Locally advanced Ca prostate
Courtesy : NCCN , Perez, Gunderson and Tepper
Brief outline on management
ADT, Radiotherapy, Surgery indications and Standard of care
The document discusses the management of bladder cancer, including treatment options for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer like transurethral resection of bladder tumor and intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy, as well as options for muscle invasive bladder cancer such as radical cystectomy or bladder preservation protocols using radiation and chemotherapy. It provides details on staging, risk stratification, surgical procedures, radiation therapy techniques, and chemotherapy regimens used in treating non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer.
1) The document discusses management of advanced prostate cancer, focusing on high risk disease. Treatment options for high risk prostate cancer include radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, surgery, or a combination approach.
2) Studies have shown that dose escalated external beam radiotherapy improves outcomes for high risk prostate cancer when combined with androgen deprivation therapy. Moderate hypofractionation is a reasonable alternative to standard fractionation.
3) For high risk disease, long term androgen deprivation therapy of 2 years or more is superior to short term therapy when combined with radiotherapy. However, reducing the duration of long term androgen deprivation may be considered.
Clinically localized prostate cancer requires risk stratification and shared decision making between doctors and patients regarding treatment options. The document compares guidelines from ASCO and EAU on active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, focal therapies, and whole gland cryosurgery. It notes side effects like erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence vary depending on the treatment and should be discussed.
- The document summarizes key landmark clinical trials investigating treatments for metastatic gastric cancer.
- The ToGA trial found that adding trastuzumab (Herceptin) to standard chemotherapy (cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine) significantly improved overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer compared to chemotherapy alone. Median overall survival was 13.8 months with chemotherapy plus trastuzumab versus 11.1 months with chemotherapy alone.
- The REAL-2 trial demonstrated that cisplatin plus capecitabine was as effective as cisplatin plus fluorouracil for advanced gastric cancer, with less toxicity. Cisplatin plus capecitabine has since
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate CancerAlexander Small
This document summarizes a tumor board review on androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. It begins with a case presentation of a patient with metastatic prostate cancer and then provides: 1) A brief history of the discovery of the connection between androgens and prostate cancer; 2) An overview of the androgen axis and various methods of androgen deprivation therapy including surgical castration, medical castration, anti-androgens, and GnRH agonists/antagonists; 3) A discussion of the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy including quality of life impacts, increased risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease; 4) Considerations around treatment timing; and 5) Conclusions regarding optimal androgen deprivation therapy
This document discusses bladder preservation as an alternative to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). It outlines the trimodality approach of maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by concurrent chemoradiation. Studies have shown 5-year bladder intact survival rates ranging from 36-66% with this approach. Complete response to induction chemoradiation may allow bladder preservation. Radical cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity while bladder preservation maintains quality of life. Long-term outcomes depend on patient selection and a multidisciplinary approach can maximize organ preservation while achieving high cure rates.
The document discusses the management of bladder cancer, including treatment options for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer like transurethral resection of bladder tumor and intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy, as well as options for muscle invasive bladder cancer such as radical cystectomy or bladder preservation protocols using radiation and chemotherapy. It provides details on staging, risk stratification, surgical procedures, radiation therapy techniques, and chemotherapy regimens used in treating non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer.
1) The document discusses management of advanced prostate cancer, focusing on high risk disease. Treatment options for high risk prostate cancer include radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, surgery, or a combination approach.
2) Studies have shown that dose escalated external beam radiotherapy improves outcomes for high risk prostate cancer when combined with androgen deprivation therapy. Moderate hypofractionation is a reasonable alternative to standard fractionation.
3) For high risk disease, long term androgen deprivation therapy of 2 years or more is superior to short term therapy when combined with radiotherapy. However, reducing the duration of long term androgen deprivation may be considered.
Clinically localized prostate cancer requires risk stratification and shared decision making between doctors and patients regarding treatment options. The document compares guidelines from ASCO and EAU on active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, focal therapies, and whole gland cryosurgery. It notes side effects like erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence vary depending on the treatment and should be discussed.
- The document summarizes key landmark clinical trials investigating treatments for metastatic gastric cancer.
- The ToGA trial found that adding trastuzumab (Herceptin) to standard chemotherapy (cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine) significantly improved overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer compared to chemotherapy alone. Median overall survival was 13.8 months with chemotherapy plus trastuzumab versus 11.1 months with chemotherapy alone.
- The REAL-2 trial demonstrated that cisplatin plus capecitabine was as effective as cisplatin plus fluorouracil for advanced gastric cancer, with less toxicity. Cisplatin plus capecitabine has since
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate CancerAlexander Small
This document summarizes a tumor board review on androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. It begins with a case presentation of a patient with metastatic prostate cancer and then provides: 1) A brief history of the discovery of the connection between androgens and prostate cancer; 2) An overview of the androgen axis and various methods of androgen deprivation therapy including surgical castration, medical castration, anti-androgens, and GnRH agonists/antagonists; 3) A discussion of the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy including quality of life impacts, increased risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease; 4) Considerations around treatment timing; and 5) Conclusions regarding optimal androgen deprivation therapy
This document discusses bladder preservation as an alternative to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). It outlines the trimodality approach of maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by concurrent chemoradiation. Studies have shown 5-year bladder intact survival rates ranging from 36-66% with this approach. Complete response to induction chemoradiation may allow bladder preservation. Radical cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity while bladder preservation maintains quality of life. Long-term outcomes depend on patient selection and a multidisciplinary approach can maximize organ preservation while achieving high cure rates.
Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) involves spread outside the prostate capsule or involvement of nearby structures. While no consensus exists on optimal treatment, combination therapy with radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy (RT), and androgen deprivation (AD) provides the best outcomes. For selected patients with low-volume LAPC, RP alone may be sufficient, but extended pelvic lymph node dissection is important. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant RT and long-term AD after RP can improve local control and reduce recurrence rates. For patients unable to undergo surgery, RT with concurrent and adjuvant AD is the standard treatment and provides improved survival compared to monotherapy. Multimodal therapy increases side effects but provides superior outcomes over the
Bladder preservation in carcinoma of bladderBright Singh
Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, bladder preservation strategies can be considered for select patients to maintain quality of life. Bladder preservation involves either single modality treatment like chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or trimodal therapy using transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Trimodal therapy provides oncological outcomes equivalent to cystectomy for early stage tumors if strict criteria are met. Close surveillance is needed after bladder preservation due to risk of recurrence. Salvage cystectomy may be required for muscle-invasive recurrences.
This presentation provides an overview of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also known as hormone therapy, for prostate cancer. It discusses the basic principles, including how prostate cancer cells rely on androgens like testosterone to grow. ADT aims to stop androgen production or block their effects. Methods include surgical removal of the testes, medications to reduce testosterone production, and anti-androgens to inhibit testosterone's action. Side effects from lowering testosterone levels can include hot flashes, fatigue, reduced libido and sexual dysfunction, as well as increased risks of osteoporosis, obesity, and cardiovascular issues over the long term.
This document discusses the management of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer. It covers risk stratification methods including D'Amico, NCCN and EAU classifications. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Patient selection factors, follow-up protocols and potential complications are reviewed for different treatment modalities. Risk assessment tools like Partin tables, Kattan and Briganti nomograms are also described to guide treatment decisions in localized prostate cancer.
This document discusses the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treating carcinoma of the bladder. It provides details on neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, radical radiotherapy, and combined modality treatment for locally advanced disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is found to improve survival outcomes compared to cystectomy alone by treating micrometastases. For metastatic bladder cancer, platinum-based regimens such as cisplatin and gemcitabine remain the standard first-line treatment. Radiotherapy can be used for organ-sparing treatment in select patients or as adjuvant therapy before or after surgery.
This document discusses adjuvant therapy for endometrial cancer and provides guidelines and recommendations. It summarizes incidence rates and risk groups for endometrial cancer. It then provides recommendations for adjuvant radiation therapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on histology, grade, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion status, and other risk factors. Ongoing randomized studies evaluating different adjuvant treatment approaches are also mentioned.
This document discusses a trial investigating the role of local radiation therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. The main findings were:
1. No overall survival benefit was seen with radiation therapy, but survival improved in patients with low metastatic burden.
2. Failure-free survival improved with radiation therapy overall and in the low metastatic burden group.
3. Adverse effects from radiation therapy were modest.
The trial provides evidence that radiation therapy to the prostate improves outcomes for men with metastatic prostate cancer who have a low metastatic burden and does not negatively impact side effects.
Management of prostate cancer involves assessing risk levels based on PSA, Gleason score, and percentage of positive biopsy cores. Treatment options include active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer with potential delayed treatment if cancer progresses. Radical prostatectomy is the gold standard for localized prostate cancer and provides the possibility of cure with minimal side effects when performed by an experienced surgeon. While providing excellent cancer control, radical prostatectomy carries risks of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.
This document discusses several clinical trials comparing different treatment approaches for esophageal cancer, including:
- Preoperative chemotherapy improved survival compared to surgery alone in some trials but not in others. High toxicity reduced benefits in some studies.
- Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and cisplatin significantly improved resection rates, survival, and disease-free survival compared to surgery alone.
- Chemoradiotherapy resulted in improved survival over radiotherapy alone or surgery alone in some trials for resectable esophageal cancer.
- Existing evidence did not clearly show preoperative radiotherapy alone improved survival over surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Larger trials were needed.
This document discusses locally advanced high risk prostate cancer and evolving treatment options. It provides an overview of risk stratification, guidelines for biopsy from the European Association of Urology, options for imaging with multiparametric MRI, and options for treatment including radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. New advances in radiation therapy include stereotactic body radiation therapy and hypofractionated regimens. Advances in hormonal therapy include gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists and oral options like relugolix. Neoadjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy is also discussed for high risk localized disease.
CARCINOMA PROSTATE- Dr Manoj Kumar B, PGIPGIMER, AIIMS
The document discusses carcinoma of the prostate, including its anatomy, epidemiology, etiology, natural history, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, imaging, and management. It provides detailed information on prostate anatomy, risk factors for prostate cancer, methods of evaluation including PSA levels, biopsy, and various imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
This document provides information on muscle invasive bladder cancer including:
- Risk factors like smoking which causes 50-65% of male cases. Quitting smoking reduces risk.
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy like MVAC or GC improves survival by 5-8% by reducing micrometastatic disease burden.
- Radical cystectomy is the gold standard but bladder preservation with trimodality therapy of TURBT followed by chemoradiation is also used, achieving 50-82% 5-year cancer specific survival.
- Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for pT3/4 or pN+ disease without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MVAC and GC are standard first-line regimens
This document summarizes guidelines and treatment recommendations for prostate cancer management. It discusses risk stratification and different treatment options including active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy using brachytherapy or external beam radiation, and androgen deprivation therapy. Treatment selection is based on patient life expectancy, tumor characteristics, and availability of local therapies. Side effects of different treatments are also reviewed.
This document outlines the key aspects of radiotherapy treatment planning for rectal cancer, including:
1) The epidemiology of rectal cancer, stages of disease, and patient positioning and immobilization techniques.
2) How to define the target volumes including the gross tumor, clinical target volume, and planning target volume based on disease stage and risk of lymph node involvement.
3) Typical three-field beam arrangements and doses of 45-50.4 Gy given in 1.8 Gy fractions for preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy, with additional boost doses sometimes used.
4) The acute and chronic complications of radiotherapy and dose constraints for organs at risk like the small bowel and bladder.
ROLE OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIATION IN LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCERKanhu Charan
This retrospective study analyzed 187 breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy from 1970-1984. It found that the 10-year locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 91%, 47%, and 55% respectively. Only pathological nodal involvement was an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. The study demonstrates comparable long-term locoregional control with this approach compared to other trials, suggesting neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy can achieve good outcomes.
This document discusses muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic bladder cancer. It covers topics such as how MIBC is diagnosed, staging of MIBC using the TNM system, treatment with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, and use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. It also discusses criteria for bladder preservation approaches and standards of care for treating metastatic bladder cancer with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Advances in management of castration resistant prostate cancerAlok Gupta
Given this patient's advanced age and comorbidities, I would recommend abiraterone acetate as the second line treatment option post enzalutamide progression. Abiraterone has shown survival benefit with good tolerability in older patients with comorbidities in the COU-AA-301 trial. Cabazitaxel could be considered but may have higher toxicity risks in this patient. Close monitoring would be needed.
The document discusses the role of radiation therapy in treating oligometastatic prostate cancer, noting that radiation can potentially achieve durable responses or even cure in some cases when metastases are limited. It reviews definitions of oligometastatic prostate cancer, the rationale for local and metastasis-directed radiation therapy, clinical evidence from studies on the use of external beam radiation therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy to treat the primary tumor and metastases, and outcomes from these studies including local control rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival. The document concludes that radiation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of oligometastatic prostate cancer.
The document presents a cipher where letters of the alphabet are assigned numeric values and added up to represent words. It finds that "hard work" equals 98%, "knowledge" equals 96%, "love" equals 54%, and "luck" equals 47%, but these do not sum to 100%. "Money" equals 72% and "leadership" equals 89%. It determines that "attitude" is the missing piece, as it equals 100%. The document conveys that having the right attitude is key to achieving one's full potential.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) involves spread outside the prostate capsule or involvement of nearby structures. While no consensus exists on optimal treatment, combination therapy with radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy (RT), and androgen deprivation (AD) provides the best outcomes. For selected patients with low-volume LAPC, RP alone may be sufficient, but extended pelvic lymph node dissection is important. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant RT and long-term AD after RP can improve local control and reduce recurrence rates. For patients unable to undergo surgery, RT with concurrent and adjuvant AD is the standard treatment and provides improved survival compared to monotherapy. Multimodal therapy increases side effects but provides superior outcomes over the
Bladder preservation in carcinoma of bladderBright Singh
Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, bladder preservation strategies can be considered for select patients to maintain quality of life. Bladder preservation involves either single modality treatment like chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or trimodal therapy using transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Trimodal therapy provides oncological outcomes equivalent to cystectomy for early stage tumors if strict criteria are met. Close surveillance is needed after bladder preservation due to risk of recurrence. Salvage cystectomy may be required for muscle-invasive recurrences.
This presentation provides an overview of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also known as hormone therapy, for prostate cancer. It discusses the basic principles, including how prostate cancer cells rely on androgens like testosterone to grow. ADT aims to stop androgen production or block their effects. Methods include surgical removal of the testes, medications to reduce testosterone production, and anti-androgens to inhibit testosterone's action. Side effects from lowering testosterone levels can include hot flashes, fatigue, reduced libido and sexual dysfunction, as well as increased risks of osteoporosis, obesity, and cardiovascular issues over the long term.
This document discusses the management of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer. It covers risk stratification methods including D'Amico, NCCN and EAU classifications. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Patient selection factors, follow-up protocols and potential complications are reviewed for different treatment modalities. Risk assessment tools like Partin tables, Kattan and Briganti nomograms are also described to guide treatment decisions in localized prostate cancer.
This document discusses the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treating carcinoma of the bladder. It provides details on neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, radical radiotherapy, and combined modality treatment for locally advanced disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is found to improve survival outcomes compared to cystectomy alone by treating micrometastases. For metastatic bladder cancer, platinum-based regimens such as cisplatin and gemcitabine remain the standard first-line treatment. Radiotherapy can be used for organ-sparing treatment in select patients or as adjuvant therapy before or after surgery.
This document discusses adjuvant therapy for endometrial cancer and provides guidelines and recommendations. It summarizes incidence rates and risk groups for endometrial cancer. It then provides recommendations for adjuvant radiation therapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on histology, grade, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion status, and other risk factors. Ongoing randomized studies evaluating different adjuvant treatment approaches are also mentioned.
This document discusses a trial investigating the role of local radiation therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. The main findings were:
1. No overall survival benefit was seen with radiation therapy, but survival improved in patients with low metastatic burden.
2. Failure-free survival improved with radiation therapy overall and in the low metastatic burden group.
3. Adverse effects from radiation therapy were modest.
The trial provides evidence that radiation therapy to the prostate improves outcomes for men with metastatic prostate cancer who have a low metastatic burden and does not negatively impact side effects.
Management of prostate cancer involves assessing risk levels based on PSA, Gleason score, and percentage of positive biopsy cores. Treatment options include active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer with potential delayed treatment if cancer progresses. Radical prostatectomy is the gold standard for localized prostate cancer and provides the possibility of cure with minimal side effects when performed by an experienced surgeon. While providing excellent cancer control, radical prostatectomy carries risks of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.
This document discusses several clinical trials comparing different treatment approaches for esophageal cancer, including:
- Preoperative chemotherapy improved survival compared to surgery alone in some trials but not in others. High toxicity reduced benefits in some studies.
- Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and cisplatin significantly improved resection rates, survival, and disease-free survival compared to surgery alone.
- Chemoradiotherapy resulted in improved survival over radiotherapy alone or surgery alone in some trials for resectable esophageal cancer.
- Existing evidence did not clearly show preoperative radiotherapy alone improved survival over surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Larger trials were needed.
This document discusses locally advanced high risk prostate cancer and evolving treatment options. It provides an overview of risk stratification, guidelines for biopsy from the European Association of Urology, options for imaging with multiparametric MRI, and options for treatment including radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. New advances in radiation therapy include stereotactic body radiation therapy and hypofractionated regimens. Advances in hormonal therapy include gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists and oral options like relugolix. Neoadjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy is also discussed for high risk localized disease.
CARCINOMA PROSTATE- Dr Manoj Kumar B, PGIPGIMER, AIIMS
The document discusses carcinoma of the prostate, including its anatomy, epidemiology, etiology, natural history, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, imaging, and management. It provides detailed information on prostate anatomy, risk factors for prostate cancer, methods of evaluation including PSA levels, biopsy, and various imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
This document provides information on muscle invasive bladder cancer including:
- Risk factors like smoking which causes 50-65% of male cases. Quitting smoking reduces risk.
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy like MVAC or GC improves survival by 5-8% by reducing micrometastatic disease burden.
- Radical cystectomy is the gold standard but bladder preservation with trimodality therapy of TURBT followed by chemoradiation is also used, achieving 50-82% 5-year cancer specific survival.
- Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for pT3/4 or pN+ disease without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MVAC and GC are standard first-line regimens
This document summarizes guidelines and treatment recommendations for prostate cancer management. It discusses risk stratification and different treatment options including active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy using brachytherapy or external beam radiation, and androgen deprivation therapy. Treatment selection is based on patient life expectancy, tumor characteristics, and availability of local therapies. Side effects of different treatments are also reviewed.
This document outlines the key aspects of radiotherapy treatment planning for rectal cancer, including:
1) The epidemiology of rectal cancer, stages of disease, and patient positioning and immobilization techniques.
2) How to define the target volumes including the gross tumor, clinical target volume, and planning target volume based on disease stage and risk of lymph node involvement.
3) Typical three-field beam arrangements and doses of 45-50.4 Gy given in 1.8 Gy fractions for preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy, with additional boost doses sometimes used.
4) The acute and chronic complications of radiotherapy and dose constraints for organs at risk like the small bowel and bladder.
ROLE OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIATION IN LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCERKanhu Charan
This retrospective study analyzed 187 breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy from 1970-1984. It found that the 10-year locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 91%, 47%, and 55% respectively. Only pathological nodal involvement was an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. The study demonstrates comparable long-term locoregional control with this approach compared to other trials, suggesting neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy can achieve good outcomes.
This document discusses muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic bladder cancer. It covers topics such as how MIBC is diagnosed, staging of MIBC using the TNM system, treatment with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, and use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. It also discusses criteria for bladder preservation approaches and standards of care for treating metastatic bladder cancer with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Advances in management of castration resistant prostate cancerAlok Gupta
Given this patient's advanced age and comorbidities, I would recommend abiraterone acetate as the second line treatment option post enzalutamide progression. Abiraterone has shown survival benefit with good tolerability in older patients with comorbidities in the COU-AA-301 trial. Cabazitaxel could be considered but may have higher toxicity risks in this patient. Close monitoring would be needed.
The document discusses the role of radiation therapy in treating oligometastatic prostate cancer, noting that radiation can potentially achieve durable responses or even cure in some cases when metastases are limited. It reviews definitions of oligometastatic prostate cancer, the rationale for local and metastasis-directed radiation therapy, clinical evidence from studies on the use of external beam radiation therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy to treat the primary tumor and metastases, and outcomes from these studies including local control rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival. The document concludes that radiation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of oligometastatic prostate cancer.
The document presents a cipher where letters of the alphabet are assigned numeric values and added up to represent words. It finds that "hard work" equals 98%, "knowledge" equals 96%, "love" equals 54%, and "luck" equals 47%, but these do not sum to 100%. "Money" equals 72% and "leadership" equals 89%. It determines that "attitude" is the missing piece, as it equals 100%. The document conveys that having the right attitude is key to achieving one's full potential.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
This document discusses multimodality treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer, including combining radiotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy or chemotherapy. It reviews randomized trials showing radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation is standard treatment. It also discusses investigating neoadjuvant, concurrent, or adjuvant chemotherapy or targeted therapies with radiotherapy to better treat micrometastatic disease and modify tumor radiosensitivity or microenvironment. Several agents targeting DNA repair, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are discussed. Improving results may involve targeting the tumor and microenvironment with surgery and radiotherapy also discussed.
The prostate is a gland that produces seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The prostate has four zones - peripheral, transition, central and anterior fibromuscular. Prostate cancer usually arises in the peripheral zone and is typically an adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis involves a digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen testing, transrectal ultrasound of the prostate and biopsy. Staging involves evaluating if the cancer is organ-confined or has spread locally or metastasized. Treatment options depend on risk stratification and may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy or hormone therapy.
Chemoprevention aims to prevent prostate cancer using pharmaceutical agents. Some key points about chemoprevention of prostate cancer include:
- Finasteride and dutasteride, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, have been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, especially low-grade cancer, but may increase the risk of higher grade cancers.
- Selenium and vitamin E supplements have been studied but did not show a clear benefit and in some cases increased risk.
- Dietary factors like lycopene from tomatoes and phytoestrogens from soy products are thought to possibly reduce prostate cancer risk but evidence is limited.
- Larger randomized controlled trials of pharmaceutical agents like the PCPT and REDU
This document provides an overview of treatment options for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. It discusses that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is usually the first line treatment and can involve medical or surgical castration. For patients where ADT is not suitable or becomes ineffective, there are secondary hormonal treatments and newer agents available, as well as chemotherapy. The document outlines considerations for intermittent versus continuous ADT and treatments after disease becomes castrate-resistant or progresses on docetaxel, including newer agents like abiraterone and enzalutamide. Symptom management is addressed in a separate resource.
This document discusses radiation therapy options after prostate cancer surgery. Post-operative (adjuvant) radiation therapy may be recommended if the pathology report finds adverse features like positive margins or extracapsular extension, as it can reduce cancer recurrence. Salvage radiation is an option if the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level begins rising after surgery, and works best with low PSA levels and higher radiation doses. Studies show adjuvant and salvage radiation can improve survival rates versus surgery alone or observation for patients with high-risk features. Newer radiation techniques like image-guided IMRT may lower side effects and boost cure rates compared to earlier methods.
The document presents a cipher where letters of the alphabet are assigned numeric values and added up to represent words. It evaluates concepts like hard work, knowledge, love, luck, money, and leadership but finds they all add up to less than 100%. It determines that attitude adds up to 100% and is what really makes life complete. It encourages the reader to change their attitude in order to change their life and shares this message with others.
This document discusses stage IV prostate cancer and advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. It defines stage IV based on the TNM classification system and notes that approximately 10-20% of newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases involve locally advanced disease. For metastatic prostate cancer, median survival ranges from 9 to 24 months depending on whether metastases are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Main treatments discussed include androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy. The document also covers management of bone metastases, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, newer hormone therapies like abiraterone and enzalutamide, immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T, chemotherapy options including docetaxel and cabazitaxel, radiopharmaceuticals like radium-223, and bone-mod
This document discusses radiation therapy options for prostate cancer. It notes that treatment depends on risk level: low risk may receive external beam radiation or seeds alone, intermediate risk should receive some external beam, and high risk should receive hormone therapy plus radiation. Newer techniques like IMRT and IGRT reduce side effects by more precisely targeting the prostate. Side effects of radiation include short term issues like urinary frequency and diarrhea as well as long term risks like radiation cystitis and impotence in some cases.
1) Radiotherapy plays an important role in managing carcinoma of the cervix by delivering high doses through a combination of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.
2) The disease has central and peripheral components - the central component confined to the cervix is best treated with brachytherapy, while the peripheral component involving surrounding tissues is treated with both external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.
3) External beam radiotherapy techniques include 3D conformal radiotherapy and IMRT to improve dose distribution and spare surrounding organs-at-risk.
This document discusses various treatment options for prostate cancer based on risk level. For low risk prostate cancer with a life expectancy under 10 years, observation is recommended. For intermediate risk prostate cancer, options include radiation therapy with a short course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and hormone therapy if high risk features are present. For high risk prostate cancer, initial treatment involves radiation therapy with a long course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and long course hormone therapy if high risk features or positive lymph nodes are present. Very high risk prostate cancer may be treated with hormone therapy alone or similarly to metastatic disease.
This document provides an overview of the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It discusses the diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors and various treatment modalities for HCC including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization. It provides details on specific surgical procedures, chemotherapy regimens, targeted agents like sorafenib, and radiotherapy techniques including three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and charged particle therapy. It also covers follow-up and potential complications like radiation-induced liver disease.
This document provides information on the management of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). It begins with defining SCLC and describing its typical clinical presentation and features. It then discusses the epidemiology and etiology of SCLC, noting that it is caused primarily by tobacco smoking. The document outlines the recommended workup, staging, and prognostic factors for SCLC. It provides details on the evidence-based management of limited-stage and extensive-stage SCLC, including the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and protocols for concurrent and sequential chemo-radiotherapy treatment.
This document discusses treatment options for early stage lung cancer, including surgery, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and other ablative modalities. It provides details on the types of surgical resection, factors affecting operability, and morbidity and quality of life outcomes following surgery. It also describes the historical use of radiotherapy, development of SBRT, studies investigating SBRT dose and fractionation schedules, and outcomes from SBRT clinical trials including local control and toxicity rates.
This document discusses radiotherapy techniques for early breast cancer, including:
1) Modern techniques like IMRT and 4D radiotherapy allow for better treatment planning and delivery while avoiding nearby organs.
2) Several randomized clinical trials found that a shorter, hypofractionated course of radiotherapy was not inferior to standard radiotherapy in terms of local recurrence or toxicity.
3) Partial breast irradiation techniques are being studied as a way to further reduce treatment volumes and time for selected low-risk patients.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivers high doses of radiation to liver lesions while sparing surrounding tissues. For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), SBRT results in local control rates of 87% at 1 year and median overall survival of 17 months. For liver metastases, SBRT achieves complete and partial response rates of 60-80% and median progression-free survival of 15.1 months. Response is evaluated using multiparametric MRI and RECIST/mRECIST criteria. Persistent enhancement after SBRT may indicate fibrosis rather than tumor in some cases. SBRT is a feasible, low toxicity treatment option for selected liver lesions.
Results of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Management of Hepatic Tu...Premier Publishers
PURPOSE: To evaluate early outcomes of hepatic tumors treated with robotic SBRT (cyberknife).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2007 and December 2012; 59 patients: 48 Hepatic Metastases (HM), 8 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), 3 Cholangiocarcinoma (CC).
CTV margin for HCC and CC was 5 mm, PTV margin: 3 mm. no margin for HM.
Median dose: 47.61 Gy in 3 fractions prescribed to 80 % isodose line.
RESULTS: we report 1 grade 3 toxicity.
HCC; overall survival (OS): 41.7% at 1 year, local control (LC): 75% at 1 year.
At 1 and 2 years we report, respectively.
HM; OS: 83.6% and 57%, disease free survival (DFS): 69.5% and 46.1%, LC: 76.3% and 57.9%.
CC; OS: 100% and 50%, DFS and LC: 50% and 0%.
Factors influencing better OS; type of lesion, age < 65 years (p= 0.033), small PTV volume
(p= 0.002), for DFS; dose of 45 Gy (p= 0.001), dose per fraction of 15 Gy (p= 0.001), coverage > 95% for PTV (p= 0.001), For LC; type of lesion, dose to PTV (p= 0.037), coverage > 95% for PTV (p= 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Age, volume of tumor, dose, coverage of target volume are prognostic factors for survival and LC.
This document discusses stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for head and neck cancers. It provides an overview of SBRT indications, efficacy, toxicity profiles, quality of life outcomes, fractionation schedules, target definition, constraints, and the role of cetuximab. Several studies on SBRT for recurrent head and neck cancers, primary cancers metastatic to the head and neck region, and target volume delineation are summarized. Toxicities are generally low but carotid blowout syndrome remains a concern, especially for tumors adjacent to carotid arteries.
1) Adding hormone therapy to radiotherapy improves outcomes for prostate cancer, including disease-specific mortality and distant metastases.
2) For high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer, short-course neoadjuvant hormone therapy of 3-6 months improves local control when combined with radiotherapy.
3) Long-term hormone therapy of at least 2 years reduces the risk of metastases and improves survival more than short-term therapy, especially for high-grade disease.
Role of radiotherapy in prostate cancer.pptxAtulGupta369
This document discusses radiation therapy guidelines for prostate cancer treatment based on risk stratification. For low-risk prostate cancer, active surveillance is recommended. For intermediate-risk disease, radiation therapy alone or surgery are equally effective with comparable long-term tumor control. For high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer, long-term androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiation therapy improves survival outcomes. The document also reviews evidence on dose escalation, which has demonstrated improved biochemical control and reduced metastases and disease-specific mortality compared to lower radiation doses.
Medical management of prostate cancer can include active surveillance, radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the cancer's risk level and stage. Investigations may involve PSA testing, biopsy, imaging, and disease staging. Androgen deprivation therapy is an important treatment option and can be accomplished through surgical or chemical castration. Docetaxel and cabazitaxel chemotherapy may provide benefits for advanced or metastatic disease.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Maintaining low testosterone levels through medical or surgical castration is integral to treating prostate cancer across all disease stages. Clinical trials have shown that long-term androgen deprivation therapy in combination with radiation therapy improves survival outcomes for patients with high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer compared to short-term therapy. Emerging evidence also supports the use of chemotherapy in combination with androgen deprivation for select non-metastatic prostate cancer patients. As the disease progresses to castration-resistant stages, novel anti-androgen and cytotoxic agents that target different pathways have improved outcomes compared to androgen deprivation alone.
Prostate cancer updates were presented. Key points include:
1) The Gleason score is used to assess tumor aggressiveness and has shifted to include higher scores over time.
2) Screening results do not support widespread mass screening, but early detection may be offered to informed men with baseline PSA testing at age 40 and screening intervals of 8 years if initial PSA is low.
3) For localized disease, treatment options include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, or radiation therapy depending on risk level and life expectancy. Deferred treatment may be appropriate for many cases.
Radiation Therapy in the Management of Lung Cancerflasco_org
This document discusses modern radiation therapy techniques for lung cancer, focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It summarizes that stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is now the standard of care for inoperable stage I NSCLC, providing local control and survival rates comparable or superior to surgery with less toxicity. For stage III NSCLC, concurrent chemotherapy and radiation improves survival compared to sequential treatment, though local control remains challenging and toxicities can be significant. Ongoing studies are exploring dose escalation using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy to improve outcomes while reducing normal tissue damage.
Locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. For locally advanced disease, short-term and long-term hormone therapy combined with radiation therapy improves outcomes. Adjuvant radiation after prostatectomy improves survival for high-risk patients. Advanced disease is treated by depleting androgens through surgical or medical castration. Newer agents like abiraterone, enzalutamide, radium-223, cabazitaxel, and sipuleucel-T provide additional treatment options.
1. Several randomized controlled trials have consistently shown that the addition of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) improves outcomes for men with intermediate-risk or high-risk localized prostate cancer.
2. The optimal timing and duration of NHT is still unclear, but most evidence suggests that 2-3 months of NHT combined with EBRT is adequate for intermediate-risk patients. Longer adjuvant hormonal therapy may benefit high-risk patients.
3. While the sequence of NHT relative to EBRT may impact outcomes, 2-3 months of NHT appears beneficial whether used concurrently with EBRT or as a neoadjuvant.
1. Several randomized controlled trials have consistently shown that the addition of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) improves outcomes for men with intermediate-risk or high-risk localized prostate cancer.
2. The optimal timing and duration of NHT is still unclear, but most evidence suggests that 2-3 months of NHT combined with EBRT is adequate for intermediate-risk patients. Longer adjuvant hormonal therapy may benefit high-risk patients.
3. While the sequence of NHT relative to EBRT may impact outcomes, short-term NHT combined with EBRT appears beneficial overall based on multiple randomized trials.
This document discusses prostate cancer, including:
1. It is the second most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Rates are closely related to age and vary geographically.
2. Treatment depends on risk level, ranging from active surveillance for very low risk to radiation therapy or prostatectomy for low risk to radiation plus long-term androgen deprivation therapy for high risk.
3. For metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, adding docetaxel chemotherapy to initial androgen deprivation therapy improves progression-free and overall survival compared to androgen deprivation therapy alone.
management of advanced cervical cancer [Autosaved].pptxSonyNanda2
The document summarizes current management strategies for locally advanced and metastatic cervical cancer. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) with cisplatin is considered the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). Studies have shown CCRT provides a 5-year survival advantage of 10-15% compared to radiation alone by reducing local recurrence and improving disease-free survival. Trials have investigated strategies like neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and extended field radiation but have yielded varying results with no clear consensus on improved outcomes compared to CCRT.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of lung cancer linked to smoking. It is a neuroendocrine tumor that is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation initially but often recurs. The two main types are limited stage, confined to one lung, and extensive stage, which has spread. Platinum-based chemotherapy is standard and some patients receive prophylactic brain radiation. For extensive stage with response to chemotherapy, radiation to the chest improves survival. Topotecan helps with symptoms for relapsed SCLC compared to multi-agent chemo. Immunotherapy like pembrolizumab shows benefit for some after standard therapies fail.
Similar to Locally Advanced Carcinoma Prostate (20)
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to raise awareness of the threats posed by tobacco consumption and the tobacco industry. The 2017 theme is "Tobacco - a threat to development" which will demonstrate how tobacco undermines public health and economic development. Tobacco is consumed in various forms in India like cigarettes, bidis, gutkha and paan masala. It poses severe health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and results in premature death. The tobacco industry targets youth and uses misleading marketing techniques to lure new users. Governments and the public must confront the tobacco epidemic through bans on advertising and health education campaigns to save lives and support national development.
Conformal Radiotherapy in Head and neck cancers is essential in terms of improving quality of life and local control in this era. This presentation aimed at giving an overview of conformal radiotherapy and its role in HNC to a 'general audience'.
Most salivary gland tumors are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma being the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland in children. Malignancy is more common in smaller salivary glands. Surgery is the primary treatment and includes superficial parotidectomy for tumors of the superficial lobe or total conservative parotidectomy for tumors involving the deep lobe or with high risk of metastasis. Postoperative radiotherapy improves local control for T3/T4 tumors, close or positive margins, lymph node metastasis, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or high/intermediate grade tumors. Elective nodal radiotherapy is recommended for high grade tumors but not usually for adenoid cystic or acinic cell tumors due to their low
This document summarizes staging and treatment approaches for carcinoma of the bladder. It discusses:
1) Staging of superficial vs muscle-invasive disease and management with transurethral resection and intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin for superficial lesions. Over 50% of high-grade lesions may progress to muscle invasion within 10 years.
2) Organ-sparing trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer using maximal transurethral resection, chemotherapy (typically cisplatin-based), and radiation therapy which can achieve long-term survival rates comparable to cystectomy while preserving the bladder in approximately 70% of patients.
3) Radical cystectomy remains the standard treatment for
This document discusses dose-volume histograms (DVHs) which are used to analyze and compare radiation dose distributions in radiotherapy treatment planning. It describes how DVHs are generated by counting the number of voxels receiving different dose levels. DVHs can be displayed cumulatively or differentially and show the volume of structures receiving particular doses. The document outlines some limitations of DVHs including their insensitivity to small hot or cold spots and lack of spatial information. It emphasizes that DVHs should be used along with visual analysis of dose distributions and dose-volume statistics when evaluating treatment plans.
This document discusses malignant spinal cord compression, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It begins by differentiating between extramedullary vs intradural vs intramedullary compression. Common symptoms include pain, motor deficits, sensory changes and autonomic dysfunction. Metastatic tumors are the most frequent cause. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI, CT and bone scans. Treatment aims to relieve pain and prevent further cord compression, and may involve surgery, radiation or supportive care depending on the extent of disease and patient prognosis. Early detection and treatment can help preserve neurological function.
Bone tumors can be benign or malignant. Common benign bone tumors include osteochondroma and osteoid osteoma, while common malignant bone tumors are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma. Bone tumors are classified based on their location, histologic type, and other characteristics. Diagnostic evaluation involves imaging like x-rays, CT, MRI and biopsy. Staging systems evaluate tumor grade, size, and metastasis status. Treatment depends on tumor type, stage, and other factors.
1. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) delivers a high single dose of radiation during surgery to the tumor bed or residual tumor. This allows dose escalation while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, which are displaced or shielded.
2. IORT has advantages over external beam radiation therapy including reduced local recurrence rates, maximizing the radiobiological effect of a single high dose, and optimizing the timing of combined surgery and radiation.
3. Clinical trials show IORT combined with external beam radiation reduces side effects compared to external beam radiation alone, while maintaining local control rates in early stage breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of unusual nonepithelial tumors of the head and neck, focusing on glomus tumors. It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification, and management of glomus tumors. Glomus tumors are rare, usually benign tumors that can develop in various head and neck locations. Surgery is the primary treatment, but radiation therapy may also be used, especially for tumors involving critical structures. Both surgery and radiation have shown success in controlling glomus tumors, though regrowth is still possible.
The document provides information on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), including:
1) The anatomy of the nasopharynx and lymphatic drainage patterns that make this a common site of spread for NPC.
2) The clinical presentation of NPC, which most commonly involves asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy, but can also cause symptoms from cranial nerve palsies or local invasion.
3) Staging systems for NPC, including the Fletcher, Ho, IUAC, and AJCC systems, which classify tumors based on local extent (T stage) and nodal involvement (N stage).
4) Prognostic factors in NPC, where nodal status and extent of local invasion are the most important predictors
Central nervous system tumors are the second most common type of cancer in children. 20-25% of childhood cancers are CNS tumors. The most common types are astrocytic tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma is an embryonal tumor that occurs most often in the cerebellum and has a high risk of spreading through the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves maximal surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation therapy and chemotherapy, with doses and regimens varying based on risk factors like age and extent of resection. Treatment planning for craniospinal irradiation aims to deliver a uniform dose to the entire target volume while minimizing risks of under-
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
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Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
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Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
2. Locally advanced disease
include clinical stages T3 ,T4
and bulky T2 c tumors.
Options : ADT, RT, Surgery
3.
4. Reducing intracellular concentrations of dihydrotestosterone through
the use of androgen deprivation can induce apoptotic regression of
androgen-responsive prostate cancers
Could help to reduce the primary tumor volume
(i.e.,cytoreductive therapy), which could improve local control and,
therefore, decrease metastatic disease
5. RTOG 83-07 (megestrol and diethylstilbestrol with RT in a phase II
randomized study) --- Both the megestrol and DES in addition to
RT resulted in a high likelihood of clearance of the primary tumor
(94% to 97%) and local regional tumor control (93% and 94%).
Unfortunately, there were significant side effects especially in regard
to the DES (i.e., cardiovascular events).
LHRH agonists and nonsteroidal antiandrogens
6. RTOG study 85-19, which utilized these agents for patients with locally
advanced disease, found them to be well tolerated and resulted in a
high rate of tumor clearance (100%)
RTOG and EORTC Trials
These trials addressed two questions with regard to the use of
androgen suppression and RT (i.e., the roles of adjuvant and
neoadjuvant androgen deprivation)
8. RTOG 92-02
OS benefit was observed in patients with
Gleason score 8 to 10
(Along with RT)
9. Hot flashes(50-80 %), sexual dysfunction (universal), gynaco mastia (20%)
and decreased libido(universal) owing to the decrease in testosterone.
In addition, with longer duration LHRH therapy, patients can develop
increased fat mass, decreased lean body mass, and increased waist
circumference.
Understanding the concerns about weight gain and resultant health
issues such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, several authors have
looked at the large randomized trials to understand whether there is truly an
increase risk of fatal cardiovascular events with RT and LHRH therapy.
10. ? Life threatening complications
RTOG 85-31 and 86-10, EORTC did not report any such events in both
the arms
EORTC 22961 and RTOG 92-02 showed no difference in the risk of CVS
events in short term or long term ADT.
Some authors have challenged these results with a follow up of 12
months
Increased S/c fat
Increased HDL
Increased adiponectin levels
No change in CRP
Insulin sensitivity
Which is different from Metabolic syndrome
11. But LHRHs donot appear to cause these met changes
Caution in patients with obesity and pre existing CVS diseases
Most important : Loss of BMD and a baseline DEXA scan before ADT with
prophylaxis
National Osteoporosis Guidelines recommend Calcium and Vit D3 Supplements
for all men > 50 yrs on ADT
FRAX tool (WHO) to assess risk of fractures
Denosumab (60 mg s/c every 6 m) or Zoledronic acid 5mg IV annually or
alendronate 70 mg P/o weekly increase the BMD during ADT ( when the absolute
fracture risk warrants drug therapy)
12.
13.
14.
15. Antiandrogens :
Bicalutamide 50 mg P/o
Flutamide 250 mg P/o
Nilutamide 300 mg d1-d28 f/b 150 mg as maint.
Abiraterone
Estrogens : fosfestrol (hormone refractory)
GnRH antagonists :
Degarelix 240 mg S/c stat then 80 mg S/c every 28 days
LHRH analogues :
Goserelin 10.8 mg s/c 3 monthly or 3.6 mg S/c monthly
Leuprolide 7.5 mg IM monthly or 22.5 mg 3 monthly or 30 mg 4 monthly
16. Treatment volumes for locally advanced prostate cancer have included
the prostate and seminal vesicles plus a margin along with the
pelvic lymph nodes.
All the large randomized trials have treated the involved tissues in
this fashion using doses to the lymph nodes of 45 to 50 Gy (four-field
box technique and dose prescribed to isocenter) with a boost to
the prostate totaling approximately 70 Gy (isocenter dose)
?benefit from dose escalation for these patients
? Treatment of pelvic nodes a must
17. RTOG 94-13
1323 patients , randomized into three groups
WPRT versus prostate-only EBRT (PORT) and neoadjuvant 4 months
of total androgen suppression versus adjuvant 4 months of total
androgen suppression
No difference in WPRT versus PORT and no statistical difference
between neoadjuvant total androgen suppression versus adjuvant
total androgen suppression
18. Showed an unexpected interaction between the timing of the total
androgen suppression and the extent of the EBRT field.
Progression-free survival was better in the WPRT and neoadjuvant
total androgen suppression study arm versus the other three
groups.
However, this trial was unable to answer, in a definitive way, the
WPRT versus PORT question because of the unexpected interactions.
Therefore the question of WPRT versus PORT still needs to be evaluated
in a prospective trial
Till then the Standard of care would be NAHT+WPRT --- Adj ADT 2-3 yrs.
19. ? benefit was solely due to ADT and not RT
SPCG-7 & SFUO-3 (Phase III RCTs)
875 patients (Scandinavian)
TAS for 3 months followed by androgen deprivation with flutamide
indefinitely versus the same androgen deprivation plus EBRT.
EBRT statistically increased the 10-year prostate CSS compared with the
androgen deprivation alone study arm and statistically increased OS
with very acceptable toxicity rates.(Overall mortality rate at 10 y 39.4 % for
ADT vs 19.6 % for RT and HT arm)
Similar study by NCI Canada (life long ADT vs ADT + RT; 1205 pts; CSM was
23% vs 15% at 10 y )
20. External beam RT
Positioning : RCT : In the supine position, prostate movements during
normal breathing were less than 1 mm in all directions. Hence it is
preferred.
CT simulation in full bladder and empty rectum
Mild laxatives and diet modification during planning and treatment
MRI whenever feasible. CT overestimates prostate volume by 5%
21. Primary Therapy :
Clinical Target Volume :
Pretherapy tumour related factors
Extra prostatic extension , Seminal Vesicle Inv.
Predictive nomograms and risk factors decide whether adjacent normal
tissue should be included in the CTV
The average radial EPE distance from the capsule was 0.8mm in a study (
Davis et al.)
Elective Nodal Irradiation when the risk of LNI reaches or exceeds 15 %
ENI : to include the obturator , internal and external iliac lymphnodes
22. Planning Target Volume:
Setup errors, organ movements , bladder and bowel volumes leading to target miss
Monitoring can be done in many ways (USG, CBCT , implanted fiducials, implanted
electro magnetic transponders)
Range of PTV 0.5 to 1 cm
With out setup correction margin of 11 to 15mm
With daily imaging – 8mm to 13mm
With implanted fiducial markers – 3 mm – 8mm (around prostate and seminal
vesicles)
Using an endorectal balloon daily may position the gland (air redices the rectal
surface dose with buildup at the air and soft tissue interface)
23. 2 D planning :
(1) superior: L5-S1 interspace;
(2) inferior: bottom of ischial tuberosities;
(3) lateral: 2 cm lateral to pelvic inlet;
(4) anterior: approximately 1 cm anterior to
the anterior projection of the pubic symphysis;
and
(5) posterior: S3-4 interspace.
30. 3 D CRT or IMRT ( Preferred) ; IGRT in case if Dose prescription > 78 Gy
Doses upto 81 Gy provide improved Biochemical control
LNI is a must in high risk and locally advanced cases
Treatment results appear better when disease burden is lower.
Therefore RT should be started before PSA exceeds 0.5 ng/ml
Image guided / organ localization based techniques are preferred.
36. Indicated in adverse path features ; detectable PSA with no evidence of
disseminated disease
Usually given within 1 year after RP and once operative side effects are
minimized
Salvage therapy is indicated in detectable PSA that increases on 2 subsequent
occasions . Most effective if pre treatment PSA is < 1 ng /ml
Recommended dosage : 64 to 68 Gy in std fractionation
Defined target volume is the prostate bed
Inclusion of pelvic nodes can be considered but not necessary.
38. RP + PLND
No fixation
If adverse features are + ------ RT / Observation
LN + ------- ADT / observation / ADT + Pelvic RT (Category 2B)
39.
40. The T half of PSA is 3.1 days
PSA should be undetectable 4 weeks or more after RP
‘PSA doubling time’ expressed as the velocity in
nanograms/ml/year, or the PSA doubling time, in months or
years. The most important values to enter are the date/PSA value
for each PSA measured over the last 12 months. Alternately, if at
least three PSA values are available, enter all PSA values after
receiving radical prostatectomy, beginning with the lowest PSA
value.
The calculator is available at
http://nomograms.mskcc.org/Prostate/PsaDoublingTime.aspx
41. Further RTOG –ASTRO phoenix consensus defined
Biochemical failure as
After EBRT with or without HT : PSA rise by 2 ng/ml or more above the nadir
PSA
The date of PSA is calculated at call and not back dated.