This document summarizes Long Term Evolution (LTE), the next generation wireless communication standard. It describes LTE's key features such as being packet-switched only, supporting variable bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and realizing high speeds of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink. The document outlines LTE's technologies like OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, and support for multiple antennas. It also describes LTE's evolved packet core network architecture and how it can accommodate different wireless systems through policy and charging functions. In conclusion, LTE realizes high-speed wireless access through these technologies and network improvements.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
A study of 5 g network structural design, challenges and promising technologi...IJARIIT
In the near prospect, beyond 4G has the major objectives or difficulty that need to be addressed are improved
capacity, better data rate, decreased latency, and enhanced quality of service. To meet these demands, radical improvements
need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the consequences of a detailed study on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network structural design, challenges and some of the solution for promising technologies that are
supportive in improving the structural design and gathering the demands of users. In this comprehensive review focuses 5G
cellular network architecture, huge various input many output technologies, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Next,
to with this, some of the promising technologies that are addressed in this paper include intrusion supervision, variety sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology organization, full duplex radios, and millimeter wave
solutions for 5G cellular networks. In this paper, a universal possible 5G cellular set of connections architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network
architecture. A comprehensive study is integrated concerning present research projects being conducted in different countries
by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. Finally, this paper describes cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks.
The document discusses LTE technology developments and the vision for 2020. It notes that Release 12 of LTE, expected in 2014, will significantly extend mobile broadband availability, improve service quality, and help meet exponentially growing data demands through approaches like using 3x more spectrum, achieving 6x greater spectral efficiency, and deploying small cells for 56x higher average cell density. LTE is positioned as the dominant air interface standard moving forward for both existing operators and new deployments worldwide. Release 12 aims to not only satisfy current users but facilitate new usage profiles and applications through enhancements.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
A New Data Offloading Framework Between Mobile Network and Campusijsrd.com
Data offloading is a technique to transfer data between different networks like mobile network to WiFi networks. WiFi or Wi-Max networks are very fast and require no spectrum fees to implement them. Whereas Mobile networks require the spectrum reservations which are highly costly and heavily affect the service charges offered by the cellular service providers. In our proposed scenario, we are using controlled data transfer mechanism to offload data between mobile network and campus wireless network to facilitate the calling facility in the campus for the smart-phone users using Wireless network in the campus.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
A study of 5 g network structural design, challenges and promising technologi...IJARIIT
In the near prospect, beyond 4G has the major objectives or difficulty that need to be addressed are improved
capacity, better data rate, decreased latency, and enhanced quality of service. To meet these demands, radical improvements
need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the consequences of a detailed study on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network structural design, challenges and some of the solution for promising technologies that are
supportive in improving the structural design and gathering the demands of users. In this comprehensive review focuses 5G
cellular network architecture, huge various input many output technologies, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Next,
to with this, some of the promising technologies that are addressed in this paper include intrusion supervision, variety sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology organization, full duplex radios, and millimeter wave
solutions for 5G cellular networks. In this paper, a universal possible 5G cellular set of connections architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network
architecture. A comprehensive study is integrated concerning present research projects being conducted in different countries
by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. Finally, this paper describes cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks.
The document discusses LTE technology developments and the vision for 2020. It notes that Release 12 of LTE, expected in 2014, will significantly extend mobile broadband availability, improve service quality, and help meet exponentially growing data demands through approaches like using 3x more spectrum, achieving 6x greater spectral efficiency, and deploying small cells for 56x higher average cell density. LTE is positioned as the dominant air interface standard moving forward for both existing operators and new deployments worldwide. Release 12 aims to not only satisfy current users but facilitate new usage profiles and applications through enhancements.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
A New Data Offloading Framework Between Mobile Network and Campusijsrd.com
Data offloading is a technique to transfer data between different networks like mobile network to WiFi networks. WiFi or Wi-Max networks are very fast and require no spectrum fees to implement them. Whereas Mobile networks require the spectrum reservations which are highly costly and heavily affect the service charges offered by the cellular service providers. In our proposed scenario, we are using controlled data transfer mechanism to offload data between mobile network and campus wireless network to facilitate the calling facility in the campus for the smart-phone users using Wireless network in the campus.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
Telecommunications network operators around the world are increasingly looking to decommission older legacy networks as new technologies are deployed and network traffic grows rapidly. The document discusses the key findings of a global study on network decommissioning conducted by PwC in 2012. Key points include:
- Nearly 90% of wireline and over 60% of wireless operators surveyed planned to decommission legacy networks in the next 5 years.
- Primary drivers for decommissioning are reducing operating costs and improving customer experience.
- Over 90% of wireless network decommissioning will involve 2G technologies, while wireline decommissioning will focus on copper networks.
- Approaches to decommissioning include turning networks off, physical removal of
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
This presentation compares 3G and Wi-Fi technologies. Both are wireless technologies that facilitate mobility and provide broadband data services. However, they differ in their current business models, deployment status, standardization, and spectrum policy and management. The presentation speculates that Wi-Fi and 3G could complement each other to provide mobile broadband access in the future, but spectrum policy will be a key factor.
The document discusses the development of 4G wireless technology standards. It provides context on the timeline and goals of 3G standards before summarizing the preliminary requirements for 4G defined by the ITU, including target peak data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. It also examines the challenges of meeting the additional 4G goals around average spectral efficiency and cell-edge performance.
4G is a marketing term used to describe wireless services that offer speeds 4-10 times faster than 3G networks. The main technologies behind 4G are WiMax and LTE, which use advanced antennas to improve reception and performance. 4G services currently offer speeds between 2-12 Mbps, compared to 3G speeds of 0.4-1.5 Mbps. 4G's faster speeds improve applications like video streaming and allow replacing home internet services. Some providers like Clearwire offer 4G now in certain cities, while Verizon plans to launch LTE networks in 25-30 US markets by the end of 2010. To use 4G, new devices compatible with the 4G frequencies are required.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
Wi-Fi and 3G are both wireless technologies that provide internet access, but they connect differently. Wi-Fi uses short-range wireless networks while 3G uses cellular networks with a wider range. Mobile devices prefer to use Wi-Fi when available due to typically lower costs and faster speeds. As data usage increases, Wi-Fi offloading can help mobile operators reduce network costs and improve customer experience by shifting users from 3G/4G networks to Wi-Fi networks where possible. Offloading to Wi-Fi networks allows operators to add network capacity more affordably and flexibly compared to expanding cellular infrastructure.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for streaming multimedia content over 4G mobile networks. 4G networks will provide transmission rates up to 20 Mbps, allowing high quality streaming of content to meet demands of the growing mobile market. However, heterogeneity across devices, networks and content protection pose challenges. Standards-based solutions are needed to efficiently deliver adapted content across varied networks and devices while protecting content.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telephony provides a brief review of the development and status of 3G and 4G mobile communications. It discusses that 3G allows higher data rates than 2G but has some limitations that 4G aims to address. The document then discusses key features of 3G including supported data rates and standards. 4G is outlined as supporting further increased data rates up to 20 Mbps through technologies like OFDM and aims to provide improved multimedia, roaming, and lower costs. Technical perspectives on 4G terminals, networks, and applications are also presented.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
The document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies that are expected to be operational by 2020. It discusses the key goals of 5G including high throughput, low latency, high reliability, increased scalability and energy efficiency. Several research groups working on 5G standards are mentioned, including METIS which published a final report outlining 5G architectures and technologies. The document also discusses developments toward 5G technologies, including network architectures using wireless backbone connectivity and base stations with high-bandwidth wired connections to accommodate many connected devices.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broad...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document provides a comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broadband penetration in a heterogeneous network. It discusses how IP/MPLS currently serves as the transport technique but suffers from failures that can cause delays and packet loss. As an alternative, IP/ATM is proposed which can dynamically allocate bandwidth and support varying QoS requirements. The paper aims to evaluate the performance of these two techniques through simulation to establish which better addresses the challenges of IP/MPLS. Simulation results showed IP/ATM had superior performance over IP/MPLS in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop, and mean traffic delay.
Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications v0.02Sai Varrshini
The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
Rob Sarra posted that he is having a fun weekend with his family. The profile provides details about Rob such as his birthday, hometown, and interests including working out, playing with his dog, sailing, football, and video games. It also lists his address, phone number, and photos from two albums and his profile picture.
[ITOnAir]데브멘토 동영상 신창균 퓨쳐스트림네트워크 대표 2부_모바일 수익모델을 찾아라
`카카오톡`에서 `오빠믿지`까지 모바일 비즈니스모델 총망라<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
급변화하는 모바일 시장의 현황과 모바일
광고 시장의 현황 및 미래
모바일 오픈마켓 현황과 전망
- The document summarizes a research paper that studied the impact of transformational leadership and innovative behavior on the job performance of extension personnel in Karnataka, India.
- It found that most extension personnel from the University of Agricultural Sciences exhibited high levels of transformational leadership and innovative behavior, compared to personnel from the Karnataka State Department of Agriculture.
- The study also found that factors like education, information seeking behavior, transformational leadership style, and innovative behavior were correlated with better job performance among the extension personnel. Specifically, information seeking behavior and transformational leadership were the most significant predictors of high job performance.
Telecommunications network operators around the world are increasingly looking to decommission older legacy networks as new technologies are deployed and network traffic grows rapidly. The document discusses the key findings of a global study on network decommissioning conducted by PwC in 2012. Key points include:
- Nearly 90% of wireline and over 60% of wireless operators surveyed planned to decommission legacy networks in the next 5 years.
- Primary drivers for decommissioning are reducing operating costs and improving customer experience.
- Over 90% of wireless network decommissioning will involve 2G technologies, while wireline decommissioning will focus on copper networks.
- Approaches to decommissioning include turning networks off, physical removal of
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
This presentation compares 3G and Wi-Fi technologies. Both are wireless technologies that facilitate mobility and provide broadband data services. However, they differ in their current business models, deployment status, standardization, and spectrum policy and management. The presentation speculates that Wi-Fi and 3G could complement each other to provide mobile broadband access in the future, but spectrum policy will be a key factor.
The document discusses the development of 4G wireless technology standards. It provides context on the timeline and goals of 3G standards before summarizing the preliminary requirements for 4G defined by the ITU, including target peak data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. It also examines the challenges of meeting the additional 4G goals around average spectral efficiency and cell-edge performance.
4G is a marketing term used to describe wireless services that offer speeds 4-10 times faster than 3G networks. The main technologies behind 4G are WiMax and LTE, which use advanced antennas to improve reception and performance. 4G services currently offer speeds between 2-12 Mbps, compared to 3G speeds of 0.4-1.5 Mbps. 4G's faster speeds improve applications like video streaming and allow replacing home internet services. Some providers like Clearwire offer 4G now in certain cities, while Verizon plans to launch LTE networks in 25-30 US markets by the end of 2010. To use 4G, new devices compatible with the 4G frequencies are required.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
Wi-Fi and 3G are both wireless technologies that provide internet access, but they connect differently. Wi-Fi uses short-range wireless networks while 3G uses cellular networks with a wider range. Mobile devices prefer to use Wi-Fi when available due to typically lower costs and faster speeds. As data usage increases, Wi-Fi offloading can help mobile operators reduce network costs and improve customer experience by shifting users from 3G/4G networks to Wi-Fi networks where possible. Offloading to Wi-Fi networks allows operators to add network capacity more affordably and flexibly compared to expanding cellular infrastructure.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for streaming multimedia content over 4G mobile networks. 4G networks will provide transmission rates up to 20 Mbps, allowing high quality streaming of content to meet demands of the growing mobile market. However, heterogeneity across devices, networks and content protection pose challenges. Standards-based solutions are needed to efficiently deliver adapted content across varied networks and devices while protecting content.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telephony provides a brief review of the development and status of 3G and 4G mobile communications. It discusses that 3G allows higher data rates than 2G but has some limitations that 4G aims to address. The document then discusses key features of 3G including supported data rates and standards. 4G is outlined as supporting further increased data rates up to 20 Mbps through technologies like OFDM and aims to provide improved multimedia, roaming, and lower costs. Technical perspectives on 4G terminals, networks, and applications are also presented.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
The document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies that are expected to be operational by 2020. It discusses the key goals of 5G including high throughput, low latency, high reliability, increased scalability and energy efficiency. Several research groups working on 5G standards are mentioned, including METIS which published a final report outlining 5G architectures and technologies. The document also discusses developments toward 5G technologies, including network architectures using wireless backbone connectivity and base stations with high-bandwidth wired connections to accommodate many connected devices.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broad...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document provides a comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broadband penetration in a heterogeneous network. It discusses how IP/MPLS currently serves as the transport technique but suffers from failures that can cause delays and packet loss. As an alternative, IP/ATM is proposed which can dynamically allocate bandwidth and support varying QoS requirements. The paper aims to evaluate the performance of these two techniques through simulation to establish which better addresses the challenges of IP/MPLS. Simulation results showed IP/ATM had superior performance over IP/MPLS in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop, and mean traffic delay.
Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications v0.02Sai Varrshini
The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
Rob Sarra posted that he is having a fun weekend with his family. The profile provides details about Rob such as his birthday, hometown, and interests including working out, playing with his dog, sailing, football, and video games. It also lists his address, phone number, and photos from two albums and his profile picture.
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급변화하는 모바일 시장의 현황과 모바일
광고 시장의 현황 및 미래
모바일 오픈마켓 현황과 전망
- The document summarizes a research paper that studied the impact of transformational leadership and innovative behavior on the job performance of extension personnel in Karnataka, India.
- It found that most extension personnel from the University of Agricultural Sciences exhibited high levels of transformational leadership and innovative behavior, compared to personnel from the Karnataka State Department of Agriculture.
- The study also found that factors like education, information seeking behavior, transformational leadership style, and innovative behavior were correlated with better job performance among the extension personnel. Specifically, information seeking behavior and transformational leadership were the most significant predictors of high job performance.
10 kota metropolitan di indonesia yang tertinggi pertumbuhan ekonominyasuprianto anto
Dokumen tersebut membahas 10 kota metropolitan terbesar di Indonesia saat ini beserta beberapa kota yang berpotensi menjadi metropolitan di masa depan. Kota-kota tersebut adalah Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Bandung, Makassar, Semarang, Balikpapan, Palembang, Banjarmasin, dan Pekanbaru. Beberapa kota berpotensi adalah Batam, Solo, Malang, Yogyakarta, Bandar Lampung, Manado, Samarinda, Padang, Pontianak, dan Denpas
This document compares countries' climate action plans and policies using multiple approaches:
1) Comparing emission reduction targets to macroeconomic indicators and calculations of countries' fair share of emission reductions.
2) Assessing countries' policies across sectors like power, industry, transport, and agriculture against best practice policies.
3) Rating countries' climate policy packages based on the scope and strength of policies like carbon pricing, renewable energy support and fossil fuel subsidy phase outs.
The document finds that while current country plans will still lead to over 2°C of warming, more ambitious action closing the emissions gap by 20-34% could limit warming to below 2°C. It advocates using multiple complementary approaches to evaluate and compare countries'
Este documento presenta los fundamentos y compromisos axiológicos de la Corporación Universitaria Autónoma del Cauca. Describe su misión de formar profesionales competitivos comprometidos con el desarrollo sostenible y su visión de ser reconocida por su liderazgo en la formación de talento humano y la preservación ambiental. También expone sus principios rectores como la ética, la democracia, la paz y la autonomía que guían sus funciones de docencia, investigación y proyección social.
Este documento lista 38 géneros musicales populares como pop, rock, metal, electrónica, clásica y más. Luego pregunta cuál es el género más conocido, enumerando rock, electrónica y pop como los tres géneros más conocidos. El rock se origina del rock and roll e incluye guitarra, batería y bajo. La música electrónica usa instrumentos y tecnología electrónica. El pop es una combinación de géneros populares hecha para ser comercializada.
This document provides guidelines for students participating in Gujarat Technological University's Global Country Study Report (GCSR) program. Some key points:
- The GCSR is a compulsory practical study for GTU's Global MBA Program, where students study in groups to analyze a selected foreign country or region.
- In semester 3, groups analyze the selected country's business environment, economy, and a specific industry (Part I). They also compare the selected foreign industry to the same industry in Gujarat/India.
- In semester 4, groups further analyze companies in the selected foreign industry and identify business opportunities between those companies and India (Part II).
- Groups submit detailed reports
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia. It has a population of over 100 million people and is ethnically diverse. The majority of the population is Christian and languages include Tagalog, Cebuano, and English. The economy is driven by agriculture, electronics exports, remittances from overseas Filipino workers, and business process outsourcing. Natural hazards like typhoons and volcanic eruptions are common challenges faced by the country.
This document provides an update on the arcplan company and its product lines. It discusses the large size of the business intelligence market, positions arcplan Enterprise as the most flexible business intelligence application engine, and outlines arcplan's strategic direction in targeting performance management, planning, and detailed analysis users. The update also reviews arcplan's guiding principles, identity, and its one integrated platform spanning analytic services, applications, and the arcplan Enterprise server.
This document discusses warm mix asphalt (WMA) performance and potential benefits. It examines several case studies on WMA including foam and additive techniques. The foam technique studied was Double Barrel Green, which was tested using various percentages of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and rubberized asphalt. Testing included rut depth, resilient modulus, and moisture content. WMA additive techniques were also studied experimentally to reduce binder viscosity at lower production temperatures than hot mix asphalt. Additional testing included indirect tensile strength and accelerated pavement loading facility simulations. An application of WMA in Ottawa, Canada is also described.
This document discusses foam concrete, also known as cellular lightweight concrete. It conducted trials of foam concrete with densities between 300-900 kg/m3 in the lab using cement, sand, and foam. The trials achieved densities of 867, 1134, 845, and 870 kg/m3 respectively. It also discusses uses of foam concrete including roof and floor insulation and precast panels. The document outlines site visits and mixer and foamcrete applications. Advantages noted are adjustable density, low cost, high yield, non-toxicity, reduced dead load, fire resistance, and wall insulation.
1) The Americans came to the Philippines for several reasons, including seeking new lands for business after the Spanish-American War, looking for naval bases in Asia, and believing it was their mission to civilize the Filipinos.
2) The Filipinos initially invited the Americans to help fight the Spanish. However, after Spain surrendered control of the Philippines, tensions grew between the Americans and Filipinos as the Filipinos had established their own revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo and declared independence on June 12, 1898.
3) This led to the ensuing Philippine-American War as the Americans refused to recognize Philippine independence and took control of Manila, with General Otis declaring that once fighting
Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Multi Slotted Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of 21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02. Keywords: Ground plane, Multi slotted, Patch Antenna, Triple band
Ethernet Enabled Digital I/O Control in Embedded SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents very simple and economical way to provide Ethernet connectivity to micro controller based embedded systems. This system uses arm7 controller to store the main application source code, web pages and TCP/IP stack which is a vital element of the system software. an Ethernet controller chip,ENC28J60 is used to handle the Ethernet controller chip.ENC28J60 is used to handle the Ethernet communications and is interfaced with the host micro controller using SPI pins. There are several I/O pins available at the micro controller which are used to interface with sensors and relays for monitoring and controlling operations. Now a day, internet has spread worldwide and most of the internet connections use Ethernet as media for data transfer. in industries or in home appliances ,most of the time we need to monitor and control different parameters using micro controllers. Once we enable Ethernet interface to such systems, we can communicate with them remotely over the internet Keywords:Ethernet controller; TCP/IP stack; serialperipheral interface (SPI),ENC28J60, Triac,Sensors
This document discusses using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize software testing by finding the most error-prone paths in a program. It provides an overview of genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, describing how they can be applied to generate test cases to discover faults. The paper implements both genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization on sample problems to find optimal solutions and compares the two approaches. It finds that while genetic algorithms can get trapped in local optima, particle swarm optimization tracks personal and global best positions to move toward global optima without getting stuck.
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
Mobility management issues in 3 g & 4g network1Editor Jacotech
This document summarizes mobility management issues in 3G and 4G networks. It discusses the evolution from 0G to 4G networks and highlights key differences between generations. The main mobility issues covered for 4G networks include connectivity triggering, handover, location management, routing group formation, seamless mobility, and context management. The article concludes that future research will need to address these challenges to integrate new services and provide connectivity anywhere, anytime in 4G networks.
Performance comparison of umts and lte on the basis of data ratesIAEME Publication
This document compares the 3G and 4G mobile communication technologies of UMTS and LTE. UMTS (3G) uses WCDMA technology and has a maximum theoretical downlink speed of 42Mbps, while LTE (4G) uses OFDM and more advanced MIMO schemes, providing much higher maximum theoretical downlink speeds of 100Mbps with the ability to reach 1Gbps. The document outlines the network architectures and standards of UMTS and LTE. It also lists the objectives of 4G networks in providing improved quality of service, mobility, bandwidth and a fully IP-based network compared to 3G technologies.
This document discusses key technologies for 4G mobile communication systems, including OFDMA, software defined radio, MIMO, and handover techniques. It emphasizes that 4G will provide seamless integration of various wireless networks and access to information anywhere through fully IP-based systems. Maintaining quality of service during mobility, especially seamless handovers, is a major challenge for 4G given increasing multimedia traffic with different QoS requirements.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the key characteristics of each generation including their capabilities and limitations. 1G allowed basic voice calls with low capacity and coverage. 2G introduced digital networks with improved voice and limited data. 2.5G enhanced 2G networks. 3G provided higher speeds and more network capacity along with new services. 4G aims to deliver high speeds for multimedia applications anywhere through technologies like LTE and WiMax. 4G networks are still being developed and rolled out to support growing mobile data usage and new applications through improved performance, expanded device connectivity, and enhanced user experiences.
This document summarizes a presentation on 5G mobile technology given by two students. It includes an abstract, introduction, sections on 2G-5G networks and 5G network architecture. The key points are:
- 5G will allow unprecedented call volume and data transmission speeds over VOIP-enabled devices.
- 5G network architecture uses a "Nano core" concept with flat IP, nanotechnology, cloud computing and all IP platforms to allow different radio access networks to upgrade to a single core network in a flexible way.
- The introduction discusses the evolution from 1G to 5G and increasing phone capabilities, with 5G allowing broadband internet access over mobile phones.
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
This document provides an introduction to using millimeter wave technology for 5G cellular networks. It discusses the limitations of current cellular spectrum and the need for higher bandwidth. Millimeter wave spectrum from 30-300GHz is proposed as a solution due to the large amounts of unused spectrum available. However, propagation characteristics and device technologies present challenges at these frequencies that must be addressed. The document outlines some of these challenges and argues that millimeter wave mobile broadband could enable gigabit-per-second data rates at distances up to 1 km in urban mobile environments.
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a comparative study of 4G and 5G wireless technologies. Some key points:
- 4G networks are based on LTE technology using MIMO and OFDM to achieve high data throughput. 5G will provide even higher speeds and connectivity for many devices.
- 5G will operate at higher frequencies of 3-300GHz and support data rates over 1Gbps for many connections. It is designed to handle a wide variety of connected devices and traffic types.
- 5G networks will use technologies like cloud RAN and virtual RAN for more centralized network establishment. They will also use cognitive radio techniques to dynamically adapt to conditions.
- When 5G replaces 4G, it aims
The document is a project report on 4G technology that includes an introduction, literature review, and proposed study on measuring countries' "4G readiness." It summarizes that 4G aims to provide data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for nomadic applications. It then reviews technologies like OFDM and MIMO that could enable 4G, compares standards like LTE and WiMAX, discusses ongoing trials and vendors, potential applications, and proposes a framework to rank countries based on their connectivity infrastructure, business/social/legal environments, consumer trends, and government policies to assess their ability to adopt 4G.
5G is the proposed next generation of mobile networks that aims to offer higher capacity and speed than current 4G networks. 5G research aims to support higher device densities, more reliable communications, and lower latency. Key goals for 5G include data rates of 100 megabits per second for metropolitan areas, 1 gigabit per second for many workers in an office, and reduced latency compared to 4G. Development of 5G standards is led by companies like Samsung, Intel, Nokia, Huawei, and Ericsson, with the first 5G networks expected in the early 2020s.
1) 3G is the third generation of wireless technology that improves the quality and speed of mobile services by allowing simultaneous transfer of voice and non-voice data like photos and videos.
2) It was first introduced in 2001 in Japan and Europe in 2003, and there are now over 60 3G networks in 25 countries.
3) Benefits of 3G include high-speed internet, video calls, and using mobile devices like personal organizers, but it also has disadvantages like high costs and lack of compatibility with older technologies.
Performance Prediction of 5G : The Next Generation of Mobile Communication ijngnjournal
The 5G standard is a mobile communication of the 5th generation, which presupposes an increase of the
information exchange speed up to 10 Gbit/s. It is 30 times quicker than the speed of 4G network. It is a new
stage in the development of technologies connecting society. This standard will provide an unlimited access
to the network for individual users and devices. When developing the 5G standard, the advanced
opportunities of LTE and HSPA, as well as other technologies of a radio access focused on the solution of
specific objectives are considered. The main advantage of the mass introduction of the 5G communication
development represents the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There the devices and not people will be the
main consumers of traffic. The functional requirements of5G networks, their speed, and its traffic
parameters for HD video services and massifs of M2M-devices are analyzed in the paper. They will have
been the most demandedones by 2020.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 7, Issue 3 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 36-42
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Emad Kazi1
, Rajan Pillai2
, Uzair Qureshi3
, Awab Fakih4
1,2,3,4
(Electronics and Telecommunication, Anjuman-I-Islam’s Kalsekar technical campus (AIKTC), Mumbai
University, India)
Abstract:The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is
continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of
music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile
data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term
Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge
amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE &
also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in
December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the
further trends towards a further speed increase.
Keywords-Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX
I. Introduction
In times when mobile devices are getting more popular the mobile network are becoming more and
more important too. Websites are not same they used to be 10 years ago. They consist of with quality pictures,
animation, flash application and more. Also the demand for mobile internet grew significantly. According to
Opera’s Web browser the number of pages viewed has risen from about 1.8 billion pages in January 2008 to 23
billion in January 2010.
All these leading to an increase amount of data. Even calling and messaging with the mobile phone
requires more data today. There are not only simple calls and short messaging anymore, there is also video
telephony, multimedia messaging and emailing possible nowadays. Also netbooks and tablet pcs are becoming
more popular than ever. People want to access the internet with their phones and notebooks from everywhere.
Services like the Internet Protocol television (IPTV) also highly increased the need for higher transfer
rates and better availability of mobile internet connection grows more and more. So it is just a matter of time
until current telecommunication networks reach their limit.
The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is
continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of
music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile
data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.
The next generation networks Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Long-
Term Evolution LTE) promise to bring better transfer rates, lower latency, better availability and more to fulfill
the needs of the customers, but they also have to be more effective.
They should not be too expensive for providers, they should reach more devices with less costs.
Otherwise they would be unprofitable for the carriers or it would take too much time until the new
communication networks would cover a large area. And maybe until then other communication networks would
be developed.
That’s what happened to the 3rd generation telecommunication networks. They are still not fully
available everywhere and newer generation networks such as WiMAX and LTE are on the way or even already
out. Will LTE and WiMAX be the next generation telecommunication networks?
II. Overview
Currently the mobile network infrastructure comprises overlay networks including 2G and 3G
technologies.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a 2nd generation mobile network and provides
circuit-switched communication. It was enhanced by General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), also known as
2.5G, and Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as 2.75G, providing IP functionality
and data transfer rates up to 1.3 Mbps in the downlink and 653 kbps in the uplink.
On the side of the 3rd generation communication networks, there is Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) and its enhancements High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), both also known as 3.5G networks. Maximum transfer rates
2. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
by 3rd generation mobile networks can be reached with High-speed Data Access (HSPA) Evolution. 28 Mbps in
the downlink and 5.76 Mbps in the uplink are possible.
All these technologies have been standardized by either the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
or the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). 3rd generation mobile networks can reach quite
high transfer rates compared to 2nd generation networks but they have higher service costs. Compared to GSM,
UMTS and HSDPA do not provide full coverage.
In order to form new communication standards regarding 4G, the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) launched the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-Advanced initiative. WiMAX and
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) meets most of the requirements of IMT-Advanced, however they are just
considered as 3.9G even though telecommunication companies use the term 4G when marketing WiMAX and
LTE.
LTE commonly referred to as 4G or next generation technology wireless communication is the new
standard for nationwide public safety broadband. LTE is the avenue (road) for fully bringing public safety fully
into the digital age. This network will foster further development of application customized for public safety and
help make first responders operation more effective and efficient. Unlike the current wireless environment
where interoperability among public safety devices and across jurisdiction is deficient, the nationwide network
Interoperability
LTE is the standard that is supported by public safety and has been adopted by the Federal
Communication (FCC) as the technology platform for public safety broadband in the 700 MHz band.
Simply stated, LTE network are much faster than previous network used within public safety with
speed upto 10 times much faster than 3G network.
III. History
Public safety Land Mobile Radio (LMR) use began with voice only radio back in early 1940’s. Data
transmissions were possible over LMR system but limited to simple text based application. Large data file,
photograph, videos, etc. could not be viewed on early mobile data computers because data speeds on these
networks were generally limited to 19.2 kbps.
Let’s examine the LTE standard and related technology, and discuss how this new technology can
enhance public safety responders to emergencies.LTE was first used in the commercially broadband world with
all the major wireless carriers adopting the standard. Due to which today, speed and data transfer capabilities we
would have expected at our desktop a few short years ago are available to the public safety responder in the
field.
IV. AboutLTE
Long Term Evolution also known as LTE was developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), collaboration between groups of telecommunication associations. It was released in the 4th
quarter of
2008. The 3GPP partner from the US is the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions which
members include telecommunication companies, such as AT&T, Cisco and Verizon. The LTE standard is
officially known as “document 3GPP Release 8”. LTE Release 8 is sometimes also called as 3.9G because it
almost achieves full compliance with IMT-Advanced.
Figure 1 shows trends of wireless access systems. High-speed wireless access systems that
accommodate mobile data communications traffic can be roughly classified into two trends: mobile phone-based
and wireless LAN-based. LTE is an enhanced standard of High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which is a high-
speed data communications standard for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), a 3rd
generation mobile telecommunications (3G) system. To realize high-speed communications with a downlink of
at least 100 Mb/s and uplink of at least 50 Mb/s, LTE was specified as Release 8 in March 2009 by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the W-CDMA standardization organization. Smooth transition to the
4th
generation (4G) is intended by providing services using the technologies developed for 4G and the same
frequency bands as for 3G. While HSPA is called the 3.5th generation (3.5G), LTE is referred to as the 3.9th
generation (3.9G) in the sense that the system is extremely close to 4G.
The requirements for LTE have been discussed by the 3GPP starting in March 2005. Up to 3G, both
the Circuit Switched (CS) domain for voice communications and Packet Switched (PS) domain for data
communications were supported. With LTE, however, in order to reduce costs by simplifying the system, focus
is placed on data communications, which is expected to be the mainstream of traffic inthe future, to support the
PS domain only. Voice services are assumed to use voice over IP (VoIP) for provision in the PS domain as data
communications. Another aim is to significantly improve delay time, which has been an issue with 3G.
3. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Fig1: trends of high-speed wireless access mobile communication system
The requirements of LTE finally approved by the 3GPP as TR25.9132) can be summarized as follows:
1) Specialization in data communications
(Packet switching)
2) Support for a variable bandwidth (1.4 to 20 MHz)
3) Realization of low latency
i. Connection delay: up to 100 ms
ii. Transfer delay: up to 5 ms (wireless sections)
4) Realization of high speed
i. Downlink: at least 100 Mb/s
ii. Uplink: at least 50 Mb/s
5) Improvement of frequency utilization efficiency (with reference to 3.5G)
i. Downlink: at least triple
ii. Uplink: at least double
6) Coexistence with the existing systems
(3G and 3.5G)
The following sections outline the key technologies and network architecture adopted for LTE to
satisfy the requirements listed above.
V. Key Technologies Used
The biggest purpose of LTE is the realization of high-speed wireless access. For higher speed, it is
necessary to improve utilization efficiency of the available frequency bandwidth and expand the bandwidth.
For that reason, LTE uses the following technologies:
1) Wireless access system
The downlink uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), which is also applied to
wireless LAN and other systems. OFDMA assigns channels (subcarriers) to users along the frequency and time
axes. The frequency utilization efficiency can be improved by assigning channels with higher transmission
efficiency according to the wireless access environment of the user. It also features high resistance to multi-
path interference. As compared with the code division multiple access (CDMA) system used for 3G and 3.5G,
the same frequency width can accommodate three to four times as much data. On the other hand, the uplink
uses single-carrier (SC) FDMA, which has a small peak-to-average power ratio of transmission signals and
allows easy high output transmission.
4. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
2) Application of multi-antenna technology
Support for transmitting and receiving technology that uses multiple antennas both at the base station
and terminal has allowed an improvement in the frequency utilization efficiency and expansion of coverage.
The most suitable technique can be selected according to factors including the propagation environment out of
options such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO), transmit diversity and beam forming. MIMO is a
technology to transmit and receive different data on the same frequency by using multiple antennas. The
frequency utilization efficiency can be improved according to the number of antennas. LTE supports up to four-
stream MIMO access for downlink in terms of the specifications.
3) Expansion of bandwidth
While 3.5G HSPA uses a frequency band with a width of 5 MHz, LTE supports up to 20 MHz
bandwidth. Bandwidth and transmission rate are nearly proportional to each other and a quadrupled bandwidth
allows a speed increase of four times. In addition, LTE supports 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz bandwidths to
provide applicability to frequencies of different bandwidths.
4) Reduction of transmission delay
To support VoIP and allow comfortable use of real-time applications such as online games, the
transmission delay must be minimized. LTE has achieved this by adopting a wireless channel structure
exclusively for short wireless frame lengths and packet transmission. Regarding the wireless network
architecture, the two- layer structure with wireless base stations and a wireless control station, which was used
for generations up to 3.5G, has been revised to provide a flat structure without the wireless control station, as
shown in Figure 2. In this way, one-way transmission delay of 5 ms maximum in the optimum condition
without congestion has been realized.
Table 1 shows a comparison of the specifications and performance of LTE and 3G and 3.5G wireless
systems.
VI. Network Architecture of LTE
Fig 2: LTE wireless architecture
The discussion on the core network for accommodating LTE started under the name of system
architecture evolution (SAE) by 3GPP. As a result, Evolved Packet Core (EPC) as a next-generation IP-based
core network was established as the standard specification of 3GPP Release 8 as with LTE. EPC is architecture
exclusively for data communications and has the following characteristics.
1) Packet-based architecture
Data communications including Internet access is expected to be the mainstream of traffic in the future
and only packet switching is specified to achieve more simplified and efficient networks. For circuit switching
services provided in 3G systems, capabilities of IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) are used for offering equivalent
services.
5. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Table 1: Comparission of high-speed wireless access system
2) Always-on connection
To reduce connection delay, EPC establishes a logical transmission path when the terminal isturned on and
registered with the network. On a core network, the established status of the transmission path is always
maintained, and only wireless connection settings between the mobile terminal and base station need to be
configured for actual communications.In this way, the connection delay can be significantly reduced.This,
together with the simplification of protocols in the wireless sections and the flattening of the wireless network
architecture mentioned above, has achieved a connection delay time of 100 ms maximum.
3) Accommodation of different wireless system
EPC has been specified with the focus on accommodating LTE. However, it is established as a
common core network capable of not only accommodating various wireless access systems such as
CDMA2000, WiMAX and Wi-Fi in addition to 3GPP-compliant wireless systems including 3G W-CDMA and
3.5G HSPA but also handover between these different wireless access systems. Network architecture
independent of the wireless access systems has been constructed by widely incorporating general-purpose IPs.
An overview of the EPC network architecture is shown in Figure 3. A Mobility Management Entity
(MME) manages the authentication and movement of terminals. It also handles interworking with the existing
W-CDMA and HSPA and configures user data transfer paths in the EPC. A Serving Gateway (S-GW)
accommodates enhanced Node Bs (eNodeBs), which are LTE wireless base stations, and transfers user data. It
is also provided with a function of an anchor point that switches user data between LTE and the existing W-
CDMA/ HSPA. A Packet data network Gateway (P-GW) has a function to connect with IP service systems
operated by operators themselves such as IMS and IP service providers other than operators and assigns IP
addresses to mobile terminals.
It also accommodates non-3GPP wireless access systems such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi. Policy and
Charging Rules Function (PCRF) establishes policies including QoS and charging rules in the EPC. In the P-
GW and S-GW, policy control and charging control take place according to the instructions from PCRF.
Fig 3: EPC Network Architecture
6. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
A home subscriber server (HSS) stores user profiles such as various identifiers for identifying users and
information about services to which users subscribe. When a user accesses the network via an eNodeB or
NodeB, MME references the profile stored in the HSS for user authentication and service authentication.
A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) handles the authentication and location management of
terminals connected to W-CDMA and HSPA. General-purpose IPs is used to connect between these nodes,
which has enabled EPC to realize efficient transfer of high-speed data communications independent of the
wireless access systems.
VII. Conclusion
This paper has described LTE, whichrealizes high-speed wireless access services, byoutlining its
characteristics, key technologiesand network architecture. For even higher-speed wireless access, 3GPP is
already workingon the standardization of LTE-Advanced. LTE-Advanced is a wireless access system
positioned as4G and based on the LTE technology, as its nameindicates. It is targeted to realize high-speed
transmission of 1 GB/s.
This can be achievedby using carrier aggregation technology, whichaggregates multiple wireless bands
of 20 MHzin LTE for a high bandwidth of up to 100 MHz,and enhancing MIMO to support up to eightstreams.
Fujitsu has already been developingLTE terminals, base stations and core networkdevices and various elemental
technologiesfor realizing these devices. Fujitsu is alsoworking on the development of management
andengineering technologies required for efficientlybuilding and operating LTE and EPC and hasbeen
contributing to the start of commercial LTEservices. Fujitsu intends to continue to work ondevelopment for the
full-scale diffusion of LTE. In addition, for the realization of LTE-Advanced, Fujitsu will move ahead with
unceasing research and development from the standardization activities to commercialization.
Currently, the key areas these R&D engineers are looking at are things like traffic and signaling load
patterns: developing models and feedback methodologies for network testing and optimization.
Another key area is to look at changing user behavior, and the effect on the network, as new
smartphones and other devices are introduced. The goal is to complement high quality lab-based work with real-
life fieldwork to arrive at the smartest possible solution. We believe this kind of teamwork is vital not only to
gain a deep technical understanding of LTE networks, but also of how different customers use features in
different ways. Getting this end-to-end and top to bottom view of how LTE works in the field – and
continuously feeding this information back into the design, implementation and testing process – has helped
create the highest-performing and most stable LTE platforms on the market.
Thus we conclude that Long Term Evolution (LTE) is now clearly the technology of choice for Next
Generation Technology, a standard developed by the 3GPP. Early 3GPP technologies included GSM, EDGE,
UMTS and HSPA, all globally successful technologies based on FDD spectrum allocations, using a separate
channel for uplink and downlink. This approach of using separate channels for subscriber information has been
often used and is well understood. The standardized TDD flavor for LTE, conceived simultaneously with the
FDD version, is now at a point where it is attracting global attention and providing new possibilities.
LTE still faces some deployment challenges (which are currently being studied).
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express sincere gratitude to our guide Asst. Professor Mr. Awab Fakih for his support and valuable
guidance. He has motivated us throughout the course of the paper to work harder and achieve set goals. We are
also highly grateful toAsst. Professor Mr. Mujeeb Tamboli for providing us this wonderful topic .We would also
be highly grateful to Asst. ProfessorMrs. Chaya S Ravi and Asst. ProfessorMr. Afzal Shaikh for helping us. We
are also highly grateful to Asst. ProfessorMr. Ramjan Khatik, Head of Department (EXTC) and the Director,
Mr. Razzak Honnutagi for providing the facilities and conductive environment.
Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by their parent & family members in the present
work. Special thanks to our family and friends to encourage us and provide us with practical suggestions for the
improvement of our paper.