In any WSN life of network is depending on life of sensor node. Thus, proper load balancing is very useful for improving life of network. The tree-based routing protocols like GSTEB used dynamic tree structures for routing without any formation of collections. In cases of larger networks, the scheme is not always feasible. In this proposed work cluster-based routing method is used. Cluster head is selected such that it should be close to the base station and should have maximum residential energy than other nodes selected for cluster formation. Size of cluster is controlled by using location-based cluster joining method such that nodes selects their nearest collection head based on the signal strength from cluster head and distance between node and cluster head. Nodes connect to head having the highest signal strength and closest to the base station, this minimizes size of cluster and reduces extra energy consumption. In addition to this cluster formation process starts only after availability of data due to an event. So proposed protocol performs better than existing tree based protocols like GSTEB in terms of energy efficiency
Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using Parti...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks called LEACH-P that uses particle swarm optimization (PSO). It aims to improve the existing LEACH protocol by using PSO to select cluster heads in a way that maximizes the residual energy of nodes. The key contributions are applying PSO to select optimal cluster heads based on residual energy, simulating the proposed LEACH-P protocol and comparing it to LEACH to determine if it improves network lifetime, stability period and data transmitted to the base station.
This document discusses mapping networks onto a hybrid Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture that integrates packet switching, circuit switching, and virtual circuit switching. It reviews prior work on mapping applications onto NoC architectures to optimize performance, energy consumption, and latency. The paper proposes a hybrid scheme to map cores and communications onto different switching mechanisms in the NoC to balance latency, flexibility, and efficiency.
Distance based cluster head section in sensor networks for efficient energy u...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed distance-based cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks to improve energy efficiency. The key aspects of the proposed algorithm are:
1. It defines a threshold distance based on node transmission range to select cluster heads, avoiding nodes within this distance of the sink node or other cluster heads.
2. Cluster heads are selected in rounds based on this threshold distance to ensure even distribution across the network.
3. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, reducing network energy usage and increasing network lifetime by up to 9% compared to LEACH.
Efficiency enhancement using optimized static scheduling technique in TSCH ne...IJECEIAES
In recent times, the reliable and real-time data transmission becomes a mandatory requirement for various industries and organizations due to the large utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, the IoT devices need high reliability, precise data exchange and low power utilization which cannot be achieved by the conventional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols due to link failures and high interferences in the network. Therefore, the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks can be used for link scheduling under the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In this paper, we propose an Optimized Static Scheduling Technique (OSST) for the link scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4e based TSCH networks. In OSST the link schedule is optimized by considering the packet latency information during transmission by checking the status of the transmitted packets as well as keeping track of the lost data packets from source to destination nodes. We evaluate the proposed OSST model using 6TiSCH Simulator and compare the different performance metrics with Simple distributed TSCH Scheduling.
Delay Constraint Network Structure with in-Network Data Fusion for Wireless S...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a delay-constrained network structure with in-network data fusion to reduce delays in data aggregation for wireless sensor networks. The proposed structure organizes sensor nodes into multiple single-layered clusters of different sizes to allow clusters to communicate with the fusion center interleavedly. Simulation results show the proposed structure can reduce delays and energy consumption compared to other structures when data is partially fusible. The structure selects cluster heads based on residual energy, degree, and distance to balance energy load.
Energy Efficient Grid based Routing Algorithm using Closeness Centrality and ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks that uses grid clustering, closeness centrality for cluster head selection, and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) for routing. Grid clustering is used to divide the sensor network area into grids, with each grid forming a cluster. Closeness centrality, which is based on node distance, is used to select cluster heads at optimal locations to minimize energy consumption. BFO, a nature-inspired optimization algorithm, is used for routing by considering energy and distance in its fitness function. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of network lifetime and stability.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using Parti...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks called LEACH-P that uses particle swarm optimization (PSO). It aims to improve the existing LEACH protocol by using PSO to select cluster heads in a way that maximizes the residual energy of nodes. The key contributions are applying PSO to select optimal cluster heads based on residual energy, simulating the proposed LEACH-P protocol and comparing it to LEACH to determine if it improves network lifetime, stability period and data transmitted to the base station.
This document discusses mapping networks onto a hybrid Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture that integrates packet switching, circuit switching, and virtual circuit switching. It reviews prior work on mapping applications onto NoC architectures to optimize performance, energy consumption, and latency. The paper proposes a hybrid scheme to map cores and communications onto different switching mechanisms in the NoC to balance latency, flexibility, and efficiency.
Distance based cluster head section in sensor networks for efficient energy u...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed distance-based cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks to improve energy efficiency. The key aspects of the proposed algorithm are:
1. It defines a threshold distance based on node transmission range to select cluster heads, avoiding nodes within this distance of the sink node or other cluster heads.
2. Cluster heads are selected in rounds based on this threshold distance to ensure even distribution across the network.
3. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, reducing network energy usage and increasing network lifetime by up to 9% compared to LEACH.
Efficiency enhancement using optimized static scheduling technique in TSCH ne...IJECEIAES
In recent times, the reliable and real-time data transmission becomes a mandatory requirement for various industries and organizations due to the large utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, the IoT devices need high reliability, precise data exchange and low power utilization which cannot be achieved by the conventional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols due to link failures and high interferences in the network. Therefore, the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks can be used for link scheduling under the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In this paper, we propose an Optimized Static Scheduling Technique (OSST) for the link scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4e based TSCH networks. In OSST the link schedule is optimized by considering the packet latency information during transmission by checking the status of the transmitted packets as well as keeping track of the lost data packets from source to destination nodes. We evaluate the proposed OSST model using 6TiSCH Simulator and compare the different performance metrics with Simple distributed TSCH Scheduling.
Delay Constraint Network Structure with in-Network Data Fusion for Wireless S...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a delay-constrained network structure with in-network data fusion to reduce delays in data aggregation for wireless sensor networks. The proposed structure organizes sensor nodes into multiple single-layered clusters of different sizes to allow clusters to communicate with the fusion center interleavedly. Simulation results show the proposed structure can reduce delays and energy consumption compared to other structures when data is partially fusible. The structure selects cluster heads based on residual energy, degree, and distance to balance energy load.
Energy Efficient Grid based Routing Algorithm using Closeness Centrality and ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks that uses grid clustering, closeness centrality for cluster head selection, and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) for routing. Grid clustering is used to divide the sensor network area into grids, with each grid forming a cluster. Closeness centrality, which is based on node distance, is used to select cluster heads at optimal locations to minimize energy consumption. BFO, a nature-inspired optimization algorithm, is used for routing by considering energy and distance in its fitness function. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of network lifetime and stability.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
This document discusses performance evaluation of sensor node scalability using a reactive modified I-LEACH protocol. It begins with an abstract that introduces the challenges of wireless sensor networks including limited power, computing, and storage capacity of sensor nodes. It then reviews related work on improving the LEACH protocol. The paper aims to increase network lifetime by using a reactive I-LEACH protocol and compares its performance to LEACH and I-LEACH based on power usage and lifetime. It finds that the proposed technique shows more effective results, even with increased node scalability.
IRJET- Chaos based Secured Communication in Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a chaotic encryption method combined with a clustered Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm to improve energy efficiency and security in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how LEACH clustering helps to reduce energy consumption through data aggregation at cluster heads. The proposed method uses chaotic maps for encryption to provide security. Simulation results show the combined approach increases network lifetime by reducing total energy consumption compared to traditional LEACH.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares the performance of different routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It first discusses existing routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, and PEGASIS and their limitations. It then proposes a new Static Clustering Based Multi-hop Routing (SCMR) algorithm where clusters are formed statically before network deployment and do not change. The SCMR algorithm is simulated and analysis shows it has lower energy consumption, longer network lifetime, and higher packet delivery ratio compared to LEACH.
IRJET- An Efficient Dynamic Deputy Cluster Head Selection Method for Wireless...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an Efficient Dynamic Deputy Cluster Head Selection (EDDCH) technique for wireless sensor networks to improve network lifetime and reduce energy consumption. The key aspects of the proposed technique are:
1) Sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster selecting a Cluster Head (CH) and Deputy Cluster Head (DCH) based on the nodes' remaining energy levels.
2) The CH collects data from cluster members and the DCH forwards the aggregated data to the base station, balancing energy usage between nodes.
3) The CH and DCH roles are dynamically rotated among nodes based on remaining energy levels, to prevent depletion of any single node.
4) Simulations show the proposed technique
A LOW-ENERGY DATA AGGREGATION PROTOCOL USING AN EMERGENCY EFFICIENT HYBRID ME...IJCNCJournal
Recent wireless sensor network focused on developing communication networks with minimal power and cost. To achieve this, several techniques have been developed to monitor a completely wireless sensor network. Generally, in the WSN network, communication is established between the source nodes and the destination node with an abundant number of hops, an activity which consumes much energy. The node existing between source and destination nodes consumes energy for transmission of data and maximize network lifetime. To overcome this issue, a new Emergency Efficient Hybrid Medium Access Control (EEHMAC) protocol is presented to reduce consumption of energy among a specific group of WSNs which will increase the network lifetime. The proposed model makes a residual battery is utilized for effective transmission of data with minimal power consumption. Compared with other models, the experimental results strongly showed that our model is not only able to reduce network lifetime but also to increase the overall network performance.
SE2R2: Secure Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Presence of P...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new routing protocol called SE2R2 for wireless sensor networks. SE2R2 aims to improve energy efficiency and reliability of data delivery to the base station in the presence of phishing attacks. It is a hierarchical and cluster-based routing protocol where sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster having a cluster head and two deputy cluster heads to improve reliability. The cluster heads aggregate and forward data to the base station via the deputy cluster heads. Simulation results show that SE2R2 has better performance than the existing M-LEACH protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet drop, average energy consumption, and throughput.
Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm based on Expectation Maximization for H...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new energy efficient clustering algorithm for homogeneous wireless sensor networks based on the Expectation Maximization algorithm. The key points are:
1. The algorithm uses unequal clustering where clusters closer to the base station are smaller to balance the network load.
2. Cluster head selection is done using the Expectation Maximization algorithm, which is shown to improve results over LEACH, PEGASIS, and PLEACH protocols.
3. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the number of dead nodes and energy consumption per round compared to existing algorithms.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Balancing stable topology and network lifetime in ad hoc networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology control method called Network Connectivity based Topology Control (NCTC) to improve network lifetime in mobile ad hoc networks. The method aims to balance energy consumption and node connectivity in two phases: 1) minimizing interference between links, and 2) estimating an energy-efficient topology based on minimal weight paths. Simulation results using the NS2 simulator show that NCTC achieves better network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, lower overhead, and end-to-end delay compared to existing methods.
Abstract Now a day’s wireless sensor network has become an interesting research field. Network life time and energy efficiency are one of the main concerns for wireless sensor networks. Sensors are constrained in terms of battery power, storage, limited processing capacity etc. Because of these reasons new protocols are proposed for wireless sensor network. This paper only deals with cluster based hierarchical protocol TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol). The sensor network architecture in TEEN is based on a hierarchical clustering. TEEN is data-centric, reactive, event-driven protocol which is best suited for time critical application. It transmits data based on hard threshold and soft threshold values. If the thresholds are not reached, then nodes will never communicate. The user will not get any data from network and will not come to know if all the nodes die. So, user will not be able to distinguish between how many nodes are alive or dead in network and will not be able to know about network lifetime. This paper deals with that node will be able to tell base station or sink before leaving network and base station will be aware of alive and dead nodes in the network. Keywords: WSN; TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Clustering); Hard Threshold; Soft Threshold;
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
Softmax function is an integral part of object detection frameworks based on most deep or shallow neural
networks. While the configuration of different operation layers in a neural network can be quite different,
softmax operation is fixed. With the recent advances in object detection approaches, especially with the
introduction of highly accurate convolutional neural networks, researchers and developers have suggested
different hardware architectures to speed up the overall operation of these compute-intensive algorithms.
Xilinx, one of the leading FPGA vendors, has recently introduced a deep neural network development kit for
exactly this purpose. However, due to the complex nature of softmax arithmetic hardware involving
exponential function, this functionality is only available for bigger devices. For smaller devices, this operation is
bound to be implemented in software. In this paper, a light-weight hardware implementation of this function
has been proposed which does not require too many logic resources when implemented on an FPGA device.
The proposed design is based on the analysis of the statistical properties of a custom convolutional neural
network when used for classification on a standard dataset i.e. CIFAR-10. Specifically, instead of using a brute
force approach to design a generic full precision arithmetic circuit for SoftMax function using real numbers, an
approximate integer-only design has been suggested for the limited range of operands encountered in realworld
scenario. The approximate circuit uses fewer logic resources since it involves computing only a few
iterations of the series expansion of exponential function. However, despite using fewer iterations, the function
has been shown to work as good as the full precision circuit for classification and leads to only minimal error
being introduced in the associated probabilities. The circuit has been synthesized using Hardware Description
Language (HDL) Coder and Vision HDL toolboxes in Simulink® by Mathworks® which provide higher level
abstraction of image processing and machine learning algorithms for quick deployment on a variety of target
hardware. The final design has been implemented on a Xilinx FPGA development board i.e. Zedboard which
contains the necessary hardware components such as USB, Ethernet and HDMI interfaces etc. to implement a
fully working system capable of processing a machine learning application in real-time.
Analysis of Genetic Algorithm for Effective power Delivery and with Best Upsurgeijeei-iaes
Wireless network is ready for hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes more sensors. WSN sensor integrated circuits, embedded systems, networks, modems, wireless communication and dissemination of information. The sensor may be an obligation to technology and science. Recent developments underway to miniaturization and low power consumption. They act as a gateway, and prospective clients, I usually have the data on the server WSN. Other components separate routing network routers, called calculating and distributing routing tables. Discussed the routing of wireless energy balance. Optimization solutions, we have created a genetic algorithm. Before selecting an algorithm proposed for the construction of the center console. In this study, the algorithms proposed model simulated results based on "parameters depending dead nodes, the number of bits transmitted to a base station, where the number of units sent to the heads of fuel consumption compared to replay and show that the proposed algorithm has a network of a relative.
Energy Optimization in Heterogeneous Clustered Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization in heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new method called Energy optimized heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks (EEHC) to improve network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.
2) The EEHC method selects cluster heads based on node energy levels and connectivity to balance energy usage. It uses different transmission techniques within and between clusters to minimize energy usage.
3) Simulation results show the EEHC method improves network lifetime compared to LEACH and AEEC clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Mobile Agents based Energy Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
Energy Efficiency and prolonged network lifetime are few of the major concern areas. Energy consumption rated of sensor nodes can be reduced in various ways. Data aggregation, result sharing and filtration of aggregated data among sensor nodes deployed in the unattended regions have been few of the most researched areas in the field of wireless sensor networks. While data aggregation is concerned with minimizing the information transfer from source to sink to reduce network traffic and removing congestion in network, result sharing focuses on sharing of information among agents pertinent to the tasks at hand and filtration of aggregated data so as to remove redundant information. There exist various algorithms for data aggregation and filtration using different mobile agents. In this proposed work same mobile agent is used to perform both tasks data aggregation and data filtration. This approach advocates the sharing of resources and reducing the energy consumption level of sensor nodes.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
AN ENHANCED HYBRID ROUTING AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have extensively deployed in a wide range of applications. However, WSN still faces several limitations in processing capabilities, memory, and power supply of sensor nodes. It is required to extend the lifetime of WSN. Mainly this is achieved by routing protocols choosing the best transmission path in-network with desired power conservation.This cause is developing a generic protocol framework for WSNa big challenge. This work proposed a new routing technique, described as Hybrid Routing-Clustering (HRC) model. This new approach takes advantage of clustering and routing procedures defined in K-Mean clustering and AODV routing, which constituted of three phases. This development aims to achieve enhanced power conservation rate in consequence network lifetime. An extensive evaluation methodology utilized to measure the performance of the proposed model in simulated scenarios.The results categorized in terms of the average amount of packet received and power conservation rate. The Hybrid Routing-Clustering (HRC) model was determined, showed enhanced results regarding both parameters. In the end, they are comparing these results with well-known routing and well-known clustering algorithms.
OPTIMIZED ROUTING AND DENIAL OF SERVICE FOR ROBUST TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to optimize routing and prevent denial of service attacks in wireless networks. It aims to detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks using a classifier system called CS_DDoS that classifies packets as malicious or normal. Malicious packets will be blocked and their IP addresses blacklisted. It also aims to use a hybrid optimization system (HOS) for efficient, quality routing to increase network lifetime and user communication. The system is designed to differentiate between genuine and malicious traffic, transfer data via alternative paths if attacks are detected, and balance network load for stable data transfer while improving packet delivery and throughput.
Routing Optimization with Load Balancing: an Energy Efficient ApproachEswar Publications
The area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is covered with considerable range of problems, where majority of research attempts were carried out to enhance the network lifetime of WSN. But very few of the studies have proved successful. This manuscript discusses about a structure for optimizing routing and load balancing that uses standard radio and energy model to perform energy optimization by introducing a novel routing agent. The routing agent is built within aggregator node and base station to perform self motivated reconfiguration in case of energy depletion. Compared with standard LEACH algorithm, the proposed technique has better energy efficiency within optimal data aggregation duration.
This document discusses performance evaluation of sensor node scalability using a reactive modified I-LEACH protocol. It begins with an abstract that introduces the challenges of wireless sensor networks including limited power, computing, and storage capacity of sensor nodes. It then reviews related work on improving the LEACH protocol. The paper aims to increase network lifetime by using a reactive I-LEACH protocol and compares its performance to LEACH and I-LEACH based on power usage and lifetime. It finds that the proposed technique shows more effective results, even with increased node scalability.
IRJET- Chaos based Secured Communication in Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a chaotic encryption method combined with a clustered Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm to improve energy efficiency and security in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how LEACH clustering helps to reduce energy consumption through data aggregation at cluster heads. The proposed method uses chaotic maps for encryption to provide security. Simulation results show the combined approach increases network lifetime by reducing total energy consumption compared to traditional LEACH.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares the performance of different routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It first discusses existing routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, and PEGASIS and their limitations. It then proposes a new Static Clustering Based Multi-hop Routing (SCMR) algorithm where clusters are formed statically before network deployment and do not change. The SCMR algorithm is simulated and analysis shows it has lower energy consumption, longer network lifetime, and higher packet delivery ratio compared to LEACH.
IRJET- An Efficient Dynamic Deputy Cluster Head Selection Method for Wireless...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an Efficient Dynamic Deputy Cluster Head Selection (EDDCH) technique for wireless sensor networks to improve network lifetime and reduce energy consumption. The key aspects of the proposed technique are:
1) Sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster selecting a Cluster Head (CH) and Deputy Cluster Head (DCH) based on the nodes' remaining energy levels.
2) The CH collects data from cluster members and the DCH forwards the aggregated data to the base station, balancing energy usage between nodes.
3) The CH and DCH roles are dynamically rotated among nodes based on remaining energy levels, to prevent depletion of any single node.
4) Simulations show the proposed technique
A LOW-ENERGY DATA AGGREGATION PROTOCOL USING AN EMERGENCY EFFICIENT HYBRID ME...IJCNCJournal
Recent wireless sensor network focused on developing communication networks with minimal power and cost. To achieve this, several techniques have been developed to monitor a completely wireless sensor network. Generally, in the WSN network, communication is established between the source nodes and the destination node with an abundant number of hops, an activity which consumes much energy. The node existing between source and destination nodes consumes energy for transmission of data and maximize network lifetime. To overcome this issue, a new Emergency Efficient Hybrid Medium Access Control (EEHMAC) protocol is presented to reduce consumption of energy among a specific group of WSNs which will increase the network lifetime. The proposed model makes a residual battery is utilized for effective transmission of data with minimal power consumption. Compared with other models, the experimental results strongly showed that our model is not only able to reduce network lifetime but also to increase the overall network performance.
SE2R2: Secure Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Presence of P...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new routing protocol called SE2R2 for wireless sensor networks. SE2R2 aims to improve energy efficiency and reliability of data delivery to the base station in the presence of phishing attacks. It is a hierarchical and cluster-based routing protocol where sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster having a cluster head and two deputy cluster heads to improve reliability. The cluster heads aggregate and forward data to the base station via the deputy cluster heads. Simulation results show that SE2R2 has better performance than the existing M-LEACH protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet drop, average energy consumption, and throughput.
Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm based on Expectation Maximization for H...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new energy efficient clustering algorithm for homogeneous wireless sensor networks based on the Expectation Maximization algorithm. The key points are:
1. The algorithm uses unequal clustering where clusters closer to the base station are smaller to balance the network load.
2. Cluster head selection is done using the Expectation Maximization algorithm, which is shown to improve results over LEACH, PEGASIS, and PLEACH protocols.
3. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the number of dead nodes and energy consumption per round compared to existing algorithms.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Balancing stable topology and network lifetime in ad hoc networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology control method called Network Connectivity based Topology Control (NCTC) to improve network lifetime in mobile ad hoc networks. The method aims to balance energy consumption and node connectivity in two phases: 1) minimizing interference between links, and 2) estimating an energy-efficient topology based on minimal weight paths. Simulation results using the NS2 simulator show that NCTC achieves better network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, lower overhead, and end-to-end delay compared to existing methods.
Abstract Now a day’s wireless sensor network has become an interesting research field. Network life time and energy efficiency are one of the main concerns for wireless sensor networks. Sensors are constrained in terms of battery power, storage, limited processing capacity etc. Because of these reasons new protocols are proposed for wireless sensor network. This paper only deals with cluster based hierarchical protocol TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol). The sensor network architecture in TEEN is based on a hierarchical clustering. TEEN is data-centric, reactive, event-driven protocol which is best suited for time critical application. It transmits data based on hard threshold and soft threshold values. If the thresholds are not reached, then nodes will never communicate. The user will not get any data from network and will not come to know if all the nodes die. So, user will not be able to distinguish between how many nodes are alive or dead in network and will not be able to know about network lifetime. This paper deals with that node will be able to tell base station or sink before leaving network and base station will be aware of alive and dead nodes in the network. Keywords: WSN; TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Clustering); Hard Threshold; Soft Threshold;
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
Softmax function is an integral part of object detection frameworks based on most deep or shallow neural
networks. While the configuration of different operation layers in a neural network can be quite different,
softmax operation is fixed. With the recent advances in object detection approaches, especially with the
introduction of highly accurate convolutional neural networks, researchers and developers have suggested
different hardware architectures to speed up the overall operation of these compute-intensive algorithms.
Xilinx, one of the leading FPGA vendors, has recently introduced a deep neural network development kit for
exactly this purpose. However, due to the complex nature of softmax arithmetic hardware involving
exponential function, this functionality is only available for bigger devices. For smaller devices, this operation is
bound to be implemented in software. In this paper, a light-weight hardware implementation of this function
has been proposed which does not require too many logic resources when implemented on an FPGA device.
The proposed design is based on the analysis of the statistical properties of a custom convolutional neural
network when used for classification on a standard dataset i.e. CIFAR-10. Specifically, instead of using a brute
force approach to design a generic full precision arithmetic circuit for SoftMax function using real numbers, an
approximate integer-only design has been suggested for the limited range of operands encountered in realworld
scenario. The approximate circuit uses fewer logic resources since it involves computing only a few
iterations of the series expansion of exponential function. However, despite using fewer iterations, the function
has been shown to work as good as the full precision circuit for classification and leads to only minimal error
being introduced in the associated probabilities. The circuit has been synthesized using Hardware Description
Language (HDL) Coder and Vision HDL toolboxes in Simulink® by Mathworks® which provide higher level
abstraction of image processing and machine learning algorithms for quick deployment on a variety of target
hardware. The final design has been implemented on a Xilinx FPGA development board i.e. Zedboard which
contains the necessary hardware components such as USB, Ethernet and HDMI interfaces etc. to implement a
fully working system capable of processing a machine learning application in real-time.
Analysis of Genetic Algorithm for Effective power Delivery and with Best Upsurgeijeei-iaes
Wireless network is ready for hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes more sensors. WSN sensor integrated circuits, embedded systems, networks, modems, wireless communication and dissemination of information. The sensor may be an obligation to technology and science. Recent developments underway to miniaturization and low power consumption. They act as a gateway, and prospective clients, I usually have the data on the server WSN. Other components separate routing network routers, called calculating and distributing routing tables. Discussed the routing of wireless energy balance. Optimization solutions, we have created a genetic algorithm. Before selecting an algorithm proposed for the construction of the center console. In this study, the algorithms proposed model simulated results based on "parameters depending dead nodes, the number of bits transmitted to a base station, where the number of units sent to the heads of fuel consumption compared to replay and show that the proposed algorithm has a network of a relative.
Energy Optimization in Heterogeneous Clustered Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses energy optimization in heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks. It proposes a new method called Energy optimized heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor networks (EEHC) to improve network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.
2) The EEHC method selects cluster heads based on node energy levels and connectivity to balance energy usage. It uses different transmission techniques within and between clusters to minimize energy usage.
3) Simulation results show the EEHC method improves network lifetime compared to LEACH and AEEC clustering protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Mobile Agents based Energy Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
Energy Efficiency and prolonged network lifetime are few of the major concern areas. Energy consumption rated of sensor nodes can be reduced in various ways. Data aggregation, result sharing and filtration of aggregated data among sensor nodes deployed in the unattended regions have been few of the most researched areas in the field of wireless sensor networks. While data aggregation is concerned with minimizing the information transfer from source to sink to reduce network traffic and removing congestion in network, result sharing focuses on sharing of information among agents pertinent to the tasks at hand and filtration of aggregated data so as to remove redundant information. There exist various algorithms for data aggregation and filtration using different mobile agents. In this proposed work same mobile agent is used to perform both tasks data aggregation and data filtration. This approach advocates the sharing of resources and reducing the energy consumption level of sensor nodes.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
AN ENHANCED HYBRID ROUTING AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have extensively deployed in a wide range of applications. However, WSN still faces several limitations in processing capabilities, memory, and power supply of sensor nodes. It is required to extend the lifetime of WSN. Mainly this is achieved by routing protocols choosing the best transmission path in-network with desired power conservation.This cause is developing a generic protocol framework for WSNa big challenge. This work proposed a new routing technique, described as Hybrid Routing-Clustering (HRC) model. This new approach takes advantage of clustering and routing procedures defined in K-Mean clustering and AODV routing, which constituted of three phases. This development aims to achieve enhanced power conservation rate in consequence network lifetime. An extensive evaluation methodology utilized to measure the performance of the proposed model in simulated scenarios.The results categorized in terms of the average amount of packet received and power conservation rate. The Hybrid Routing-Clustering (HRC) model was determined, showed enhanced results regarding both parameters. In the end, they are comparing these results with well-known routing and well-known clustering algorithms.
OPTIMIZED ROUTING AND DENIAL OF SERVICE FOR ROBUST TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to optimize routing and prevent denial of service attacks in wireless networks. It aims to detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks using a classifier system called CS_DDoS that classifies packets as malicious or normal. Malicious packets will be blocked and their IP addresses blacklisted. It also aims to use a hybrid optimization system (HOS) for efficient, quality routing to increase network lifetime and user communication. The system is designed to differentiate between genuine and malicious traffic, transfer data via alternative paths if attacks are detected, and balance network load for stable data transfer while improving packet delivery and throughput.
Routing Optimization with Load Balancing: an Energy Efficient ApproachEswar Publications
The area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is covered with considerable range of problems, where majority of research attempts were carried out to enhance the network lifetime of WSN. But very few of the studies have proved successful. This manuscript discusses about a structure for optimizing routing and load balancing that uses standard radio and energy model to perform energy optimization by introducing a novel routing agent. The routing agent is built within aggregator node and base station to perform self motivated reconfiguration in case of energy depletion. Compared with standard LEACH algorithm, the proposed technique has better energy efficiency within optimal data aggregation duration.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy efficient clustering approach for wireless sensor networks. The approach uses a corona-based model where the monitoring area is divided into concentric circles. Nodes calculate their virtual concentric circle band index to determine eligibility as cluster heads. Eligible nodes use a backoff timer approach where the timer is proportional to the node's distance from the center of its band. The first node's timer to expire advertises itself as the cluster head. This balances energy usage. The paper also describes adding and removing nodes from clusters to provide scalability without affecting the existing infrastructure. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed clustering method.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy efficient clustering approach for wireless sensor networks. The approach uses a corona-based model where the area is divided into concentric circles and nodes calculate their virtual concentric circle band index to determine eligibility as a cluster head. Eligible nodes use a back-off timer approach where the node closest to the center of its band will become the cluster head. This balances energy usage and helps form stable clusters. Simulation results show the approach can prolong network lifetime by efficiently selecting cluster heads and allowing addition or removal of nodes without affecting the existing structure.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
Congestion Control Clustering a Review PaperEditor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of sensor nodes which are scattered in the environment, gather data and transmit it to a
base station for processing. Energy conservation in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a very important task because of their
limited battery power. The related works so far have been done have tried to solve the problem keeping in the mind the constraints of
WSNs. In this paper, a priority based application specific congestion control clustering (PASCCC) protocol has been studied, which
often integrates the range of motion and heterogeneity of the nodes to detect congestion in a very network. Moreover a comparison of
the various clustering techniques has been done. From the survey it has been found that none of the protocol is efficient for energy
conservation. Hence the paper ends with future scope to overcome these issues.
The paper presents a technique called as Mobility-enabled Multi Level Optimization (MeMLO) that addressing the existing problem of clustering in wireless sensor net-work (WSN). The technique enables selection of aggregator node based on multiple optimi-zation attribute which gives better decision capability to the clustering mechanism by choosing the best aggregator node. The outcome of the study shows MeMLO is highly capable of minimizing the halt time of mobile node that significantly lowers the transmit power of aggregator node. The simulation outcome shows negligible computational com-plexity, faster response time, and highly energy efficient for large scale WSN for longer simulation rounds as compared to conventional LEACH algorithm.
Energy-aware strategy for data forwarding in IoT ecosystem IJECEIAES
The Internet of Things (IoT) is looming technology rapidly attracting many industries and drawing research attention. Although the scale of IoT-applications is very large, the capabilities of the IoT-devices are limited, especially in terms of energy. However, various research works have been done to alleviate these shortcomings, but the schemes introduced in the literature are complex and difficult to implement in practical scenarios. Therefore, considering the energy consumption of heterogeneous nodes in IoT eco-system, a simple energy-efficient routing technique is proposed. The proposed system has also employed an SDN controller that acts as a centralized manager to control and monitor network services, there by restricting the access of selfish nodes to the network. The proposed system constructs an analytical algorithm that provides reliable data transmission operations and controls energy consumption using a strategic mechanism where the path selection process is performed based on the remaining energy of adjacent nodes located in the direction of the destination node. The proposed energy-efficient data forwarding mechanism is compared with the existing AODV routing technique. The simulation result demonstrates that the protocol is superior to AODV in terms of packet delivery rate, throughput, and end-to-end delay.
Servant-ModLeach Energy Efficient Cluster Base Routing Protocol for Large Sca...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new routing protocol called Servant-MODLEACH (S-MODLEACH) to address some challenges in the MODLEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. S-MODLEACH introduces servant nodes that are responsible for data aggregation to reduce the workload on cluster heads. It also selects cluster heads based on residual energy rather than probability, allowing nodes with higher energy to serve as cluster heads for longer. Simulation results showed S-MODLEACH performs better than MODLEACH in terms of throughput, energy conservation, and extending network lifetime.
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
This document summarizes and compares several routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and ECCPTC. It proposes improvements to the LEACH protocol called LEACH improvements to increase energy savings for time-critical applications. Simulation results show that LEACH improvements outperforms original LEACH in terms of network lifetime, number of alive nodes, data received at the base station, and energy consumption.
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Energy efficient clustering and routing optimization model for maximizing lif...IJECEIAES
Recently, the wide adoption of WSNs (Wireless-Sensor-Networks) is been seen for provision non-real time and real-time application services such as intelligent transportation and health care monitoring, intelligent transportation etc. Provisioning these services requires energy-efficient WSN. The clustering technique is an efficient mechanism that plays a main role in reducing the energy consumption of WSN. However, the existing model is designed considering reducing energy- consumption of the sensor-device for the homogenous network. However, it incurs energy-overhead (EO) between cluster-head (CH). Further, maximizing coverage time is not considered by the existing clustering approach considering heterogeneous networks affecting lifetime performance. In order to overcome these research challenges, this work presents an energy efficient clustering and routing optimization (EECRO) model adopting cross-layer design for heterogeneous networks. The EECRO uses channel gain information from the physical layer and TDMA based communication is adopted for communication among both intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication. Further, clustering and routing optimization are presented to bring a good trade-off among minimizing the energy of CH, enhancing coverage time and maximizing the lifetime of sensor-network (SN). The experiments are conducted to estimate the performance of EECRO over the existing model. The significantperformance is attained by EECRO over the existing model in terms of minimizing routing and communication overhead and maximizing the lifetime of WSNs.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
IRJET- Sink Mobility based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sen...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed sink mobility based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol uses both a static centralized sink and a mobile sink that follows a predetermined path with 4 sojourn locations. This is aimed to improve network lifetime by balancing energy load across nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed approach with a mobile sink performs better than the Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN) protocol alone in terms of number of alive nodes, number of cluster heads, and number of packets sent to the base station over multiple rounds. Using a mobile sink helps scatter the energy load in the network and extends lifetime compared to only using a static sink.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel optimization framework to minimize power drainage in mobile devices using multicarrier-based communication. The framework aims to maintain equilibrium between maximizing data delivery and minimizing transmit power. An analytical model considers multiple radio antennas in mobile devices and includes constraints for data quality and threshold power. The outcome is evaluated based on the amount of power conserved. Testing found the approach offers maximum energy conservation while being compatible with existing mobile network systems.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
Similar to LOAD BALANCING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WSN BY CLUSTER JOINING METHOD (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. Load Balancing and Energy Efficiency in WSN by Cluster Joining Method
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 125 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor network is made up of number of sensor nodes mostly deployed in large
quantity due to their energy limitation. The way by using which data gathering is performed is
very important to any WSN application. Information collection and routing based on clusters
are widely used method because it provides better energy efficiency .Load balancing clusters
are formed by considering their position and considering their residential energy. One node is
selected as a head node which collects all the data from group members, aggregates them and
finally forwards it by using routing algorithm .during each round role of cluster head changes
it produces better load balancing .Clustering avoids communication of same data from multiple
path and minimizes energy consumption. With energy other factors related to the QoS must be
considered for better performance of the system .One of the important QoS limitation is delay
.End to End delay of WSN should be minimum[ 1 ].It is possible to achieve this objective by
using cluster based routing .We can save energy either at network layer by using proper routing
algorithm and at MAC layer by using proper MAC protocol .By selecting proper routing
protocol and proper MAC protocol we can also control delay in any WSN application. Delay
should be important design issue in particular types of applications such as military applications
,earthquake monitoring[ 3 ] . Clustering is useful to reduce communication distance of nodes
to reduce energy required for communication of data[4].In any WSN hierarchical routing
mechanism is useful to avoid redundant data communication. We can also conserve energy by
adopting proper
Duty cycle by keeping nodes active which have data to sense and to transmit and keeping
all remaining nodes to sleep state who don’t have any data to transmit .Combination of these
two methods can network life time and overall performance[6].
Use of mobile sink is good idea to balance network load properly in order to improve
lifespan of system. Tree based routing is also used for load balancing. Work GSTEB [09] has
provided this type of protocol and in work [10] has provided improved version of this protocol.
In proposed work cluster head is selected close to the base station. In addition we have tried
to control unnecessary size of cluster because redundant extra size of cluster consumes extra
energy. To handle this issue during formation of group member nodes selects their cluster head
based on distance and signal strength coming from cluster heads. TDMA is also used as medium
access protocol to improve performance.
If cluster formation starts only after availability of data due to event, this minimizes power
required to construct redundant cluster formation which doesn’t have any information[11].We
used this method for more energy efficiency .
Section two is provided with related work in the same area. Third section provides
architecture of proposed work and detailed explanation of protocol. Fourth section provides
performance analysis and comparison graph with existing system.
2. RELETEDWORK
In many WSN applications with life of network some quality of service must be provided. Some
research work on WSN is only considering lifetime of network but QoS should be considered
mostly in case of applications such as military surveillance and battleground monitoring in case
of these applications end to end delay should be minimum .Author Min Yao etal. of work[ 1
]has tried to handle this issue .They have proposed model which can consider both problem of
lifetime of network and QoS requirements mostly the delay between source and sink and data
loss during communication process .Their results show that the work improves network lifetime
with maintaining QoS requirements [ 1 ].
3. Dr Syeda Gauhar Fatima, Syeda Kausar Fatima, Dr K.Anitha Sheela and Syed Shaker Hussaini
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 126 editor@iaeme.com
Periodically turning off the radio of sensor node is good solution to energy consumption but
this may increase end to end delay in the WSN .Here number of packets to the sensor node are
controlled to minimize energy consumption and end to end delay of the system .author Yun Li
etal. Of [2] used dynamic programming approach to create proper communication policy to
improve performance of the system .their simulation results shows that their work is 50% better
than existing IEEE802.15.4 work.
In case of LEACH when node has no data in its TDMA slot its TDMA slots will be wasted
.Work[3] op leach handles this by conveying TDMA slots of nodes having no data to send by
conveying its TDMA slot to next node to avoid wasting of TDMA slot .This work is useful for
both energy efficiency and delay minimization. [ 3 ].
Another important work is provided in paper [4] This work used concept of clusters similar
to LEACH for routing and load balancing but they have also provided solution on security
threats on cluster heads such as gray hole attack. Their results shows that their system is better
than LEACH because their proposed work also addresses problem of gray hole attack. This is
the attack in which any malicious sensor device can send fake data to the cluster head to engage
sensor node in an unnecessary activity .This will increase energy consumption and delay in the
system [4].
t is very important to solve problem of global clock synchronization .author Supantha Das
etal. Of work [5] tried this by avoiding use of clock synchronization instead they have provided
new technique of coloring. Network is organized in tree structure .Parallel communication is
achieved for better performance. Their results shows that their system works better as compared
to other related work in terms of both energy consumption and End to End delay .Instead of
using global time they have used local time synchronization .Inter level and intra level coloring
method is used to improve parallelism and to avoid impact [5]. Combined approach of energy
efficient scheduling and hierarchical routing is provided by author of work [6].First they apply
power aware scheduling by activating only those nodes involved in data processing and
communication and remaining nodes are in sleep mode .After that hierarchical routing is used
for power saving. This combined approach works better in terms of energy efficiency. Their
simulation results shows that their work is better than existing systems such as LEACH, PASC,
M GEAR systems. [6].
Use of mobile sink is good idea for energy efficient load balancing ,such type of work is
presented by author Wen-Hwa Liao etal. in paper [7].They have categorized nodes in to
rendezvous nodes and non-rendezvous nodes .Here only rendezvous nodes can communicate
with the mobile sink and non-rendezvous nodes can send their data to the rendezvous nodes
.Here mobile sink can travel to the rendezvous nodes in the area and collect desired data in the
energy efficient way and this works well for improving network life time by reducing distance
between sink and rendezvous nodes[7].
In any WSN when more than one node tries to transmit data at the same time using single
communication medium then it will create contention for accessing medium and impact of data
.If impact is more than particular limit this will consume extra energy and delay in the system
due to recommunication of data and reduces QoS requirements of the system .If contention is
due to correlated traffic there is possibility of more contention so author Ashutosh Bhatia etal.of
[ 8 ] tried to solve this problem .TDMA is good solution for this but according to [8 ]if TDMA
schedule is not generated within short periods of time then it will be useless because correlated
contention presents only for short duration of time so author has proposed RD-TDMA
algorithm which generates feasible TDMA schedule in very short period of time[8 ] .
Tree based routing is very useful for load balancing. Work [09] by author Zhao Han etal.has
used tree based routing for load balancing . dynamically created tree is used for communication
of data from sensor node to root . Here tree will be created in minimum time and load is properly
4. Load Balancing and Energy Efficiency in WSN by Cluster Joining Method
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 127 editor@iaeme.com
balanced using tree structure .Work [09]is best but problem with [09] is that load is not
distributed in node centric way and base station is involved in tree construction so lot of data
communication between base station and remaining nodes will increase delay. To solve this
problem work number [10] by M.Sengaliappanetal. has provided improved version of this tree
based routing .Author has used cluster based routing for node centric load balancing .In this
work base station is very less involved in actual data communication so delay in the system is
also minimized[10]. Cluster formation only after event detection provides better performing
network because it reduces unnecessary energy consumption .Work [11]is same type of work
.They have implemented their work using MATLAB simulator. Their results are better than
existing cluster based applications SCHS and EESH.
Use of multiple sink is another way for load balancing and for timely delivery of data,author
of work [12] has tried to solve problem of load balancing by using multiple sinks instead of
using single sink. They have provided efficient task allocation method in large scale WSN.Their
results are better in terms of packet delivery ratio, speed of data aggregation and time required
for processing and communication of data. Multiple sinks used are mobile in nature it improves
total performance of the system [12].
Cross layer optimization is better way for energy efficiency and load balancing ,work[13]is
based on this approach .With collecting they have also used cross layer approach to improve
life of the network .This work focuses on all three main layers at which we can control power
consumption .This layers are physical layer ,MAC layer and routing layer .At physical layer
they control communication power .At Medium Access Layer they have used S-MAC duty
cycling and at network layer they have implemented energy efficient routing method This
network has capability of dynamically reconfiguration based on current condition of the
network and network topology change. [13].Similar work is provided by author of [14].Node
sleeping is good for energy efficiency but it increases unnecessary end to end delay in the WSN
,so this author has tried to address this issue by adopting new routing method .Wake up rate is
provided with each node ,using this wake up rate relay node is selected for routing purpose. It
is very useful to control delay in the network. This works well than heuristic
methods[14].Optimal woke up rate is provided because large wake up rate increases extra
energy consumption. Data packets are created and forwarded only after detection of event and
this avoids unnecessary energy consumption of the sensor node.
Node close to the base station or sink will consume energy in fast way. This will create
holes in the network and this will result in early death of network. To avoid this author of
work[15]provided concept of multiple sink. When multiple sinks are used then total load is
distributed properly. Instead of creating single routing tree they have created multiple routing
trees towards each sink in the network. This reduces extra time and energy consumption[15].
Author of work [16] considers both these performance aspects and provided tradeoff
between End to End delay and energy consumption .New algorithms are provided for inter
cluster routing and for intra cluster routing .Two functions are created for both for optimization
purpose .Clusters are created in distributed way to evenly distribute network load on all the
cluster nodes .Cluster heads are selected by considering both factors energy and delay. They
have provided results in two forms theoretical and simulation, both results are same up to some
percentage [16].
Congestion free and free wireless sensor network provides better output in terms of energy
,delay and minimum packet drop. Author of work[17] has considered and implemented this
issue by constructing congestion free routing tree .They have proposed CATopology i.e.
Congestion Avoidance Topology by using two methods known as K-Map and K-Graph.
Routing on this multi hop routing tree dose not allows more than one packets to reach at the
same point in the network at the same time period .This improves energy efficiency, minimizes
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end to end delay and also minimizes number of packet drops in the network. They have
simulated their work by using OPNET network simulator .Their results are better than similar
work[17]. Author of work[18] provides method of cluster formation in distributed way. They
have tried to distribute network load on each and every node in the network. They have
addressed problem of scalability and energy efficiency. TDMA is also used for performance
improvement and sleep wakeup method is used for more energy saving .For selecting cluster
head both distance and residential energy of node is considered [18].
Work [19] has provided generic algorithm for load balancing purpose .They have used
different strategy for generation of initial population to generate chromosomes which are valid.
For proper load balancing they have used fitness function to balance network load properly.
Each cluster member node can communicate with cluster head node by using single hope or
using multi hope communication. According to the requirement. If node is very close to the
head it can communicate directly and if node is not close to cluster head then it can use malty
hope path for communication purpose. The work is better in terms of energy efficiency[19].
GSTEB is a tree based routing protocol. In GSTEB routing tree is generated dynamically
in each round. Here round means time from sensing data up to the time at which data is
delivered to the base station. Work[20]is based on improvement in tree based routing protocol
.Author of work[20] has added concept of fuzzy rules for creation of clusters and for selecting
proper routing path. Use of fuzzy rule has shown better performance in terms of energy
efficiency and delay minimization in the WSN. Network simulator 2 is used for implementation
purpose. Results show that system performs better than existing HEED and GSTEB protocols
[20].
Author of [21] has divided sensing area into four parts. Each part is termed as quadrant.
Parent or relay node is selected by considering distance between nodes and residential energy
of node ,this makes better relay node selection for minimum energy consumption. TDMA is
used for resource allocation purpose .Each cluster head performs TDMA schedule for each node
inside the cluster and broad cast this schedule to all cluster members. All cluster members
follows this TDMA schedule for data communication purpose. They have implemented their
work by using MATLAB simulator and results are better than existing NRLM and LEACH
protocols [21].
3. IMPLEMENTATIONDETAILS
We assumed system model similar to the GSTEB. Sensor nodes are deployed in square area
randomly. Only single base station is provided and which is far away from the sensing area
.Any node can communicate directly with the base station if it is closer to it by changing its
current remaining energy. All sensor nodes have their fixed position .That is it is assumed that
they cannot change their position .Base station is also stationary but it is assumed that it is no
energy constrained
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3.1. System architecture of proposed work
Figure 1 Closest cluster head to the base station with maximum energy level.
Above figure 1 shows architecture for proposed protocol. Proposed work has four phases
which are described in following section.
3.2. Phases involved in proposed approach
3.2.1. Phase 1. Cluster formation phase
Cluster formation process starts with a node which listens some event related to the availability
of data, we can say it as a seed node. Now other nodes which are in the communication range
of seed node accept the cluster formation request from seed node and joins this node for cluster
formation process .If two nodes listen event at the same time then node having maximum energy
is selected as seed node .If two nodes listen event at the same time but at large distance from
each other such that they are not within communication range of each other ,in this case both
are considered as seeds for two different clusters it is shown in fig 2.
Base is indicated by green circle. Here in the area two seed nodes are selected and they are
indicated by brown colored circles. Communication range of each seed is considered as 250
meter, here both seeds are not within communication range of each other ,so both are
considered as two separate seeds for two separate cluster formation. Violet color nodes are
within communication range of seed1 and magenta color nodes are within communication range
of seed2.
Algorithm for seed node selection
Step 1: If seed1 and seed2 are within communication range of each other and energy of
seed1 is greater than seed2 then seed1 is selected as seed node
Step2: If seed1 and seed2 are not within communication range of each other then both are
considered as separate seed nodes for two deferent cluster formations
Step3: Each selected seed sends cluster formation request to its neighbors who are within
its communication rage.
Step4: Nodes within communication range of seed are selected for cluster formation process
We can calculate energy level of any node by using following equation.
E(i)= Residual Energy(i)/α (1)
If there are N number of nodes then i indicates i th node. E= Current energy level.
α = smallest energy unit.
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3.2.2. Phase 2. Cluster Head Selection Phase
In this phase cluster head is selected based on two criteria’s. first is distance between base
station and candidate nodes for cluster head selection and second criteria is energy level of
node. First criteria selects cluster head closest to the base station .Selecting closest cluster head
to the base station minimizes energy consumption for communication of data .This is useful
because energy required for communication of data is higher than energy required for receiving
the data and for processing the data. Based on these two criteria values for each node in the
cluster is calculated. Node having maximum value is selected as cluster head.
Figure 3 Cluster head selection
As shown in the fig 3 base stations are indicated by green color. Three cluster heads are
selected for three different cluster formations. Cluster heads are indicated by light orange color.
Members of cluster for head 1 are shown by dark orange color and members of cluster for head
2 are shown by magenta color and members of cluster for head 3 are shown by dark violet color.
Important point here is to note that all these cluster heads are close to the base station and having
high energy.
Algorithm for cluster head selection phase
Step1: For all nodes selected by each seed distance between nodes and base station is
calculated.
Step2: Node closest to the base station and having highest energy is selected as cluster head.
Step3: If there are two nodes having same highest energy and closest to the base station
then cluster head is selected
randomly
We know that the length of line in between any points P and Q is known as Euclidean
distance [12].We have used same formula to calculate distance between sensor nodes If p and
q are two nodes then we can calculate distance between them as follow [12] .
D(p,q)= (2)
3.2.3. Phase 3. Location based cluster joining and controlling cluster size.
After selecting cluster head which is close to the base station and having maximum energy level
.Now it is time to control size of cluster .Because unnecessary extra size of cluster will increases
energy consumption .In this phase selected cluster head sends request message to join to the
remaining nodes in the cluster. Based on strength of message coming from all the nearest head
and based on distance between member nodes and CH, a node selects their cluster head. In this
way node selects CH based on physical position that is distance and using actual performance
of cluster head i.e. its signal strength. This controls size of cluster in effective way .According
to the architecture shown in figure 1 sensor node N1 and node N2 will not becoming part of
cluster of head C1 to control size of cluster.
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Figure 4 Members eliminated from cluster formation
The Fig 4 shows simulation results of controlling size of cluster. Here all the dark colored
nodes are eliminated from cluster formation to control unnecessary size of cluster. After
selecting cluster head nodes sends accept message to selected cluster head, with this message
nodes also sends control information such as residential energy to the respective CH. This
minimizes time required to construct routing tree and minimizes delay in the network for each
round.
Algorithm for cluster joining phase
Step 1: Each cluster head sends join request to its members.
Step 2: All members finds signal strength coming from cluster head.
Step 3: Nodes selects cluster head close to it and having maximum signal strength
Step 4: If signal strength is weak then node will not become member of cluster to reduce
size of cluster.
3.2.4. Phase 4 : Cluster tree creation and actual data communication.
Now each cluster head selects node closer to the base station by calculating weight of all
neighboring nodes from following weight vector.
W=W1, W2, W3,WN
Dijkstras shortest path algorithm is good for finding the shortest path but it only considers
distance while selecting the shortest distance .But in WSN with distance energy of node must
be considered while selecting parent node[11] Here weight for each node is calculated based
on distance and energy. Here optimum path is selected between cluster head and base station.
In this way from each cluster head optimum path is selected to the base station .it provides tree
like structure and we can say it as routing tree.
Finally Sensor nodes sense data and creates DATA packets and forwards this DATA packet
to cluster head only within its time slot provided by cluster head. Energy required for sensing
can be calculated by using following equation.
ES= Z * PSi * t. (3)
Here PSi is the size of sensed data.t is the time required for sensing .and Z is the constant.
Now cluster head performs processing such as data aggregation and forwards data without
any redundant information by using routing tree created based on weight value .Energy required
for communication and reception of k bit of data over the distance d can be calculated as
Energy required for communication of data
ET (k, d) = (Eelec × k) + (Ɛamp × k × d2) (4)
Energy required for reseption of data
9. Dr Syeda Gauhar Fatima, Syeda Kausar Fatima, Dr K.Anitha Sheela and Syed Shaker Hussaini
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ER ( k) =(Eelec × k ) (5)
Here Energy consumed by circuit of transmitter or receiver is denoted by Eelec and `Energy
consumed by amplifier denoted by Ɛamp.
4. SIMULATIONANDRESULTS
Protocol provided in this work performs better load balancing than existing tree based routing
protocol in wireless sensor network application. By using this new protocol we can avoid early
death of nodes close to the base station. This protocol distributes load on the network evenly
and provides proper load balancing and energy efficiency to improve life of WSN.Table2 shows
parameters used during implementation of the system.
Table 1 Simulation Parameters
Simulation Parameters Value
Simulation
Parameters
Value
No of Sensor Nodes 100 to 400 Packet size 2000 bits
Initial Energy of Each Node 0.25 J /node Traffic Mode Poisson
Electronics Energy
Consumption
50n J/ bit Area of sensing field 100m X 100m
Amplifier transmitting
energy
100 pj/bit/m2 Base station location
(50m,150m
)
Energy consumption for
aggregation
5nJ/bit/signal
Our NS2 simulation results shows that our system has better performance than existing tree
based routing protocols such as GSTEB protocol in terms of energy efficient routing and load
balancing. We can see it by using following graphs. Here LCJM is a short name given to our
protocol i.e. Location Based Cluster Joining Method fig 5 shows comparison for total energy
consumption per round, from the figure it is clear that total energy consumption of proposed
work is less as compared to GSTEB and figure 6 shows graph for number of dead nodes per
round. Here after 100 rounds GSTEB has 9 dead nodes but proposed work has only 3 dead
nodes. Graphs using simulation result shows that in same network conditions and by using
same parameters used by GSTEB proposed work performs better
Figure 5 Total energy consumption per round
10. Load Balancing and Energy Efficiency in WSN by Cluster Joining Method
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Figure 6 Number of rounds vs. number of dead nodes
5. CONCLUSION
This protocol is different than previous tree based and simple cluster based systems because
cluster heads are selected close to the base station to minimize energy consumption due to
communication of data from cluster head to the base station .Location based cluster joining
method is used to control unnecessary size of cluster to minimize energy consumption. Process
of cluster formation starts only after availability of data So these feature provides better load
balancing for energy efficient routing to improve life of the network
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by K.J.College of Engineering and Management Research .I would like
to thank my project guide and P.G coordinator for proper guidelines. I would also like to thank
all other staff members of my college for their support.
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ABOUT AUTHOR
First Author Completing his Master of Engineering at K.J College of engineering and
management research, Pune University. He has completed Bachelor of Engineering from
P.V.P.I.T, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Second Author Working as assistant professor and head of department at Computer
Engineering department at KJCOEMR Pune, savitribaiPhule University. He has 10 years
teaching experience. He has completed M Tech in computer science and engineering and PhD-
Pursuing at sathyabama university, Chennai.