This document discusses the surgical anatomy of the liver and biliary tree. It begins with a description of liver embryology, including how the hepatic diverticulum and primordium form from the transverse septum and later differentiate into the mature liver and gallbladder. It then discusses the development of the biliary duct system and liver parenchyma. Key surgical landmarks, vasculature, variations, anomalies, and pathological conditions of the biliary tract are outlined, including biliary atresia and choledochal cysts. The classifications, diagnoses, and surgical treatments of these conditions are summarized.
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver : Ηepatectomies - Dimitris P. KorkolisDimitris P. Korkolis
- The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions
- Weight: 1/50 of body weight in adult & 1/20 of body weight in infant
- It is exocrine(bile) & endocrine organ(Albumin , prothrombin & fibrinogen)
Function of the liver :
- Secretion of bile & bile salt
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein
- Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances
- Detoxication
- Storage of glycogen and vitamins
- Activation of vita .D
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver : Ηepatectomies - Dimitris P. KorkolisDimitris P. Korkolis
- The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions
- Weight: 1/50 of body weight in adult & 1/20 of body weight in infant
- It is exocrine(bile) & endocrine organ(Albumin , prothrombin & fibrinogen)
Function of the liver :
- Secretion of bile & bile salt
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein
- Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances
- Detoxication
- Storage of glycogen and vitamins
- Activation of vita .D
Here is a presentation made by MBChB level 3 students for the lecture series on GIT Pathology. Hope it helps you. Few typos but better will come.It includes Hirshsprung's disease, Diveticulosis, Colitis, Colorectal Carcinoma among others
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
1. Surgical Anatomy Of Liver
And Biliary Tree
Alaa Fayez Hamza
MD FRCS FAAP(Hon.)
2. Liver Embryology
• The transverse septum (septum
transversum) arises at an embryonic
junctional site. The junctional region
externally is where the ectoderm of the
amnion meets the endoderm of the yolk sac.
The junctional region internally is where the
foregut meets the midgut. The mesenchymal
structure of the transverse septum
provides a support within which both blood
vessels and the liver begin to form. This
structure grows rapidly.
3. • The transverse septum then differentiates
to form the hepatic diverticulum and the
hepatic primordium, these two structures
together will go on to form different
components of the mature liver and gall
bladder.
• The rapidly developing liver forms a visible
surface bulge on the embryo directly under
the heart bulge.
4. Embryology
• At 4 wks of gestation, the biliary duct
system originate from hepatic
diverticulum of the foregut &
differentiate into
–Cranial component : Prox E.H.B.D &
most of the I.H.B.D
–Caudal component : G.B, cystic duct
C.B.D
5. Parenchyma
• By Day 24, the hepatic diverticulum is
growing into the transverse septum that,
at this stage, contains the vitelline
and umbilical veins.
• As the hepatic bud appears, the
hepatic and cardiac mesenchyme
become segregated.
6. • The second and third inductions occur
when the hepatic mesenchyme
stimulates the cells of the endodermal
cords to differentiate into hepatocytes,
and simultaneously the endodermal
hepatocytes stimulate the mesenchyme
to form the endothelial cells of the liver
sinusoids.
7. • Growth of the liver makes it bulge out of
the transverse septum so that the liver
becomes a truly abdominal organ lying
in the ventral mesentery. The bare area
of the liver and diaphragm remains as
an indication of the origin of the liver
from the transverse septum. The
asymmetry of the organ increases.
8. • The intrahepatic bile ducts were long
assumed to develop by extension of the
extrahepatic ducts. It is now believed that the
ducts differentiate from hepatic cells and join
the extrahepatic duct system secondarily. The
ducts appear first at the hilum and spread
peripherally. Bile may appear as early as the
third month and is often in the intestine by the
fifth month. By the ninth week, the liver
embraces as much as 10% of body volume.
Its relative size decreases to 5% by term.
28. Types Of B.A.
• Type I (10%) correctable
– Patent cranial diverticulum
– Obliterated caudal diverticulum
• Type II : Non correctable
– Obliterated cranial diverticulum
– Patent caudal diverticulum
• Type III Non correctable
– Both cranial and caudal diverticulae are
obliterated
29.
30. Etiology Of B.A.
• Congenital : Failure of E.H.B.D to
develop patency
• Acquired : Sclerotic process
starts in E.H.B.D
–Reovirus type 3
–Fetal vascular accident
–Pancreatico - biliary malunion
31. Clinical Picture Of B.A.
• At birth Normal
• Progressive jaundice
• Stools : Acholic
• Urine : Dark with bile
• Failure to thrive
• Liver & spleen enlarged
34. Treatment Of B.A.
• Correctable:
–Roux en Y intest. anast. to prox B.D.
• Non correctable:
–Hepatic Porto - enterostomy (Kasai’s
operation)
• Liver transplantation
35. Prognostic factors
• Surgery below 45 days .
• Neonatal forms .
• Liver condition before surgery .
• Post-operative cholangitis .
• 25% will have normal life .
44. Choledochal Cyst
• Congenital dilatation
of the CBD .
• 1: 13000 hospital
admission or 1:2
million live birth.
• 2/3 from japan .
• 2/3 Are females .
46. Etiology Of Choledochal Cyst
• Congenital abnormal insertion of the
pancreatic duct into the common bile
duct resulting in reflux of trypsin and
other pancreatic enzymes into the
common bile duct (CBD).
• Stenosis of the distal duct at the level of
duodenum or failure of canalization of
the distal part Of the CBD .
48. Diagnosis
• Ante-natal Diagnosis.
• Triad of Pain, jaundice and palpable
mass is only in 1/3 of cases .
• Infantile form with jaundice ,older by
recurrent abdominal pains and colics.
• Rarely by stones in adults or intermittent
jaundice .
• Hyperbilirubinemia of the direct type .