In this paper, authors show interest on the security features and the cryptographic algorithms used to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. A closer look is taken upon EPS confidentiality and integrity algorithms. The authors also defined AKA, AS and NAS security and key derivations during normal Attach process and Handover also.
3 gpp long term evolution (lte) transport block size and code ratetjuanmx
The document discusses how transport block size is calculated in LTE. It explains that the transport block size depends on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of resource blocks assigned to the user equipment. The size is determined by looking up the MCS index and transport block size index in 3GPP specification tables. For example, with an MCS index of 20 and 2 resource blocks, the transport block size is 776 bits. The code rate, or ratio of transmitted bits to maximum possible bits, is also calculated as an example.
This document discusses WCDMA channels at different levels including logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. It provides details on:
- Logical channels describe the type of information transferred and include control and traffic channels.
- Transport channels describe how logical channels are transferred over the interface and include dedicated and common channels.
- Physical channels provide the transmission medium and are defined by specific codes. They include channels like DPDCH, DPCCH, PDSCH, PRACH, and CPICH.
- The document also discusses the radio frame structure in WCDMA and details on different physical channel types and their characteristics.
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This document provides an overview of LTE air interface concepts including:
- Main LTE features such as frequency bands and mobility protocols.
- The LTE protocol stack including layers such as RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC and physical.
- LTE channel types including logical, transport, and physical channels.
- Key physical channel functions like reference signals, synchronization signals, broadcast channels, and control channels.
- Uplink/downlink channel structures including time and frequency domain configurations.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
Throughput calculation for LTE TDD and FDD systemsPei-Che Chang
This document discusses the calculation of throughput for LTE TDD and FDD systems. It explains that LTE systems have configurable channel bandwidth and modulation schemes, unlike fixed CDMA systems. The document then provides an example calculation of throughput for a 20 MHz bandwidth LTE FDD system using 100 resource blocks, 64QAM modulation, and 4x4 MIMO. It calculates the downlink throughput as approximately 300 Mbps and uplink as 75 Mbps after accounting for overhead. Similar calculations are shown for LTE TDD systems using different frame configurations.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
Oea000000 lte principle fundamental issue 1.01Ndukwe Amandi
This document provides an overview of LTE systems and technologies. It describes LTE's development through 3GPP releases, its network architecture as an all-IP flat network, and its key air interface technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. The document also outlines LTE's protocol stacks, channels, and deployment considerations for a smooth evolution from 2G/3G networks to 4G LTE.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
The document describes the air interface protocols in LTE including the protocol stack and functions of each layer. The key points are:
- The protocol stack has physical, MAC, RLC, and PDCP layers, along with RRC for control and NAS for non-radio functions.
- The physical layer uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, and provides basic transmission over the air interface.
- MAC handles transport channels, priority, and HARQ. RLC provides segmentation, reassembly, and error correction.
- PDCP performs header compression and ciphering. RRC handles mobility, security, QoS, and NAS message transfer.
-
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a two-day LTE training session, including:
1. An introduction to LTE radio procedures such as initial access, downlink physical channels, and cell search.
2. Details on synchronization signals like the primary and secondary synchronization signals that help devices find and synchronize to cells.
3. Descriptions of downlink reference signals and the system information broadcast channel that provide essential configuration details to devices.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
This document discusses random access channel self-tuning in LTE networks. It begins with an introduction to random access in LTE, including its uses and procedures. It then discusses self-optimizing networks and random access channel optimization as a use case. Key performance metrics for random access channel are identified and experiments are described that tune parameters to measure their effects on performance and interference. The conclusion emphasizes that random access channel performance is heavily dependent on design parameters and encourages self-optimizing networks research.
The document provides an introduction to Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communication technology. It describes how LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques to provide better performance with higher throughput and reduced interference compared to prior standards. It also discusses how LTE supports scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
1. The three sets involved in 3G handover are the active set, monitored set, and detected set. The active set contains cells in soft handover, the monitored set contains cells to monitor, and the detected set contains detected cells.
2. The major difference between GSM and UMTS handover decision is that GSM uses time-based reporting while UMTS uses event-triggered reporting.
3. Events 1A-1F relate to changes in primary common pilot channel power levels and adding or removing cells from the active set.
This document from EventHelix.com provides information about 3GPP LTE channels and the MAC layer. It describes the different logical and transport channels used in LTE, including the functions of the MAC layer such as mapping channels, error correction, and priority handling. Diagrams and explanations are provided for the downlink and uplink channel architectures, as well as the physical layer channels and signaling procedures like random access.
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. In this paper, authors show interest on the security features and the cryptographic algorithms used to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. A closer look is taken upon EPS confidentiality and integrity algorithms. The authors also defined AKA, AS and NAS security and key derivations during normal Attach process and Handover also.
This document discusses advanced topics in LTE including MIMO modes, codebook-based precoding, closed loop operation, CQI reporting modes, and using antenna port 5 techniques. It provides details on codebook-based spatial multiplexing, CQI reporting tables, adaptive coding and modulation, MIMO channel estimation, and MIMO transmission modes in LTE. It aims to outline these advanced LTE techniques and their operation.
The document discusses LTE channels and the MAC layer. It describes the functions of the MAC layer, including mapping between transparent and logical channels, error correction through HARQ, and priority handling with dynamic scheduling. It then provides details on the LTE downlink channels, including both logical channels like PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, and DCCH, as well as transport channels like PCH, BCH, DL-SCH, MCH, and PDCCH.
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
The document discusses LTE medium access control layer concepts. It describes dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling used by the eNB to allocate downlink and uplink radio resources to UEs. Semi-persistent scheduling is used for periodic traffic like VoIP to reduce signaling overhead compared to dynamic scheduling. It also discusses buffer status reporting where UEs indicate how much data they have to transmit, and scheduling requests where UEs request uplink resources from the eNB.
This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology. It outlines the key requirements for LTE, which include high peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink, improved spectrum efficiency and latency compared to prior UMTS standards, and support for scalable bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. The document then describes the OFDMA and SC-FDMA based transmission schemes used in LTE for downlink and uplink respectively, along with control channel structures and reference signals. MIMO concepts and the simplified LTE protocol architecture relative to prior UMTS standards are also introduced. Finally, aspects of LTE testing are discussed.
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented SC-FDMA and OFDMA in MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the LTE physical layer. It provided background on LTE standards and an overview of the key aspects of LTE systems, including frame structure, bandwidth allocation, modulation schemes, and multiple access techniques. The document also reviewed literature on the LTE physical layer design and described how time and frequency resources are divided in LTE.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the given document:
The document describes the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, including an overview of the LTE air interface aspects, protocol aspects, and conformance testing challenges. It also discusses LTE product development challenges and looks ahead to potential LTE-Advanced technologies. The document is intended to help readers understand the LTE standard and test solutions as LTE development and deployment progresses.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
Overview of LTE Air-Interface Technical White PaperGoing LTE
1) The document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE), a planned evolution of the 3G UMTS mobile communications standard to improve speed and capacity.
2) It provides an overview of the new LTE E-UTRA air interface, including performance requirements, key technologies like OFDM for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, frame structure, and control channel design.
3) Initial system simulations show LTE can provide 2-3x the throughput of existing 3G systems for both uplink and downlink.
The document discusses 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) projects. LTE aims to enhance UTRA to ensure continued competitiveness through higher peak data rates, lower latency, improved spectrum efficiency and reduced costs. SAE focuses on enhancing packet-switched technology for higher data rates and lower latency through a fully IP, simplified architecture. It addresses mobility, access technologies and roaming in the evolved system. Work is underway on requirements and a single high-level architectural model.
The document discusses the evolution of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio technology and System Architecture Evolution (SAE). It describes the initial feasibility study in 2004 to develop a high-data-rate, low-latency packet-optimized radio access technology. Key requirements were identified for peak data rates, latency, capacity, throughput, spectrum efficiency, mobility, and more. Radio interface options were evaluated, leading to the selection of OFDM for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. The evolved UTRAN architecture was defined consisting of eNBs interconnected by the X2 interface.
LTE-Advanced is an evolution of LTE that aims to meet or exceed the requirements for 4G networks set by the ITU. It is being developed by 3GPP and will utilize wider bandwidths through carrier aggregation and advanced antenna technologies to achieve higher data rates and spectral efficiency than LTE. The specifications are targeted to be frozen by March 2011, with the first deployments expected in the years following completion of LTE specifications and testing.
This document provides an overview of the LTE uplink transmission scheme, specifically the use of Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). SC-FDMA is used instead of OFDMA in the uplink to reduce the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of OFDMA. The document describes the SC-FDMA transmission process, including discrete Fourier transforms, subcarrier mapping, and frame structure. It also discusses localized and distributed subcarrier mapping schemes and presents results from a PAPR analysis comparing the schemes. Finally, an adaptive hybrid mapping scheme is proposed to achieve good transmission performance with low PAPR.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
UMTS/W-CDMA was initially designed for circuit-switched traffic and was not well-suited for growing IP data traffic. 3GPP made improvements through releases 5-8 to enhance HSDPA, HSUPA, and introduce LTE, providing higher data rates and capacity. LTE aims to meet increasing user demands for broadband connectivity by providing peak data rates up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink through improved radio interface features and reduced latency below 10ms. LTE can be deployed in both urban and rural areas using various spectrum bands to enable a step-wise upgrade path from UMTS networks.
UMTS/W-CDMA was initially designed for circuit-switched traffic and was not well-suited for growing IP data traffic. 3GPP made improvements through releases 5-8 to enhance HSDPA, HSUPA, and introduce LTE, providing higher data rates and capacity. LTE aims to meet increasing user demands for broadband connectivity by providing peak data rates up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink through improved radio interface features and reduced latency below 10ms. LTE can be deployed in existing UMTS bands and supports seamless handover between legacy networks to provide coverage.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless data communication technology that improves data transmission capabilities over 3G networks. It introduces technologies like OFDM and MIMO to significantly increase spectral efficiency and data rates. The goals of LTE were to enhance network capacity and speed, improve coverage and mobility, optimize quality, and reduce costs. LTE supports bandwidths from 1.4MHz to 20MHz and both TDD and FDD duplex modes. It has since evolved into LTE-Advanced to further increase speeds up to 1Gbps.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the successor to 3G UMTS and HSPA cellular networks. It was developed by 3GPP to provide significantly higher data download speeds and lay the foundation for 4G networks. LTE uses OFDM modulation and either OFDMA or SC-FDMA for multiple access, which allows it to achieve higher spectral efficiency and latency below 10ms compared to prior standards. This enables LTE to meet increasing demands for high-speed data transmission.
This document summarizes the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, which is an enhancement of LTE to meet the requirements for IMT-Advanced. LTE-Advanced introduces carrier aggregation to support transmission bandwidths up to 100MHz by aggregating multiple LTE carriers. It also enhances multiple antenna technologies to support up to 8 antennas in the downlink and 4 antennas in the uplink. Other technologies introduced include coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, enhanced uplink transmission schemes, and the use of intelligent relay nodes.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
LTE INTRO
1. Rohde & Schwarz Products: FSQ, FSG, FSV, FSQ-K100, FSV-K100, FSQ-K101, FSV-K101, FSQ-K102,
SMU200A, SMU-K55, SMU-K255, SMATE200A, SMATE-K55, SMJ100A,
SMJ-K55, SMJ-K255, WinIQSIM2, AFQ100A/B, AFQ-K255, AMU200A, AMUK55, AMU-K255, CMW500, TS8980
UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Technology Introduction
Application Note 1MA111
Even with the introduction of HSPA, evolution of UMTS has not reached its end. To ensure the
competitiveness of UMTS for the next 10 years and beyond, UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been
introduced in 3GPP release 8. LTE, which is also known as Evolved UTRA and Evolved UTRAN, provides
new physical layer concepts and protocol architecture for UMTS. This application note introduces LTE FDD
and TDD technology and testing aspects.
Subject to change – C.Gessner 09.2008 – 1MA111_2E
2. LTE/E-UTRA
Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 3
2 Requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution ....................................... 4
3 LTE Downlink Transmission Scheme...................................................... 5
OFDMA .............................................................................................. 5
OFDMA parametrization..................................................................... 7
Downlink data transmission ............................................................. 10
Downlink control channels ............................................................... 11
Downlink reference signal structure and cell search........................ 15
Downlink Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) ........................ 17
4 LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme ........................................................ 17
SC-FDMA......................................................................................... 17
SC-FDMA parametrization ............................................................... 18
Uplink data transmission.................................................................. 20
Uplink control channel PUCCH ........................................................ 23
Uplink reference signal structure ..................................................... 24
Random access ............................................................................... 26
Uplink Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)............................. 28
5 LTE MIMO Concepts ............................................................................. 28
Downlink MIMO modes in LTE......................................................... 30
Reporting of UE feedback ................................................................ 32
Uplink MIMO .................................................................................... 33
6 LTE Protocol Architecture...................................................................... 33
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)............................................... 33
E-UTRAN ......................................................................................... 33
Layer 3 procedures .......................................................................... 35
Layer 2 structure .............................................................................. 37
Transport channels .......................................................................... 38
Logical channels .............................................................................. 39
Transport block structure (MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU))............. 40
7 UE capabilities....................................................................................... 41
8 LTE Testing............................................................................................ 41
LTE RF testing ................................................................................. 41
LTE layer 1 and protocol test ........................................................... 47
9 Abbreviations......................................................................................... 49
10 Additional Information ........................................................................... 52
11 References............................................................................................ 52
12 Ordering Information ............................................................................. 53
1MA111_2E
2
Rohde & Schwarz
3. LTE/E-UTRA
The following abbreviations are used in this application note for R&S test
equipment:
-
The Vector Signal Generator R&S® SMU200A is referred to as the
SMU200A.
-
The Vector Signal Generator R&S® SMATE200A is referred to as the
SMATE200A.
-
The Vector Signal Generator R&S® SMJ100A is referred to as the
SMJ100A.
-
SMU200A, SMATE200A, and SMJ100A in general is referred to as the
SMx.
-
The IQ Modulation Generators R&S® AFQ100A/B are referred to as the
AFQ100A/B.
-
The Baseband Signal Generator and Fading Simulator R&S®
AMU200A is referred to as the AMU200A.
-
The Signal Analyzer R&S® FSQ is referred to as FSQ.
-
The Signal Analyzer R&S® FSG is referred to as FSG.
-
The Signal Analyzer R&S® FSV is referred to as FSV.
-
The Wideband Radio Communication Tester R&S® CMW500 is
referred to as the CMW500.
-
The RF test system R&S® TS8980 is referred to as the TS8980.
1 Introduction
Currently, UMTS networks worldwide are being upgraded to High Speed
Packet Access (HSPA) in order to increase data rate and capacity for
packet data. HSPA refers to the combination of High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
While HSDPA was introduced as a 3GPP release 5 feature, HSUPA is an
important feature of 3GPP release 6.
However, even with the introduction of HSPA, evolution of UMTS has not
reached its end. HSPA+ will bring significant enhancements in 3GPP
release 7 and 8. Objective is to enhance performance of HSPA based radio
networks in terms of spectrum efficiency, peak data rate and latency, and
exploit the full potential of WCDMA based 5 MHz operation. Important
features of HSPA+ are downlink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output),
higher order modulation for uplink and downlink, improvements of layer 2
protocols, and continuous packet connectivity.
In order to ensure the competitiveness of UMTS for the next 10 years and
beyond, concepts for UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been
introduced in 3GPP release 8. Objective is a high-data-rate, low-latency and
packet-optimized radio access technology. LTE is also referred to as EUTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) or E-UTRAN (Evolved
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
This application note focuses on LTE/E-UTRA technology. In the following,
the terms LTE or E-UTRA are used interchangeably.
LTE has ambitious requirements for data rate, capacity, spectrum
efficiency, and latency. In order to fulfill these requirements, LTE is based
on new technical principles. LTE uses new multiple access schemes on the
air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in
1MA111_2E
3
Rohde & Schwarz
4. LTE/E-UTRA
downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access) in uplink. Furthermore, MIMO antenna schemes form an essential
part of LTE. In order to simplify protocol architecture, LTE brings some
major changes to the existing UMTS protocol concepts. Impact on the
overall network architecture including the core network is referred to as
3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE).
LTE includes an FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) mode of operation and a
TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode of operation. LTE TDD which is also
referred to as TD-LTE provides the long term evolution path for TD-SCDMA
based networks. This application note gives an introduction to LTE
technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation.
Chapter 2 outlines requirements for LTE.
Chapter 3 describes the downlink transmission scheme for LTE.
Chapter 4 describes the uplink transmission scheme for LTE.
Chapter 5 outlines LTE MIMO concepts.
Chapter 6 focuses on LTE protocol architecture.
Chapter 7 introduces LTE UE capabilities.
Chapter 8 explains test requirements for LTE.
Chapters 9-12
references.
provide
additional
information
including
literature
2 Requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution
LTE is focusing on optimum support of Packet Switched (PS) Services.
Main requirements for the design of an LTE system were identified in the
beginning of the standardization work on LTE and have been captured in
3GPP TR 25.913 [Ref. 1]. They can be summarized as follows:
-
-
Throughput: Target for downlink average user throughput per MHz is
3-4 times better than release 6. Target for uplink average user
throughput per MHz is 2-3 times better than release 6.
-
Spectrum Efficiency: Downlink target is 3-4 times better than release
6. Uplink target is 2-3 times better than release 6.
-
Latency: The one-way transit time between a packet being available at
the IP layer in either the UE or radio access network and the availability
of this packet at IP layer in the radio access network/UE shall be less
than 5 ms. Also C-plane latency shall be reduced, e.g. to allow fast
transition times of less than 100 ms from camped state to active state.
-
Bandwidth: Scaleable bandwidths of 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz shall be
supported. Also bandwidths smaller than 5 MHz shall be supported for
more flexibility, i.e. 1.4 MHz and 3 MHz.
-
1MA111_2E
Data Rate: Peak data rates target 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps
(uplink) for 20 MHz spectrum allocation, assuming 2 receive antennas
and 1 transmit antenna at the terminal. Note: These requirement values
are exceeded by the LTE specification, see chapter 7.
Interworking: Interworking with existing UTRAN/GERAN systems and
non-3GPP systems shall be ensured. Multimode terminals shall support
handover to and from UTRAN and GERAN as well as inter-RAT
4
Rohde & Schwarz
5. LTE/E-UTRA
measurements. Interruption time for handover between E-UTRAN and
UTRAN/GERAN shall be less than 300 ms for real time services and
less than 500 ms for non real time services.
-
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS): MBMS shall be
further enhanced and is then referred to as E-MBMS. Note: E-MBMS
specification has been largely moved to 3GPP release 9.
-
Costs: Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul shall be
achieved. Cost effective migration from release 6 UTRA radio interface
and architecture shall be possible. Reasonable system and terminal
complexity, cost and power consumption shall be ensured. All the
interfaces specified shall be open for multi-vendor equipment
interoperability.
-
Mobility: The system should be optimized for low mobile speed (0-15
km/h), but higher mobile speeds shall be supported as well including
high speed train environment as special case.
-
Spectrum allocation: Operation in paired (Frequency Division Duplex /
FDD mode) and unpaired spectrum (Time Division Duplex / TDD
mode) is possible.
-
Co-existence: Co-existence in the same geographical area and colocation with GERAN/UTRAN shall be ensured. Also, co-existence
between operators in adjacent bands as well as cross-border coexistence is a requirement.
-
Quality of Service: End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) shall be
supported. VoIP should be supported with at least as good radio and
backhaul efficiency and latency as voice traffic over the UMTS circuit
switched networks
-
Network synchronization: Time synchronization of different network
sites shall not be mandated.
3 LTE Downlink Transmission Scheme
OFDMA
The downlink transmission scheme for E-UTRA FDD and TDD modes is
based on conventional OFDM. In an OFDM system, the available spectrum
is divided into multiple carriers, called subcarriers. Each of these
subcarriers is independently modulated by a low rate data stream.
OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies like
DVB. OFDM has several benefits including its robustness against multipath
fading and its efficient receiver architecture.
Figure 1 shows a representation of an OFDM signal taken from [Ref. 2]. In
this figure, a signal with 5 MHz bandwidth is shown, but the principle is of
course the same for the other E-UTRA bandwidths. Data symbols are
independently modulated and transmitted over a high number of closely
spaced orthogonal subcarriers. In E-UTRA, downlink modulation schemes
QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are available.
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to
combat inter-OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread. In E-
1MA111_2E
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Rohde & Schwarz
6. LTE/E-UTRA
UTRA, the guard interval is a cyclic prefix which is inserted prior to each
OFDM symbol.
5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Guard Intervals
…
Symbols
Frequency
…
Time
Figure 1 Frequency-time representation of an OFDM Signal [Ref. 2]
In practice, the OFDM signal can be generated using IFFT (Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform) digital signal processing. The IFFT converts a number N
of complex data symbols used as frequency domain bins into the time
domain signal. Such an N-point IFFT is illustrated in Figure 2, where
th
a(mN+n) refers to the n subcarrier modulated data symbol, during the time
period mTu < t (m+1)Tu.
mTu
time
(m+1)Tu
a(mN + 0)
mTu
a(mN + 1)
(m+1)Tu
time
a(mN + 2)
.
.
.
IFFT
sm(0), sm(1), sm(2), …, sm(N-1)
sm
a(mN + N-1)
Figure 2 OFDM useful symbol generation using an IFFT [[Ref. 2]
The vector sm is defined as the useful OFDM symbol. It is the time
superposition of the N narrowband modulated subcarriers. Therefore, from
a parallel stream of N sources of data, each one independently modulated,
a waveform composed of N orthogonal subcarriers is obtained, with each
subcarrier having the shape of a frequency sinc function (see Figure 1).
Figure 3 illustrates the mapping from a serial stream of QAM symbols to N
parallel streams, used as frequency domain bins for the IFFT. The N-point
time domain blocks obtained from the IFFT are then serialized to create a
time domain signal. Not shown in Figure 3 is the process of cyclic prefix
insertion.
1MA111_2E
6
Rohde & Schwarz
7. LTE/E-UTRA
QAM symbol rate =
N/T u symbols/sec
Source(s)
QAM
Modulator
1:N
N symbol
streams
1/Tu
symbol/sec
IFFT
OFDM
symbols
1/Tu
symbols/s
N:1
Useful OFDM
symbols
Figure 3 OFDM Signal Generation Chain [Ref. 2]
In contrast to an OFDM transmission scheme, OFDMA allows the access
of multiple users on the available bandwidth. Each user is assigned a
specific time-frequency resource. As a fundamental principle of E-UTRA,
the data channels are shared channels, i.e. for each transmission time
interval of 1 ms, a new scheduling decision is taken regarding which users
are assigned to which time/frequency resources during this transmission
time interval.
OFDMA parametrization
Two frame structure types are defined for E-UTRA: frame structure type 1
for FDD mode, and frame structure type 2 for TDD mode. The E-UTRA
frame structures are defined in [Ref. 3].
For the frame structure type 1, the 10 ms radio frame is divided into 20
equally sized slots of 0.5 ms. A subframe consists of two consecutive slots,
so one radio frame contains ten subframes. This is illustrated in Figure 4
(Ts is expressing the basic time unit corresponding to 30.72 MHz).
One radio frame, Tf = 307200×Ts=10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360×Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
Figure 4 Frame structure type 1 [Ref. 3]
For the frame structure type 2, the 10 ms radio frame consists of two halfframes of length 5 ms each. Each half-frame is divided into five subframes
of each 1 ms, as shown in Figure 5 below. All subframes which are not
special subframes are defined as two slots of length 0.5 ms in each
subframe. The special subframes consist of the three fields DwPTS
(Downlink Pilot Timeslot), GP (Guard Period), and UpPTS (Uplink Pilot
Timeslot). These fields are already known from TD-SCDMA and are
maintained in LTE TDD. DwPTS, GP and UpPTS have configurable
individual lengths and a total length of 1ms.
1MA111_2E
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Rohde & Schwarz
8. LTE/E-UTRA
One radio frame Tf =10 ms
One half- frame Thf = 5 ms
T = 1 ms
Subframe #0
Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5
One subframe,
Tsf = 1 ms
One slot,
Tslot = 0.5 ms
DwPTS
Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
GP
DwPTS
UpPTS
GP
UpPTS
Figure 5 Frame structure type 2 (for 5 ms switch-point periodicity) [Ref. 3]
Seven uplink-downlink configurations with either 5 ms or 10 ms downlinkto-uplink switch-point periodicity are supported. In case of 5 ms switch-point
periodicity, the special subframe exists in both half-frames. In case of 10
ms switch-point periodicity the special subframe exists in the first half frame
only. Subframes 0 and 5 and DwPTS are always reserved for downlink
transmission. UpPTS and the subframe immediately following the special
subframe are always reserved for uplink transmission. Table 1 shows the
supported uplink-downlink configurations, where “D” denotes a subframe
reserved for downlink transmission, “U” denotes a subframe reserved for
uplink transmission, and “S” denotes the special subframe.
Table 2 Uplink-Downlink configurations for LTE TDD [Ref. 3]
Figure 6 shows the structure of the downlink resource grid for both FDD
and TDD.
1MA111_2E
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9. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 6 Downlink resource grid [Ref. 3]
The subcarriers in LTE have a constant spacing of f = 15 kHz. In the
frequency domain, 12 subcarriers form one resource block. The resource
block size is the same for all bandwidths. The number of resource blocks
for the different LTE bandwidths is listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Number of resource blocks for different LTE bandwidths
(FDD and TDD) [Ref. 4]
Channel
bandwidth [MHz]
3
5
10
15
20
Number of
resource blocks
1MA111_2E
1.4
6
15
25
50
75
100
9
Rohde & Schwarz
10. LTE/E-UTRA
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time,
compare Figure 1. One downlink slot consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols,
depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured,
respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with
higher delay spread of the radio channel. The cyclic prefix lengths in
samples and µs are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4 Downlink frame structure parametrization (FDD and TDD) [Ref. 3]
Resource block
Configuration
size N
RB
sc
Number of
symbols
DL
N symb
Cyclic Prefix length
in samples
Cyclic Prefix length in
µs
Normal cyclic prefix
Pf=15 kHz
12
7
160 for first symbol
144 for other symbols
5.2 µs for first symbol
4.7 µs for other symbols
Ext. cyclic prefix
Pf=15 kHz
12
6
512
16.7 µs
Downlink data transmission
Data is allocated to the UEs in terms of resource blocks, i.e. one UE can be
allocated integer multiples of one resource block in the frequency domain.
These resource blocks do not have to be adjacent to each other. In the time
domain, the scheduling decision can be modified every transmission time
interval of 1 ms. The scheduling decision is done in the base station
(eNodeB). The scheduling algorithm has to take into account the radio link
quality situation of different users, the overall interference situation, Quality
of Service requirements, service priorities, etc. Figure 1 shows an example
for allocating downlink user data to different users (UE 1 – 6).
The user data is carried on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH).
1MA111_2E
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11. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 7 OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing (example for normal cyclic
prefix)
Downlink control channels
The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) serves a variety of
purposes. Primarily, it is used to convey the scheduling decisions to
individual UEs, i.e. scheduling assignments for uplink and downlink.
The PDCCH is located in the first OFDM symbols of a subframe. For frame
structure type 2, PDCCH can also be mapped onto the first two OFDM
symbols of DwPTS field.
An additional Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) carried
on specific resource elements in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe is
used to indicate the number of OFDM symbols for the PDCCH (1, 2, 3, or 4
symbols are possible). PCFICH is needed because the load on PDCCH can
vary, depending on the number of users in a cell and the signaling formats
conveyed on PDCCH.
The information carried on PDCCH is referred to as downlink control
information (DCI). Depending on the purpose of the control message,
different formats of DCI are defined. As an example, the contents of DCI
format 1 are shown in Table 5. DCI format 1 is used for the assignment of a
downlink shared channel resource when no spatial multiplexing is used (i.e.
the scheduling information is provided for one code word only). The
information provided contains everything what is necessary for the UE to be
able to identify the resources where to receive the PDSCH in that subframe
and how to decode it. Besides the resource block assignment, this also
includes information on the modulation and coding scheme and on the
hybrid ARQ protocol.
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) of the DCI is scrambled with the UE
identity that is used to address the scheduled message to the UE.
1MA111_2E
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12. LTE/E-UTRA
Table 5 Contents of DCI format 1 carried on PDCCH [Ref. 5]
Information type
Resource allocation
header
Resource block
assignment
Modulation and coding
scheme
HARQ process
number
Number of bits on
PDCCH
1
Purpose
Indicates whether resource allocation type 0 or 1 is used
Depending on
resource allocation
type
Indicates resource blocks to be assigned to the UE
5
Indicates modulation scheme and, together with the
number of allocated physical resource blocks, the
transport block size
3 (TDD), 4 (FDD)
Identifies the HARQ process the packet is associated
with
New data indicator
1
Indicates whether the packet is a new transmission or a
retransmission
Redundancy version
2
Identifies the redundancy version used for coding the
packet
TPC command for
PUCCH
2
Transmit power control (TPC) command for adapting the
transmit power on the Physical Uplink Control Channel
(PUCCH)
Downlink assignment
index (TDD only)
2
number of downlink subframes for uplink ACK/NACK
bundling
In order to save signaling resources on PDCCH, more DCI formats to
schedule one code word are defined which are optimized for specific use
cases and transmission modes, for example scheduling of paging channel,
random access response, and system information blocks. DCI formats 2
and 2A provide downlink shared channel assignments in case of closed
loop or open loop spatial multiplexing, respectively. In these cases,
scheduling information is provided for two code words within one control
message. Additionally there is DCI format 0 to convey uplink scheduling
grants, and DCI formats 3 and 3a to convey transmit power control (TPC)
commands for the uplink.
There is different ways to signal the resource allocation within DCI, in order
to trade off between signaling overhead and flexibility. For example, DCI
format 1 may use resource allocation types 0 or 1 as described in the
following. An additional resource allocation type 2 method is specified for
other DCI formats.
In resource allocation type 0, a bit map indicates the resource block
groups that are allocated to a UE. A resource block group (RGB) consists
of a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (1…4 depending on
system bandwidth). The allocated resource block groups do not have to be
adjacent to each other. Figure 8 illustrates the definition of resource block
groups for the 20MHz bandwidth case.
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In resource allocation type 1, a bitmap indicates physical resource blocks
inside a selected resource block group subset. The information field for
the resource block assignment on PDCCH is therefore split up into 3 parts:
one part indicates the selected resource block group subset. 1 bit indicates
whether an offset shall be applied when interpreting the bitmap towards the
resource blocks. The third part contains the bitmap that indicates to the UE
specific physical resource blocks inside the resource block group subset.
These resource blocks do not have to be adjacent to each other. Figure 8
for the 20 MHz case shows the definition of p=4 resource block group
subsets and which resource block groups are part of each subset.
Figure 8 Resource block groups for resource allocation type 0/1 (example:
20 MHz bandwidth, 1 resource block group contains P=4 resource blocks)
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In resource allocation type 2, physical resource blocks are not directly
allocated. Instead, virtual resource blocks are allocated which are then
mapped onto physical resource blocks. The information field for the
resource block assignment carried on PDCCH contains a resource
indication value (RIV) from which a starting virtual resource block and a
length in terms of contiguously allocated virtual resource blocks can be
derived. Both localized and distributed virtual resource block
assignment is possible which are differentiated by a one-bit-flag within the
DCI.
In the localized case, there is a one-to-one mapping between virtual and
physical resource blocks.
Example: Let’s assume a 10 MHz signal, i.e. 50 resource blocks are
available. A UE shall be assigned an allocation of 10 resource blocks
(LCRBs=10), starting from resource block 15 (RBstart=15) in the frequency
domain. According to the formula in [Ref. 6], a value of RIV=465 would
then be signaled to the UE within DCI on PDCCH, and the UE could
unambiguously derive the starting resource block and the number of
allocated resource blocks from RIV again. For the given bandwidth of 10
MHz, 11 bits are available for signaling the RIV within the DCI. Signaling
LCRBs and RBstart explicitly would require 12 bits for the 10 MHz case. By
focusing on the realistic combinations of LCRBs and RBstart using RIV, 1 bit
can therefore be saved and signaling is more efficient.
In the distributed case of resource allocation type 2, the virtual resource
block numbers are mapped to physical resource block numbers according
to the rule specified in [Ref. 3], and inter-slot hopping is applied: The first
part of a virtual resource block pair is mapped to one physical resource
block, the other part of the virtual resource block pair is mapped to a
physical resource block which is a pre-defined gap distance away (which
causes the inter-slot hopping). By doing so, frequency diversity is achieved.
This mechanism is especially interesting for small resource blocks
allocations, because these inherently provide less frequency diversity.
Besides PCFICH and PDCCH, additional downlink control channels are the
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator channel (PHICH) and the Physical Broadcast
Channel (PBCH). PHICH is used to convey ACK/NACKs for the packets
received in uplink, see the section on uplink HARQ below. PBCH carries
the Master Information Block, see the section on cell search below. Table 6
shows a summary of downlink control channels.
Table 6 Downlink control channels
Downlink control channel
Purpose
Modulation
scheme
Physical Downlink Control
Channel (PDCCH)
Carries downlink control information (DCI), e.g.
downlink or uplink scheduling assignments
QPSK
Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Indicates format of PDCCH (whether it occupies 1, 2,
3, or 4 symbols)
QPSK
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
Channel (PHICH)
Carries ACK/NACKs for uplink data packets
BPSK
Physical Broadcast Channel
(PBCH)
Carries Master Information Block
QPSK
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Downlink reference signal structure and cell search
The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation.
Figure 9 shows the principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 1
antenna, 2 antenna, and 4 antenna transmission. Specific pre-defined
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in Figure 9) in the time-frequency
domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
One antenna port
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
l =0
l =6 l =0
l =6
Resource element (k,l)
R0
Two antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
Four antenna ports
R0
R0
l=0
R0
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
l =0
R2
R1
R3
R2
R1
l =6 l =0
even-numbered slots
R3
R2
R1
R1
l =6
l=6
R1
R1
R0
l =6 l=0
even-numbered slots
R1
R1
R0
Reference symbols on this antenna port
l=6 l =0
R1
R0
R0
l =0
l =6
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
R1
R1
l =6 l=0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
l =0
R1
R1
R3
R2
l=6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
l =0
R3
l =6 l =0
even-numbered slots
l =6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
l =0
l =6 l=0
even-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
Figure 9 Downlink reference signal structure (normal cyclic prefix) [Ref. 3]
The reference signal sequence is derived from a pseudo-random sequence
and results in a QPSK type constellation. Cell-specific frequency shifts are
applied when mapping the reference signal sequence to the subcarriers.
During cell search, different types of information need to be identified by the
UE: symbol and radio frame timing, frequency, cell identification, overall
transmission bandwidth, antenna configuration, cyclic prefix length.
The first step of cell search in LTE is based on specific synchronization
signals. LTE uses a hierarchical cell search scheme similar to WCDMA.
Thus, a primary synchronization signal and a secondary
synchronization signal are defined. The synchronization signals are
transmitted twice per 10 ms on predefined slots, see Figure 10 for FDD and
Figure 11 for TDD. In the frequency domain, they are transmitted on 62
subcarriers within 72 reserved subcarriers around DC subcarrier.
1MA111_2E
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odd-numbered slots
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The 504 available physical layer cell identities are grouped into 168 physical
layer cell identity groups, each group containing 3 unique identities (0, 1, or
2). The secondary synchronization signal carries the physical layer cell
identity group, and the primary synchronization signal carries the physical
layer identity 0, 1, or 2.
10 ms radio frame
Primary synchronization signal
Secondary synchronization signal
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
0.5 ms slot
1 ms subframe
Figure 10 Primary/secondary synchronization signal and PBCH structure
(frame structure type 1 / FDD, normal cyclic prefix)
10 ms radio frame
Primary synchronization signal
Secondary synchronization signal
Physical Broadcast Channel
0.5 ms slot
1 ms subframe
Figure 11 Primary/secondary synchronization signal and PBCH structure
(frame structure type 2 / TDD, normal cyclic prefix)
As additional help during cell search, a Primary Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
is available which carries the Master Information Block with basic physical
layer information, e.g. system bandwidth, number of transmit antennas, and
system frame number. It is transmitted within specific symbols of the first
subframe on the 72 subcarriers centered around DC subcarrier. PBCH has
40 ms transmission time interval.
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In order to enable the UE to support this cell search concept, it was agreed
to have a minimum UE bandwidth reception capability of 20 MHz.
Downlink Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
Downlink Hybrid ARQ is also known from HSDPA. It is a retransmission
protocol. The UE can request retransmissions of data packets that were
incorrectly received on PDSCH. ACK/NACK information is transmitted in
uplink, either on Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or multiplexed
within uplink data transmission on Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH). 8 HARQ processes can be used.
The ACK/NACK transmission in FDD mode refers to the downlink packet
that was received four subframes before. In TDD mode, the uplink
ACK/NACK timing depends on the uplink/downlink configuration. For TDD,
the use of a single ACK/NACK response for multiple PDSCH transmissions
is possible (so-called ACK/NACK bundling).
4 LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme
SC-FDMA
During the study item phase of LTE, alternatives for the optimum uplink
transmission scheme were investigated. While OFDMA is seen optimum to
fulfil the LTE requirements in downlink, OFDMA properties are less
favourable for the uplink. This is mainly due to weaker peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) properties of an OFDMA signal, resulting in worse
uplink coverage.
Thus, the LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is
based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
with cyclic prefix. SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR properties compared
to an OFDMA signal. This was one of the main reasons for selecting SCFDMA as LTE uplink access scheme. The PAPR characteristics are
important for cost-effective design of UE power amplifiers. Still, SC-FDMA
signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so
parametrization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.
There are different possibilities how to generate an SC-FDMA signal. DFTspread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) has been selected for E-UTRA. The principle
is illustrated in Figure 12.
For DFT-s-OFDM, a size-M DFT is first applied to a block of M modulation
symbols. QPSK, 16QAM and 64 QAM are used as uplink E-UTRA
modulation schemes, the latter being optional for the UE. The DFT
transforms the modulation symbols into the frequency domain. The result is
mapped onto the available subcarriers. In E-UTRA uplink, only localized
transmission on consecutive subcarriers is allowed. An N-point IFFT where
N>M is then performed as in OFDM, followed by addition of the cyclic prefix
and parallel to serial conversion.
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m bits
1
m bits
2
Incoming Bit
Stream
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
m bits
M
Bit to
x(0,n)
Constellation
Mapping
Bit to
x(1,n)
Constellation
Mapping
0
0
0
0
0
fo
f1
N-point
IFFT
M-point f M / 2 1
FFT
fM / 2
fM
Bit to
x(M- 1,n)
Constellation
Mapping
2
fM 1
Add cyclic
prefix
Parallel to
Serial
converter
0
0
0
0
0
Channel BW
Figure 12 Block Diagram of DFT-s-OFDM (Localized transmission)
The DFT processing is therefore the fundamental difference between SCFDMA and OFDMA signal generation. This is indicated by the term “DFTspread-OFDM”. In an SC-FDMA signal, each subcarrier used for
transmission contains information of all transmitted modulation symbols,
since the input data stream has been spread by the DFT transform over the
available subcarriers. In contrast to this, each subcarrier of an OFDMA
signal only carries information related to specific modulation symbols.
SC-FDMA parametrization
The LTE uplink structure is similar to the downlink. In frame structure type
1, an uplink radio frame consists of 20 slots of 0.5 ms each, and one
subframe consists of two slots. The slot structure is shown in Figure 13.
Frame structure type 2 consists also of ten subframes, but one or two of
them are special subframes. They include DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields,
see Figure 5.
Each slot carries 7 SC-FDMA symbols in case of normal cyclic prefix
configuration, and 6 SC-FDMA symbols in case of extended cyclic prefix
th
configuration. SC-FDMA symbol number 3 (i.e. the 4 symbol in a slot)
carries the reference signal for channel demodulation.
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Figure 13 Uplink resource grid [Ref. 3]
Table 7 shows the configuration parameters in an overview table.
Table 7 Uplink frame structure parametrization (FDD and TDD) [Ref. 3]
Number of symbols
UL
N symb
Cyclic Prefix length in
samples
Cyclic Prefix length in
µs
Normal cyclic prefix
Pf=15 kHz
7
160 for first symbol
144 for other symbols
5.2 µs for first symbol
4.7 µs for other symbols
Extended cyclic prefix
Pf=15 kHz
6
512
16.7 µs
Configuration
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Uplink data transmission
Scheduling of uplink resources is done by eNodeB. The eNodeB assigns
certain time/frequency resources to the UEs and informs UEs about
transmission formats to use. The scheduling decisions may be based on
QoS parameters, UE buffer status, uplink channel quality measurements,
UE capabilities, UE measurement gaps, etc.
In uplink, data is allocated in multiples of one resource block. Uplink
resource block size in the frequency domain is 12 subcarriers, i.e. the same
as in downlink. However, not all integer multiples are allowed in order to
simplify the DFT design in uplink signal processing. Only factors 2,3, and 5
are allowed. Unlike in the downlink, UEs are always assigned contiguous
resources in the LTE uplink.
The uplink transmission time interval is 1 ms (same as downlink).
User data is carried on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH).
By use of uplink frequency hopping on PUSCH, frequency diversity
effects can be exploited and interference can be averaged.
The UE derives the uplink resource allocation as well as frequency hopping
information from the uplink scheduling grant that was received four
subframes before. DCI (Downlink Control Information) format 0 is used on
PDCCH to convey the uplink scheduling grant, see Table 8.
Table 8 Contents of DCI format 0 carried on PDCCH [Ref. 5]
Information type
Number of bits
on PDCCH
Purpose
Flag for format 0 / format
1A differentiation
1
Indicates DCI format to UE
Hopping flag
1
Indicates whether uplink frequency hopping is used or not
Resource block
assignment and hopping
resource allocation
Depending on
resource
allocation type
Modulation and coding
scheme and redundancy
version
5
New data indicator
1
1MA111_2E
Indicates whether to use type 1 or type 2 frequency
hopping and index of starting resource block of uplink
resource allocation as well as number of contiguously
allocated resource blocks
Indicates modulation scheme and, together with the
number of allocated physical resource blocks, the
transport block size
Indicates redundancy version to use
Indicates whether a new transmission shall be sent
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21. LTE/E-UTRA
TPC command for
scheduled PUSCH
2
Transmit power control (TPC) command for adapting the
transmit power on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH)
Cyclic shift for
demodulation reference
signal
3
Indicates the cyclic shift to use for deriving the uplink
demodulation reference signal from the base sequence
Uplink index (TDD only)
2
Indicates the uplink subframe where the scheduling grant
has to be applied
CQI request
1
Requests the UE to send a channel quality indication (CQI)
LTE supports both intra- and inter-subframe frequency hopping. It is
configured per cell by higher layers whether both intra- and inter-subframe
hopping or only inter-subframe hopping is supported. In intra-subframe
hopping (=inter-slot hopping), the UE hops to another frequency allocation
from one slot to another within one subframe. In inter-subframe hopping,
the frequency resource allocation changes from one subframe to another.
The uplink scheduling grant in DCI format 0 contains a 1 bit flag for
switching hopping on or off. Also, the UE is being told whether to use type 1
or type 2 frequency hopping, and receives the index of the first resource
block of the uplink allocation.
nd
Type 1 hopping refers to the use of an explicit offset in the 2 slot
resource allocation. Figure 14 and Figure 15 show two different examples.
Both examples use intra- / inter-subframe hopping, based on type 1
hopping scheme, but with a different offset applied. Two subframes of a 10
MHz signal are shown. The offset between the slots is different in both
figures. It is adjustable and indicated to the UE also within the resource
block assignment / hopping resource allocation field in DCI format 0.
Type 2 hopping refers to the use of a pre-defined hopping pattern [Ref. 3].
The bandwidth available for PUSCH is sub-divided into sub-bands (e.g. 4
sub-bands with 5 resource blocks each in the 5 MHz case), and the
hopping is performed between sub-bands (from one slot or subframe to
another, depending on whether intra- or inter-subframe are configured,
respectively). Additionally, mirroring can be applied according to a mirroring
function, which means that the resource block allocation starts from the
other direction of the sub-band where they are located in. Note that in case
of type 2 hopping, the resource allocation for the UE cannot be larger than
the sub-band configured.
The UE will first determine the allocated resource blocks after applying all
the frequency hopping rules. Then, the data is being mapped onto these
resources, first in subcarrier order, then in symbol order.
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22. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 14 Intra- and inter-subframe hopping, type 1 (DRS = Demodulation
Reference Signal)
Figure 15 Another example for intra- and inter-subframe hopping, type 1,
based on a different offset
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Uplink control channel PUCCH
The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) carries uplink control
information (UCI), i.e. ACK/NACK information related to data packets
received in the downlink, channel quality indication (CQI) reports, precoding
matrix information (PMI) and rank indication (RI) for MIMO, and scheduling
requests (SR). The PUCCH is transmitted on a reserved frequency region
in the uplink which is configured by higher layers. PUCCH resource blocks
are located at both edges of the uplink bandwidth, and inter-slot hopping is
used on PUCCH. Figure 16 shows an example for a PUCCH resource
allocation. One resource block is reserved at the edge of the bandwidth,
and inter-slot hopping is applied.
For TDD, PUCCH is not transmitted in special subframes.
Figure 16 Example for PUCCH resource allocation (format 1a)
Note that a UE only uses PUCCH when it does not have any data to
transmit on PUSCH. If a UE has data to transmit on PUSCH, it would
multiplex the control information with data on PUSCH.
According to the different types of information that PUCCH can carry,
different PUCCH formats are specified, see Table 9.
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Table 9 PUCCH formats and contents
Number of bits per subframe,
PUCCH format
Contents
Modulation
scheme
1
Scheduling Request (SR)
N/A
N/A
(information is carried by presence
or absence of transmission)
1a
ACK/NACK, ACK/NACK+SR
BPSK
1
1b
ACK/NACK, ACK/NACK+SR
QPSK
2
2
CQI/PMI or RI (any CP),
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK (ext. CP only)
QPSK
20
2a
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+BPSK
21
2b
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+QPSK
22
M bit
When a UE has ACK/NACK to send in response to a downlink PDSCH
transmission, it will derive the exact PUCCH resource to use from the
PDCCH transmission (i.e. the number of the first control channel element
used for the transmission of the corresponding downlink resource
assignment). When a UE has a scheduling request or CQI to send, higher
layers will configure the exact PUCCH resource.
PUCCH formats 1, 1a, and 1b are based on cyclic shifts from a Zadoff-Chu
type of sequence [Ref. 3], i.e. the modulated data symbol is multiplied with
the cyclically shifted sequence. The cyclic shift varies between symbols and
slots. Higher layers may configure a limitation that not all cyclic shifts are
available in a cell. Additionally, a spreading with an orthogonal sequence is
applied. PUCCH formats 1, 1a, and 1b carry three reference symbols per
slot in case of normal cyclic prefix (located on SC-FDMA symbol numbers
2, 3, 4).
For PUCCH formats 1a and 1b, when both ACK/NACK and SR are
transmitted in the same subframe, the UE shall transmit ACK/NACK on its
assigned ACK/NACK resource for negative SR transmission and transmit
ACK/NACK on its assigned SR resource for positive SR transmission.
In PUCCH formats 2, 2a, and 2b, the bits for transmission are first
scrambled and QPSK modulated. The resulting symbols are then multiplied
with a cyclically shifted Zadoff-Chu type of sequence where again the cyclic
shift varies between symbols and slots [Ref. 3]. PUCCH formats 2, 2a, and
2b carry two reference symbols per slot in case of normal cyclic prefix
(located on SC-FDMA symbol numbers 1, 5).
A resource block can either be configured to support a mix of PUCCH
formats 2/2a/2b and 1/1a/1b, or to support formats 2/2a/2b exclusively.
Uplink reference signal structure
There is two types of uplink reference signals:
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25. LTE/E-UTRA
•
the demodulation reference signal is used for channel estimation
in the eNodeB receiver in order to demodulate control and data
th
channels. It is located on the 4 symbol in each slot (for normal
cyclic prefix) and spans the same bandwidth as the allocated uplink
data.
•
the sounding reference signal provides uplink channel quality
information as a basis for scheduling decisions in the base station.
The UE sends a sounding reference signal in different parts of the
bandwidths where no uplink data transmission is available. The
sounding reference signal is transmitted in the last symbol of the
subframe. The configuration of the sounding signal, e.g. bandwidth,
duration and periodicity, are given by higher layers.
Both uplink reference signals are derived from so-called Zadoff-Chu
sequence types [Ref. 3]. This sequence type has the property that cyclic
shifted versions of the same sequence are orthogonal to each other.
Reference signals for different UEs are derived by different cyclic shifts
from the same base sequence. Figure 17 shows the complex values of two
example reference signals which were generated by two different cyclic
shifts of the same sequence.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Real
0.2
0
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−1
1MA111_2E
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25
0
Imag
0.5
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26. LTE/E-UTRA
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Real
0.2
0
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−1
−0.5
0
Imag
0.5
1
Figure 17 Uplink reference signal sequences for an allocation of three
resource blocks, generated by different cyclic shifts of the same base
sequence
The available base sequences are divided into groups identified by a
sequence group number u. Within a group, the available sequences are
numbered with index v. The sequence group number u and the number
within the group v may vary in time. This is called group hopping, and
sequence hopping, respectively.
Group hopping is switched on or off by higher layers. The sequence group
number u to use in a certain timeslot is controlled by a pre-defined pattern.
Sequence hopping only applies for uplink resource allocations of more than
five resource blocks. In case it is enabled (by higher layers), the base
sequence number v within the group u is updated every slot.
Random access
The random access procedure is used to request initial access, as part of
handover, or to re-establish uplink synchronization. 3GPP defines a
contention based and a non-contention based random access procedure.
The structure of the contention based procedure used e.g. for initial access
is shown in Figure 18.
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27. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 18 Random access procedure (contention based) [Ref. 7]
The transmission of the random access preamble is restricted to certain
time and frequency resources. In the frequency domain, the random access
preamble occupies a bandwidth of six resource blocks. Different PRACH
configurations are defined which indicate system and subframe numbers
with PRACH opportunities, as well as possible preamble formats. The
PRACH configuration is provided by higher layers.
The random access preamble is defined as shown in Figure 19. The
preamble consists of a sequence with length TSEQ and a cyclic prefix with
length TCP. For frame structure type 1, four different preamble formats are
defined with different TSEQ and TCP values, e.g. reflecting different cell sizes.
th
An additional 5 preamble format is defined for frame structure type 2.
CP
Sequence
TSEQ
TCP
Figure 19 Random access preamble [Ref. 3]
Per cell, there are 64 random access preambles. They are generated from
Zadoff-Chu type of sequences [Ref. 3].
In step 1 in Figure 18, the preamble is sent. The time-frequency resource
where the preamble is sent is associated with an identifier (the Random
Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RA-RNTI)).
In step 2, a random access response is generated in Medium Access
Control (MAC) layer of eNodeB and sent on downlink shared channel. It is
addressed to the UE via the RA-RNTI and contains a timing advance value,
an uplink grant, and a temporary C-RNTI. Note that eNodeB may generate
multiple random access responses for different UEs which can be
concatenated inside one MAC protocol data unit (PDU). The preamble
identifier is contained in the MAC sub-header of each random access
response, so that the UE can find out whether there exists a random
access response for the used preamble.
In step 3, UE will for initial access send an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
message on the uplink common control channel (CCCH), based on the
uplink grant received in step 2.
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In step 4, contention resolution is done, by mirroring back in a MAC PDU
the uplink CCCH service data unit (SDU) received in step 3. The message
is sent on downlink shared channel and addressed to the UE via the
temporary C-RNTI. When the received message matches the one sent in
step 3, the contention resolution is considered successful.
Uplink Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
Hybrid ARQ retransmission protocol is also used in LTE uplink. The
eNodeB has the capability to request retransmissions of incorrectly
received data packets. ACK/NACK information in downlink is sent on
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH). After a PUSCH
transmission the UE will therefore monitor the corresponding PHICH
resource four subframes later (for FDD). For TDD the PHICH subframe to
monitor is derived from the uplink/downlink configuration and from PUSCH
subframe number.
The PHICH resource is determined from lowest index physical resource
block of the uplink resource allocation and the uplink demodulation
reference symbol cyclic shift associated with the PUSCH transmission, both
indicated in the PDCCH with DCI format 0 granting the PUSCH
transmission.
A PHICH group consists of multiple PHICHs that are mapped to the same
set of resource elements, and that are separated through different
orthogonal sequences. The UE derives the PHICH group number and the
PHICH to use inside that group from the information on the lowest resource
block number in the PUSCH allocation, and the cyclic shift of the
demodulation reference signal.
The UE can derive the redundancy version to use on PUSCH from the
uplink scheduling grant in DCI format 0, see Table 8.
8 HARQ processes are supported in the uplink for FDD, while for TDD the
number of HARQ processes depends on the uplink-downlink configuration.
5 LTE MIMO Concepts
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems form an essential part of
LTE in order to achieve the ambitious requirements for throughput and
spectral efficiency. MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas at
transmitter and receiver side. For the LTE downlink, a 2x2 configuration for
MIMO is assumed as baseline configuration, i.e. two transmit antennas at
the base station and two receive antennas at the terminal side.
Configurations with four transmit or receive antennas are also foreseen and
reflected in specifications.
Different gains can be achieved depending on the MIMO mode that is used.
In the following, a general description of spatial multiplexing and transmit
diversity is provided. Afterwards, LTE-specific MIMO features are
highlighted.
Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data
simultaneously on the same resource block(s) by exploiting the spatial
dimension of the radio channel. These data streams can belong to one
single user (single user MIMO / SU-MIMO) or to different users (multi user
MIMO / MU-MIMO). While SU-MIMO increases the data rate of one user,
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29. LTE/E-UTRA
MU-MIMO allows to increase the overall capacity. Spatial multiplexing is
only possible if the mobile radio channel allows it.
010
Original data stream
010110
TX
hij
110
RX
010110
Figure 20 Spatial multiplexing (simplified)
Figure 20 shows a simplified illustration of spatial multiplexing. In this
example, each transmit antenna transmits a different data stream. This is
the basic case for spatial multiplexing.
Each receive antenna may receive the data streams from all transmit
antennas. The channel (for a specific delay) can thus be described by the
following channel matrix H:
h11
h
H = 21
M
hNr1
h12
h22
M
K
O
h1Nt
h2 Nt
M
hNr 2 K hNrNt
In this general description, Nt is the number of transmit antennas, Nr is the
number of receive antennas, resulting in a 2x2 matrix for the baseline LTE
scenario. The coefficients hij of this matrix are called channel coefficients
from transmit antenna j to receive antenna i, thus describing all possible
paths between transmitter and receiver side.
The number of data streams that can be transmitted in parallel over the
MIMO channel is given by min {Nt, Nr} and is limited by the rank of the
matrix H. The transmission quality degrades significantly in case the
singular values of matrix H are not sufficiently strong. This can happen in
case the two antennas are not sufficiently de-correlated, for example in an
environment with little scattering or when antennas are too closely spaced.
The rank of the channel matrix H is therefore an important criterion to
determine whether spatial multiplexing can be done with good performance.
Note that Figure 20 only shows an example. In practical MIMO
implementations, the data streams are often weighted and added, so that
each antenna actually transmits a combination of the streams, see below
for more details regarding LTE.
Transmit Diversity
Instead of increasing data rate or capacity, MIMO can be used to exploit
diversity and increase the robustness of data transmission. Transmit
diversity schemes are already known from WCDMA release 99 and will also
be part of LTE. Each transmit antenna transmits essentially the same
stream of data, so the receiver gets replicas of the same signal. This
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30. LTE/E-UTRA
increases the signal to noise ratio at the receiver side and thus the
robustness of data transmission especially in fading scenarios. Typically an
additional antenna-specific coding is applied to the signals before
transmission to increase the diversity effect. Often, space-time coding is
used according to Alamouti [Ref. 8].
Switching between the two MIMO modes transmit diversity and spatial
multiplexing is possible depending on channel conditions.
Downlink MIMO modes in LTE
Different downlink MIMO modes are envisaged in LTE which can be
adjusted according to channel condition, traffic requirements, and UE
capability. The following transmission modes are possible in LTE:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Single-Antenna transmission, no MIMO
Transmit diversity
Open-loop spatial multiplexing, no UE feedback required
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing, UE feedback required
Multi-user MIMO (more than one UE is assigned to the same
resource block)
Closed-loop precoding for rank=1 (i.e. no spatial multiplexing, but
precoding is used)
Beamforming
Figure 21 gives an overview of LTE downlink baseband signal generation
including the steps relevant for MIMO transmission (layer mapper and
precoding).
Figure 21 Overview of downlink baseband signal generation [Ref. 3]
In LTE spatial multiplexing, up to two code words can be mapped onto
different spatial layers. One code word represents an output from the
channel coder. The number of spatial layers available for transmission is
equal to the rank of the matrix H. The mapping of code words onto layers is
specified in [Ref. 3].
Precoding on transmitter side is used to support spatial multiplexing. This is
achieved by multiplying the signal with a precoding matrix W before
transmission. The optimum precoding matrix W is selected from a
predefined “codebook” which is known at eNodeB and UE side. The
codebook for the 2 transmit antenna case in LTE is shown in Table 10.The
optimum pre-coding matrix is the one which offers maximum capacity.
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Table 10 Precoding codebook for 2 transmit antenna case
Codebook
index
Number of layers
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
j
1 1
2 1
1
1 1
2 j
1
2 j
1
1 0
2 0 1
1
1
2
3
2
1 1
2 1
1
1
j
-
The codebook in Table 10 defines entries for the case of one or two spatial
layers. In case of only one spatial layer, obviously spatial multiplexing is not
possible, but there are still gains from precoding. For closed-loop spatial
= 2 , the codebook index 0 is not used. For the 4
multiplexing and
transmit antenna case, a correspondingly bigger codebook is defined [Ref.
3].
The UE estimates the radio channel and selects the optimum precoding
matrix. This feedback is provided to the eNodeB. Depending on the
available bandwidth, this information is made available per resource block
or group of resource blocks, since the optimum precoding matrix may vary
between resource blocks. The network may configure a subset of the
codebook that the UE is able to select from.
In case of UEs with high velocity, the quality of the feedback may
deteriorate. Thus, an open loop spatial multiplexing mode is also
supported which is based on predefined settings for spatial multiplexing and
precoding. In case of four antenna ports, different precoders are assigned
cyclically to the resource elements.
The eNodeB will select the optimum MIMO mode and precoding
configuration. The information is conveyed to the UE as part of the downlink
control information (DCI) on PDCCH. DCI format 2 provides a downlink
assignment of two code words including precoding information. DCI format
2a is used in case of open loop spatial multiplexing. DCI format 1b provides
a downlink assignment of 1 code word including precoding information. DCI
format 1d is used for multi-user spatial multiplexing with precoding and
power offset information.
In case of transmit diversity mode, only one code word can be
transmitted. Each antenna transmits the same information stream, but with
different coding. LTE employs Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC)
which is derived from [Ref. 8] as transmit diversity scheme. A special
precoding matrix is applied at transmitter side in the precoding stage in
Figure 21. At a certain point in time, the antenna ports transmit the same
data symbols, but with different coding and on different subcarriers. Figure
22 shows an example for the 2 transmit antenna case, where the transmit
diversity specific precoding is applied to an entity of two data symbols d(0)
and d(1).
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32. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 22 Transmit diversity (SFBC) principle
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
Cyclic delay diversity is an additional type of diversity which can be used in
conjunction with spatial multiplexing in LTE. An antenna-specific delay is
applied to the signals transmitted from each antenna port. This effectively
introduces artificial multipath to the signal as seen by the receiver. By doing
so, the frequency diversity of the radio channel is increased. As a special
method of delay diversity, cyclic delay diversity applies a cyclic shift to the
signals transmitted from each antenna port.
Reporting of UE feedback
In order for MIMO schemes to work properly, each UE has to report
information about the mobile radio channel to the base station. A lot of
different reporting modes and formats are available which are selected
according to MIMO mode of operation and network choice.
The reporting may consist of the following elements:
•
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CQI (channel quality indicator) is an indication of the downlink
mobile radio channel quality as experienced by this UE. Essentially,
the UE is proposing to the eNodeB an optimum modulation scheme
and coding rate to use for a given radio link quality, so that the
resulting transport block error rate would not exceed 10%. 16
combinations of modulation scheme and coding rate are specified
as possible CQI values. The UE may report different types of CQI.
A so-called “wideband CQI” refers to the complete system
bandwidth. Alternatively, the UE may evaluate a “sub-band CQI”
value per sub-band of a certain number of resource blocks which is
configured by higher layers. The full set of sub-bands would cover
the entire system bandwidth. In case of spatial multiplexing, a CQI
per code word needs to be reported.
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33. LTE/E-UTRA
•
PMI (precoding matrix indicator) is an indication of the optimum
precoding matrix to be used in the base station for a given radio
condition. The PMI value refers to the codebook table, see e.g.
Table 10. The network configures the number of resource blocks
that are represented by a PMI report. Thus to cover the full
bandwidth, multiple PMI reports may be needed. PMI reports are
needed for closed loop spatial multiplexing, multi-user MIMO and
closed-loop rank 1 precoding MIMO modes.
•
RI (rank indication) is the number of useful transmission layers
when spatial multiplexing is used. In case of transmit diversity, rank
is equal to 1.
The reporting may be periodic or aperiodic and is configured by the radio
network. Aperiodic reporting is triggered by a CQI request contained in the
uplink scheduling grant, see Table 8. The UE would sent the report on
PUSCH. In case of periodic reporting, PUCCH is used in case no PUSCH is
available.
Uplink MIMO
Uplink MIMO schemes for LTE will differ from downlink MIMO schemes to
take into account terminal complexity issues. For the uplink, MU-MIMO can
be used. Multiple user terminals may transmit simultaneously on the same
resource block. This is also referred to as spatial division multiple access
(SDMA). The scheme requires only one transmit antenna at UE side which
is a big advantage. The UEs sharing the same resource block have to apply
mutually orthogonal pilot patterns.
To exploit the benefit of two or more transmit antennas but still keep the UE
cost low, transmit antenna selection can be used. In this case, the UE has
two transmit antennas but only one transmit chain and amplifier. A switch
will then choose the antenna that provides the best channel to the eNodeB.
This decision is made according to feedback provided by the eNodeB. The
CRC parity bits of the DCI format 0 are scrambled with an antenna
selection mask indicating UE antenna port 0 or 1. The support of transmit
antenna selection is a UE capability.
6 LTE Protocol Architecture
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
3GPP SAE is addressing the evolution of the overall system architecture
including core network. Objective is to develop a framework for an evolution
of the 3GPP system to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency, packet-optimized
system that supports multiple radio access technologies. The focus of this
work is on the PS domain with the assumption that voice services are
supported in this domain. Clear requirement is the support of
heterogeneous access networks in terms of mobility and service continuity.
E-UTRAN
An overall E-UTRAN description can be found in [Ref. 7]. The network
architecture is illustrated in Figure 23.
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34. LTE/E-UTRA
S1
S1
X2
X2
S1
S1
Figure 23 Overall network architecture [Ref. 7]
The E-UTRAN consists of eNodeBs (eNBs), providing the E-UTRA user
plane (PDPC/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol
terminations towards the UE. The eNBs are interconnected with each other
by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by means of
the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the
MME (Mobility Management Entity) and to the S-GW (Serving Gateway).
NAS protocols are terminated in MME.
The following figure illustrates the functional split between eNodeB and
Evolved Packet Core.
eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW
P-GW
RLC
Mobility
Anchoring
MAC
UE IP address
allocation
S1
PHY
Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
Figure 24 Functional split between E-UTRAN and EPC [Ref. 7]
The base station functionality has increased significantly in E-UTRAN, e.g.
compared to WCDMA release 99. The base station hosts functions for
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35. LTE/E-UTRA
radio bearer control, admission control, mobility control, uplink and downlink
scheduling as well as measurement configuration.
The LTE user plane protocol stack is shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25 User plane protocol stack [Ref. 7]
The LTE control plane protocol stack is shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26 Control plane protocol stack [Ref. 7]
Layer 3 procedures
Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is responsible for handling layer 3
procedures over the air interface, including e.g. the following:
-
Broadcast of system information
-
RRC connection control, i.e. paging, establishing / reconfiguring /
releasing RRC connections, assignment of UE identies
-
Initial security activation for ciphering and integrity protection
-
Mobility control, also for inter-RAT handovers
-
Quality of Service control
-
Measurement configuration control
RRC is also responsible for lower layer configuration.
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be restricted to
city and hot spot areas. In order to provide seamless service continuity,
ensuring mobility between LTE and legacy technologies is therefore very
important. These technologies include GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA, and
CDMA2000 based technologies.
Figure 27 and Figure 28 illustrate the mobility support between these
technologies and LTE and indicate the procedures used to move between
them. As a basic mechanism to prepare and execute the handovers, radio
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36. LTE/E-UTRA
related information can be exchanged in transparent containers between
the technologies.
GSM_Connected
CELL_DCH
Handover
E-UTRA
RRC_CONNECTED
Handover
GPRS Packet
transfer mode
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
CCO with
NACC
Reselection
Connection
establishment/release
UTRA_Idle
Reselection
CCO,
Reselection
Connection
establishment/release
E-UTRA
RRC_IDLE
Connection
establishment/release
Reselection
GSM_Idle/GPRS
Packet_Idle
CCO, Reselection
Figure 27 E-UTRA states and inter RAT mobility procedures [Ref. 9], CCO
= Cell Change Order
1xRTT CS Active
Handover
E-UTRA
RRC_CONNECTED
Handover
HRPD Dormant
HRPD Active
Connection
establishment/release
1xRTT Dormant
Reselection
E-UTRA
RRC_IDLE
Reselection
HRPD Idle
Figure 28 Mobility procedures between E-UTRA and CDMA2000 [Ref. 9],
HRPD = High Rate Packet Data
RRC is responsible for configuring the lower layers. For example, Table 11
lists physical layer elements that are configured by RRC messages. This
shows that the physical layer parametrization can be optimized by RRC for
specific applications and scenarios.
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37. LTE/E-UTRA
Table 11 Physical layer parameters configured by RRC (list not exhaustive)
Physical Layer Element
Configuration options by RRC
PDSCH
Power configuration, reference signal power
PHICH
Duration (short/long), parameter to derive number of PHICH groups
MIMO
Transmission mode, restriction of precoding codebook
CQI reporting
PUCCH resource, format, periodicity
Scheduling request
Resource and periodicity
PUSCH
Hopping mode (inter-subframe or intra- / inter-subframe), available subbands, power offsets for ACK/NACK, RI, CQI
PUCCH
Available resources, enabling simultaneous transmission of ACK/NACK and
CQI
PRACH
Time/frequency resource configuration, available preambles, preamble
configuration parameters, power ramping step size, initial target power,
maximum number of preamble transmissions, response window size,
contention resolution timer
Uplink demodulation
reference signal
Group assignment, enabling of group hopping, enabling of group +
sequence hopping
Uplink sounding reference
signal
bandwidth configuration, subframe configuration, duration, periodicity,
frequency domain position, cyclic shift, hopping information, simultaneous
transmission of ACK/NACK and SRS
Uplink power control
UE specific power setting parameters, step size for PUCCH and PUSCH,
accumulation enabled, index of TPC command for a given UE within DCI
format 3/3a
TDD-specific parameters
DL/UL subframe configuration, special subframe configuration
Layer 2 structure
Figure 29 and Figure 30 show the downlink and uplink structure of layer 2.
The service access points between the physical layer and the MAC
sublayer provide the transport channels. The service access points
between the MAC sublayer and the RLC sublayer provide the logical
channels. Radio bearers are defined on top of PDCP layer. Multiplexing of
several logical channels on the same transport channel is possible.
E-UTRAN provides ARQ and HARQ functionalities. The ARQ functionality
provides error correction by retransmissions in acknowledged mode at layer
2. The HARQ functionality ensures delivery between peer entities at layer 1.
The HARQ is an N-channel stop-and-wait protocol with asynchronous
downlink retransmissions and synchronous uplink retransmissions. ARQ
retransmissions are based on RLC status reports and HARQ/ARQ
interaction.
Security functions ciphering and integrity protection are located in PDCP
protocol.
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38. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 29 Downlink layer 2 structure [Ref. 7]
Radio Bearers
ROHC
ROHC
Security
Security
PDCP
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
Multiplexing
HARQ
Transport Channels
Figure 30 Uplink layer 2 structure [Ref. 7]
Transport channels
In order to reduce complexity of the LTE protocol architecture, the number
of transport channels has been reduced. This is mainly due to the focus on
shared channel operation, i.e. no dedicated channels are used any more.
Downlink transport channels are:
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39. LTE/E-UTRA
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Uplink transport channels are:
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Logical channels
Logical channels can be classified in control and traffic channels.
Control channels are:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Traffic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Mapping between logical and transport channels in downlink and uplink is
shown in the following figures.
Figure 31 Mapping between DL logical and transport channels [Ref. 10]
Figure 32 Mapping between UL logical and transport channels [Ref. 10]
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40. LTE/E-UTRA
Transport block structure (MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU))
The structure of the MAC PDU has to take into account the LTE
multiplexing options and the requirements of functions like scheduling,
timing alignment, etc.
A MAC PDU for DL-SCH or UL-SCH consists of a MAC header, zero or
more MAC Service Data Units (SDU), zero or more MAC control elements,
and optionally padding, see Figure 33.
In case of MIMO spatial multiplexing, up to two transport blocks can be
transmitted per transmission time interval per UE.
Figure 33 Structure of MAC PDU [Ref. 10]
The MAC header may consist of multiple sub-headers. Each sub-header
corresponds to a MAC control element, a MAC SDU, or padding, and
provides more information on the respective field in terms of contents and
length. MAC SDUs can belong to different logical channels (indicated by the
LCID / logical channel identifier field in the sub-header), so that multiplexing
of logical channels is possible.
The following MAC control elements are specified which are identified by
the LCID field in the MAC sub-header:
-
C-RNTI (Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier)
-
DRX command
-
UE contention resolution identity: used during random access as a
means to resolve contention, see description to Figure 18
-
Timing advance: indicates the amount of timing adjustment in 0.5 Zs
that the UE has to apply in uplink
-
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Buffer status
Power headroom.
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7 UE capabilities
Depending on the data rate and MIMO capabilities, different UE categories
are defined [Ref. 11]. The categories for downlink and uplink are shown in
Table 12 and Table 13, respectively. Please note that the maximum data
rates are to be understood as theoretical peak values and are not expected
to be achieved in realistic network conditions.
Table 12 Downlink UE categories [Ref. 11]
UE Category
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
Maximum
number of DLSCH transport
block bits
received within
a TTI
10296
51024
102048
150752
302752
Maximum
number of bits
of a DL-SCH
transport block
received within
a TTI
10296
51024
75376
75376
151376
Total number
of soft
channel bits
Maximum number of
supported layers for
spatial multiplexing
in DL
Maximum
downlink
data rate
250368
1237248
1237248
1827072
3667200
1
2
2
2
4
10 Mbps
51 Mbps
102 Mbps
151 Mbps
303 Mbps
Table 13 Uplink UE categories [Ref. 11]
UE Category
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
Maximum number of
bits of an UL-SCH
transport block
transmitted within a
TTI
5160
25456
51024
51024
75376
Support for
64QAM in UL
Maximum uplink
data rate
No
No
No
No
Yes
5 Mbps
25 Mbps
51 Mbps
51 Mbps
75 Mbps
Additionally, different values of layer 2 buffer size are associated with each
UE category.
Independent from the UE category, the following features are defined as UE
capabilities in [Ref. 11]:
•
Supported Robust Header Compression (ROHC) profiles
•
Support of uplink transmit diversity
•
Support of UE specific reference signals for FDD
•
Need for measurement gaps
•
Support of radio access technologies and radio frequency bands
8 LTE Testing
LTE RF testing
This section highlights aspects of testing base station and terminal
transmitter and receiver parts and RF components for LTE.
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42. LTE/E-UTRA
First of all, LTE signal characteristics need to be investigated. While for LTE
downlink, developers can leverage from OFDMA expertise gained with
technologies like WiMAX and WLAN, this is not so straightforward for the
uplink. SC-FDMA technology used in LTE uplink is not known from other
standards yet. Thus, uplink signal characteristics need to be investigated
with particular caution.
General settings
The following parameters primarily characterize the LTE signal:
-
Frequency
-
Bandwidth / number of resource blocks of the LTE signal
-
FDD or TDD mode
-
Antenna configuration
-
Cyclic prefix length
-
Allocation of user data and modulation/coding schemes
-
Configuration of L1/2 control channels
-
MIMO schemes and precoding
LTE signal generation
For generating an LTE signal, signal generators SMU200A, SMJ100A or
SMATE200A are available. Software option SMx-K55 (Digital Standard
LTE/EUTRA) provides LTE functionality on these signal generators.
Alternatively, simulation software WinIQSIM2 running on a PC can be used
to generate waveforms for digitally modulated signals which can be
uploaded on the above-mentioned signal generators. This requires software
option SMU-K255 or SMJ-K255. WinIQSIM2 is also available for the IQ
modulation generator AFQ100A/B with software option AFQ-K255. The
AMU200A baseband signal generator and fading simulator supports LTE
with software option AMU-K55 or AMU-K255.
Figure 34 shows the OFDMA time plan used to illustrate the resource
allocation within the LTE downlink signal configured by the user. In the
example in Figure 34, a 1 ms subframe of a 10 MHz LTE downlink signal is
shown. The x-axis represents OFDM symbols, the y-axis represents
resource blocks. In this example, all available 50 resource blocks are
allocated with user data of two different users. The reference symbols are
located in the first and fifth OFDM symbol of each slot, and the L1/L2
control channel PDCCH (together with PCFICH and PHICH) occupies the
first two OFDM symbols. Note that these settings are configurable to create
an LTE signal individually. Since the first subframe of a radio frame is
shown, also the primary and secondary synchronization signals and the
Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH can be seen.
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43. LTE/E-UTRA
1 slot
10 MHz
Figure 34 OFDMA time plan for LTE signal generation, 1 subframe
Another example of the OFDMA time plan is shown in Figure 35. Here, an
excerpt of 10 subframes is shown, highlighting the repetition interval of the
synchronization signals in subframes 0 and 5. In this example, the
allocation with user data varies over time, e.g. to simulate an arbitrary
scheduling scenario.
Figure 35 OFDMA time plan for LTE signal generation, 10 subframes
Besides first SISO tests, MIMO test setups are of high importance. Both
signal generators SMU200A and AMU200A provide a comprehensive and
easy-to-use 2x2 MIMO setup in one box. They provide the generation of the
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44. LTE/E-UTRA
signals from two transmit antennas as well as fully 3GPP compliant
propagation channel simulation. An example setup for 2x2 MIMO receiver
tests is shown in Figure 36
Figure 36 Downlink MIMO receiver test: Signal generator SMU200A
provides LTE downlink signals from two transmit antennas including
channel simulation
Figure 37 shows the user interface of the SMU200A for this setup in more
detail.
Figure 37 User interface of the SMU200A signal generator for 2x2 MIMO
tests: The signal flow is shown from the generation of the two
baseband LTE signals on the left via the four fading channels to
the two RF outputs on the right.
The user can select the MIMO mode for the generation of the transmit
antenna signals. Transmit diversity, cyclic delay diversity, and spatial
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45. LTE/E-UTRA
multiplexing can be selected and configured. By use of a second signal
generator, an extension to a 4x2 MIMO scenario is easily possible.
The MIMO fading capability is provided with software option SMU-K74 (2x2
MIMO Fading) for SMU200A, and with AMU-K74 for AMU200A,
respectively. Four baseband fading simulators are providing the fading
characteristics for the channels between each transmit and each receive
antenna. Correlation properties can be set individually. For full flexibility, it is
possible to specify the full (NtNr)x(NtNr) correlation matrix according to the
number of transmit antennas Nt and the number of receive antennas Nr for
each multipath component. The faded signals are then summed up
correctly before RF conversion and provided to the two RF outputs which
can be connected to the dual antenna terminal.
LTE signal analysis
For analyzing the RF characteristics of an LTE signal, the high end
spectrum and signal analyzers FSQ or FSG or the mid-range signal
analyzer FSV can be used. Software options FSQ-K100 / FSV-K100
(Application firmware 3GPP LTE/EUTRA downlink) and FSQ-K101/ FSVK101 (Application firmware 3GPP LTE/EUTRA uplink) are needed for LTE
signal analysis.
Various measurement applications are offered: modulation quality, Error
Vector Magnitude (EVM), constellation diagram, spectrum measurements,
CCDF measurements, frequency error. For example, Figure 38 shows the
measurement of EVM versus carrier of an LTE downlink FDD signal.
Alternatively, EVM can be measured versus symbol. The upper part of
Figure 38 shows the capture buffer over the selected time interval of 10 ms.
EVM analysis is of special interest for LTE. Due to the higher order
modulation schemes up to 64QAM, stringent EVM requirements for the
transmitter side apply in order to prevent a decrease in throughput.
Figure 38 Measurement of EVM versus carrier
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46. LTE/E-UTRA
CCDF and crest factor are important measurements for power amplifier
design. Figure 39 shows the CCDF measurement of an LTE downlink
signal.
Figure 39 CCDF measurement
Figure 40 shows the constellation diagram of an LTE uplink signal where
the user data is using 16QAM modulation. The constellation points on the
circle represent the demodulation reference signal which is based on a
Zadoff-Chu type of sequence.
Figure 40 Uplink constellation diagram
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47. LTE/E-UTRA
Analysis of precoded LTE MIMO signals from two or four transmit antennas
is possible when using two or four signal analyzers, respectively. Software
option FSQ-K102 (EUTRA/LTE Downlink, MIMO) enables this functionality.
By reverting the precoding applied to the MIMO signal, each transmitted
stream can be analyzed separately.
Complex RF testing scenarios and advanced regression testing and
automation needs are addressed by an RF test system. Figure 41 shows
the TS8980 RF test system for R&D which addresses early use cases for
LTE RF terminal development. The system provides a clear upgrade path
to a full RF conformance test system.
Figure 41 RF test system TS8980
LTE layer 1 and protocol test
LTE layer 1 has significant functionality. This includes layer 1 procedures
like cell search, Hybrid ARQ retransmission protocol, scheduling, link
adaptation, uplink timing control and power control. Furthermore, these
procedures have stringent timing requirements. Therefore thorough testing
of layer 1 procedures is needed to guarantee LTE performance.
LTE protocol stack testing is needed to verify signaling functionality like call
setup and release, call reconfigurations, state handling, and mobility.
Interworking with 2G and 3G systems such as GSM/EDGE,
1
WCDMA/HSPA, and CDMA2000® 1xRTT/1x-EV-DO is a requirement for
LTE and needs to be tested carefully. A special focus is put on verification
of throughput requirements in order to make sure that the terminal protocol
stack and applications are capable of handling high data rates. Flexible test
scenarios with individual parametrization possibilities are needed for R&D
purposes already at a very early stage of LTE implementation.
The CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester is a universal
platform for all stages of LTE terminal testing from layer 1 up to protocol,
and from early R&D up to conformance and manufacturing.
1
CDMA2000® is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA-USA).
1MA111_2E
47
Rohde & Schwarz
48. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 42 CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester
The CMW500 supports all LTE frequency bands and all LTE bandwidths up
to 20 MHz. Connection to the device under test is possible via RF interface
or digital IQ interface. Protocol tests and verification of throughput under
realistic propagation conditions is possible by connecting the AMU200A
fading simulator to the CMW500.
By means of a virtual tester solution, host based protocol stack testing is
supported as well. This is a purely software based test solution that does
not require a layer 1 implementation at the UE side. Thus, the layer 2/3
protocol stack software of the device under test can be verified thoroughly
before integration.
Powerful programming interfaces are available for both the virtual tester
solution and the CMW500-hardware based solution. For R&D testing, highly
flexible C/C++ based programming interfaces are available for creation of
user-defined test scenarios. A comfortable tool chain allows easy execution,
adaptation and analysis of scenarios. Figure 43 shows the Message
Composer for editing messages used by the test scenario in an intuitive
graphical environment.
1MA111_2E
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Rohde & Schwarz
49. LTE/E-UTRA
Figure 43 Message composer for editing messages used by a test scenario
For conformance testing, a TTCN-3 (Testing and Test Control Notation
Version 3) based environment is used according to 3GPP specifications.
9 Abbreviations
3GPP
ACK
Acknowledgement
ARQ
Automatic Repeat Request
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BCH
Broadcast Channel
CAPEX
Capital Expenditures
CCCH
Common Control Channel
CCDF
Complementary Cumulative Density Function
CCO
Cell Change Order
CDD
Cyclic Delay Diversity
CP
Cyclic Prefix
C-plane
Control Plane
CQI
Channel Quality Indicator
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
C-RNTI
Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
CS
Circuit Switched
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCI
1MA111_2E
3rd Generation Partnership Project
Downlink Control Information
49
Rohde & Schwarz
50. LTE/E-UTRA
DFT
DL
Downlink
DL-SCH
Downlink Shared Channel
DRS
Demodulation Reference Signal
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
DVB
Digital Video Broadcast
DwPTS
Downlink Pilot Timeslot
eNB
E-UTRAN NodeB
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRA
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
GERAN
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GP
Guard Period
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication
HARQ
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HRPD
High Rate Packet Data
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA
High Speed Packet Access
HSUPA
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
IFFT
Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation
IP
Internet Protocol
LCID
Logical channel identifier
LTE
Long Term Evolution
MAC
Medium Access Control
MBMS
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MME
Mobility Management Entity
MU-MIMO
Multi User MIMO
NACK
Negative Acknowledgement
NAS
Non Access Stratum
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OPEX
1MA111_2E
Discrete Fourier Transform
Operational Expenditures
50
Rohde & Schwarz
51. LTE/E-UTRA
PAPR
PBCH
Physical Broadcast Channel
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
PCFICH
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCH
Paging Channel
PDCCH
Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN
Packet Data Network
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
PHICH
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
P-GW
PDN Gateway
PHY
Physical Layer
PMI
Precoding Matrix Indicator
PS
Packet Switched
PUCCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RACH
Random Access Channel
RAN
Radio Access Network
RA-RNTI
Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RB
Radio Bearer
RF
Radio Frequency
RI
Rank Indicator
RIV
Resource Indication Value
RLC
Radio Link Control
ROHC
Robust Header Compression
RRC
Radio Resource Control
RRM
Radio Resource Management
RTT
Radio Transmission Technology
S1
Interface between eNB and EPC
SAE
System Architecture Evolution
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access
SDMA
Spatial Division Multiple Access
SDU
1MA111_2E
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Service Data Unit
51
Rohde & Schwarz
52. LTE/E-UTRA
SFBC
Space Frequency Block Coding
SISO
Single Input Single Output
S-GW
Serving Gateway
SR
Scheduling Request
SRS
Sounding Reference Signal
SU-MIMO
Single User MIMO
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TD-SCDMA
Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
TPC
Transmit Power Control
TS
Technical Specification
TTI
Transmission Time Interval
UCI
Uplink Control Information
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
UL-SCH
Uplink Shared Channel
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
U-plane
User plane
UpPTS
Uplink Pilot Timeslot
UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP
Voice over IP
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
X2
Interface between eNBs
10 Additional Information
This application note is updated from time to time. Please visit the website
1MA111 to download the latest version.
Please send any comments or suggestions about this application note to
TM-Applications@rsd.rohde-schwarz.com.
11 References
[Ref. 1] 3GPP TS 25.913; Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
(Release 7)
[Ref. 2] 3GPP TR 25.892; Feasibility Study for Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for UTRAN enhancement (Release 6)
[Ref. 3] 3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)
1MA111_2E
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Rohde & Schwarz
53. LTE/E-UTRA
[Ref. 4] 3GPP TS 36.101; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and
reception (Release 8)
[Ref. 5] 3GPP TS 36.212; Multiplexing and Channel Coding (Release 8)
[Ref. 6] 3GPP TS 36.213; Physical Layer Procedures (Release 8)
[Ref. 7 ] 3GPP TS 36.300; E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall Description;
Stage 2 (Release 8)
[Ref. 8] S.M. Alamouti (October 1998). "A simple transmit diversity
technique for wireless communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, Vol. 16., No. 8
[Ref. 9] 3GPP TS 36.331; Radio Resource Control (RRC) specification
(Release 8)
[Ref. 10] 3GPP TS 36.321; Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
specification (Release 8)
[Ref. 11] 3GPP TS 36.306; User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities
(Release 8)
12 Ordering Information
Vector Signal Generator
R&S® SMU200A
R&S® SMU-B102
R&S® SMU-B103
R&S® SMU-B104
R&S® SMU-B106
R&S® SMU-B202
R&S® SMU-B203
R&S® SMU-B9
Frequency range 100 KHz to 2.2GHz for
1st RF Path
Frequency range 100 KHz to 3GHz for
1st RF Path
Frequency range 100 KHz to 4GHz for
1st RF Path
Frequency range 100 KHz to 6 GHz for
1st RF Path
Frequency range 100 KHz to 2.2 GHz for
2nd RF Path
Frequency range 100 KHz to 3 GHz for
2nd RF Path
Baseband Generator with digital modulation
1141.2005.02
1141.8503.02
1141.8603.02
1141.8703.02
1141.8803.02
1141.9400.02
1141.9500.02
1161.0766.02
(realtime) and ARB (128 M Samples)
R&S® SMU-B10
R&S® SMU-B11
R&S® SMU-B13
R&S® SMU-K55
R&S® SMU-K255
R&S® SMU-B14
R&S® SMU-B15
R&S® SMU-K74
Baseband Generator with digital modulation
(realtime) and ARB (64MSamples)
Baseband Generator with digital modulation
(realtime) and ARB (16MSamples)
Baseband Main Module
Digital Standard 3GPP LTE/EUTRA
Digital Standard 3GPP LTE/EUTRA for WinIQSIM2
Fading simulator
Fading simulator extension
2x2 MIMO Fading
R&S® SMJ100A
1141.7007.02
1159.8411.02
1141.8003.02
1408.7310.02
1408.7362.02
1160.1800.02
1160.2288.02
1408.7762.02
1403.4507.02
R&S® SMJ-B103
Frequency range 100 kHz - 3 GHz
1403.8502.02
R&S® SMJ-B106
Frequency range 100 kHz - 6 GHz
1403.8702.02
R&S® SMJ-B9
Baseband generator with digital modulation
1404.1501.02
R&S® SMJ-B10
Baseband
(realtime) and ARB (128 M Samples)
1MA111_2E
53
Generator
with
digital
modulation 1403.8902.02
Rohde & Schwarz
54. LTE/E-UTRA
(realtime) and ARB (64MSamples)
R&S® SMJ-B11
Baseband
Generator
with
digital
modulation 1403.9009.02
(realtime) and ARB (16MSamples)
R&S® SMJ-B13
Baseband Main Module
1403.9109.02
R&S® SMJ-K55
Digital Standard 3GPP LTE/EUTRA
1409.2206.02
R&S® SMJ-K255
Digital standard 3GPP LTE/EUTRA for WinIQSIM2
1409.2258.02
R&S® SMATE200A
R&S® SMATE-B103
1400.7005.02
Frequency range 100 KHz to 3 GHz for
1401.1000.02
1st RF Path
R&S® SMATE-B106
Frequency range 100 KHz to 6 GHz for
1401.1200.02
1st RF Path
R&S® SMATE-B203
Frequency range 100 KHz to 3 GHz for
1401.1400.02
2nd RF Path
R&S® SMATE-B206
Frequency range 100 kHz - 6 GHz for
1401.1600.02
2nd RF path
R&S® SMATE-B9
1404.7500.02
Baseband Generator with digital modulation
(real time) and ARB (128 M samples)
R&S® SMATE-B10
Baseband
Generator
with
digital
modulation 1401.2707.02
(realtime) and ARB (64MSamples)
R&S® SMATE-B11
Baseband
Generator
with
digital
modulation 1401.2807.02
(realtime) and ARB (16MSamples)
R&S® SMATE-B13
Baseband Main Module
1401.2907.02
R&S® SMATE-K55
Digital Standard 3GPP LTE/EUTRA
1404.7851.02
R&S® AMU200A
Baseband signal generator, base unit
1402.4090.02
R&S® AMU-B9
Baseband
generator
with
digital
modulation 1402.8809.02
(realtime) and ARB (128 MSamples)
R&S® AMU-B10
Baseband generator with dig. modulation (realtime) 1402.5300.02
R&S® AMU-B11
Baseband generator with dig. modulation (realtime)
R&S® AMU-B13
Baseband main module
1402.5500.02
R&S® AMU-K55
Digital Standard LTE/EUTRA
1402.9405.02
R&S® AMU-K255
Digital Standard LTE/EUTRA for WInIQSIM2
1402.9457.02
R&S® AMU-B14
Fading Simulator
1402.5600.02
R&S® AMU-B15
Fading Simulator extension
1402.5700.02
R&S® AMU-K74
2x2 MIMO Fading
1402.9857.02
R&S® AFQ100A
IQ modulation generator base unit
1401.3003.02
R&S® AFQ-B10
Waveform memory 256 Msamples
1401.5106.02
R&S® AFQ-B11
Waveform memory 1Gsamples
1401.5206.02
R&S® AFQ-K255
Digital Standard LTE/EUTRA, WinIQSIM 2 required 1401.5906.02
and ARB (64 MSamples)
1402.5400.02
and ARB (16 MSamples)
Signal Analyzer
R&S® FSQ3
1155.5001.03
R&S® FSQ8
1MA111_2E
20 Hz to 3.6 GHz
20 Hz to 8 GHz
1155.5001.08
54
Rohde & Schwarz
55. LTE/E-UTRA
R&S® FSQ26
20 Hz to 26.5 GHz
1155.5001.26
R&S® FSQ40
20 Hz to 40 GHz
1155.5001.40
R&S® FSG8
9 kHz to 8 GHz
1309.0002.08
R&S® FSG13
9 kHz to 13.6 GHz
1309.0002.13
R&S® FSV3
9 kHz to 3.6 GHz
1307.9002.03
R&S® FSV7
9 kHz to 7 GHz
1307.9002.07
R&S® FSQ-K100
EUTRA/LTE Downlink / BS Analysis
1308.9006.02
R&S® FSV-K100
EUTRA/LTE Downlink / BS Analysis
1310.9051.02
R&S® FSQ-K101
EUTRA/LTE Uplink / UE Analysis
1308.9058.02
R&S® FSV-K101
EUTRA/LTE Uplink / UE Analysis
1310.9100.02
R&S® FSQ-K102
EUTRA/LTE Downlink, MIMO
1309.9000.02
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG . Mühldorfstraße 15 . D-81671 München . Postfach 80 14 69 . D-81614 München .
Tel (089) 4129 -0 . Fax (089) 4129 - 13777 . Internet: http://www.rohde-schwarz.com
This application note and the supplied programs may only be used subject to the conditions of use set forth in the
download area of the Rohde & Schwarz website.
1MA111_2E
55
Rohde & Schwarz