The document discusses the long-term effects of exercise, focusing on strength and endurance training and its impact on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. It highlights physiological changes such as increased muscle strength, improved heart efficiency, and enhanced respiratory function, alongside benefits like reduced blood pressure and enhanced bone strength. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of various training regimens for different sports and their specific adaptations in the body.

1. Long Term Effects of Exercise Shuvam Roy 5 th semester Medical College

2. Two types of training Strength training Endurance training

3. Musculo-skeletal system: Effect of optimal resistance training on increase in muscle strength

5. Changes in hypertrophied muscle  muscle diameter  no. of myofibrils  sarcoplasmic volume  contractile protein  mass of fast twitch fibres

6. Changes in muscle cell due to aerobic training More myoglogin, bigger mitochondria Increased oxidative enzymes Increase in stores and utilization of fat Increase in glycogen stores Glycogen sparing Better recruitment of slow twitch muscle fibres

7. CVS: Increase in stroke volume Increased end diastolic volume Enlargement of the heart chambers and increased thickness/strengthening of its muscular walls. Greater elastic recoil of myocardium Decreased peripheral resistance

9. Effect of specific sports training on LV cavity dimension or wall thickness in elite athletes, representing 27 different sporting disciplines. Maron B J , Pelliccia A Circulation 2006;114:1633-1644 Copyright © American Heart Association

10. Effects of exercise on heart rate

11. CVS: Cardiac output Maximal cardiac output is increased Cardiac output in submaximal exercise is decreased

12. CVS: Blood pressure Blood pressure at rest is decreased Less increase in SBP due to exercise Decreased myocardial oxygen consumption

13. Physiological Basis for Differences in VO 2max

14. Vascular changes Increased capillarisation of trained muscle and improved dilation of existing capillaries Increase in blood volume is attributed to an increase in plasma volume and number of red blood cells. Increased elasticity and thickness of smooth muscle of arterial walls

15. Respiratory system Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen is decreased in submaximal exercise Maximum exercise ventilation is increased Respiratory rate at rest is decreased

16. Oxygen Deficit and Debt

17. Blood lactate as a function of training

18. Other changes Increase in thickness and strength of tendons . Increased flexibility of ligaments . Thickening and improved elasticity of cartilage . Improved capability of cartilaginous tissue to absorb and expel synovial fluid. Strengthening of bone tissue due to increased depositing of calcium, therefore reduced risk of injury. Acclimatization to heat

19. Strength-Endurance Continuum High Strength High Power Hypertrophy Olympic lifting Power lifting Throwing   Rowing   Football 100m   Decathalon     Swimming   Marathon  Basketball  High Capillarity High VO 2max Aerobic Power High Mitochondria Bodybuilding Rugby 400m Mile Run Soccer 10K 10 sec 5 min > 2hrs Endurance Strength

20. Reversibility

21. Exercise prolongs life Lowered blood pressure Lowered blood cholesterol and LDL Raised HDL Reduction of obesity Greater cardiac and respiratory reserve Greater strength of bones and joints

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