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Daniel Little:
Action in History and
Social Science
Prepared by:
Nikolay Oleynikov,
David Martynchenko,
Mikhail Makarovskiy
Alexander Khamin
Table of Contents:
• Background
• Social regularities
• Governing Regularities
• Phenomenal Regularities
• Causal explanation
• Social casual claims
• A causes B
• Causal realism (causal powers and causal mechanisms)
• The causal properties of a social entity
• Agents and structures
Background
- Daniel E. Little is the Chancellor for
the University of Michigan-Dearborn and
Professor of Philosophy.
- The area of specialization and competence:
philosophy of social science research in Asia
and the Marxist theory.
Social regularities
Universal generalization of empirical
phenomena
Governing Regularities
Undeniable laws that define the potential behavior of a given thing
Phenomenal Regularities
Internal phenomenal properties are triggers that cause certain regularity of
behavior
Causal explanation
The causal explanation is the basis for explanation in
social science.
• Goal
• Challenge
• Separation of causal ascription: Singular and Generic
Social causal claims
Examples:
• Population increase causes technological innovation.
• New market conditions cause changes in systems of norms
• Citizens’ shared sense of justice causes stability or instability of
existing legal system
• A free press causes a low incidence of famine.
A causal claim is a claim of the form "A was a cause of B“.
A causes B
 Causal regularities
 Necessary and sufficient conditions
 Causal mechanism
 Probabilistic causation
Causal realism (causal powers and
causal mechanisms)
• Central ideas:
• Causal realism postulate.
• Causal relations are not constituted by regularities or laws.
• Social causal relations are constituted by the causal powers and causal
mechanisms of various social entities and circumstances.
• Social entities exercise causal powers through the effects that they have on
individual choices, preferences, and beliefs.
The causal properties of a
social entity
• Social entities exert influence in several possible ways:
– They can alter incentives for individuals
– They can alter preferences
– They can alter beliefs
– They can alter the powers or opportunities available to
individuals.
– They can impose costs on certain lines of action.
Agents and structures
Microfoundational approach to social causation.
• Two directions:
1. Structures constrain individuals.
2. Individuals through their actions affect, change, and invent institutions.
Prediction and social science
• Weak social regularities
• The explanatory work of social research as the form of a search for
causal relations and causal powers.
• Causal relations get their necessity through features of structured
individual agency.
As the result- lack of feasibility and reliability in predictions of social
scientists.
Status of prediction in the social
sciences
Three avenues through which predictions are generated:
• Predictions based on simple induction
• Predictions based on a theory of the governing regularities of the system ( no
such regularities in social science)
• Predictions possibly supported in novel circumstances on the basis of an
analysis of the causal mechanisms
As the result- phenomenal regularities do support predictions.
Theories Models Predictions
As the result – the scope of confident
prediction in the social sciences is rather limited
Conclusion
• “We should think about social
world as about highly diversified
system” – Daniel Little

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Little

  • 1. Daniel Little: Action in History and Social Science Prepared by: Nikolay Oleynikov, David Martynchenko, Mikhail Makarovskiy Alexander Khamin
  • 2. Table of Contents: • Background • Social regularities • Governing Regularities • Phenomenal Regularities • Causal explanation • Social casual claims • A causes B • Causal realism (causal powers and causal mechanisms) • The causal properties of a social entity • Agents and structures
  • 3. Background - Daniel E. Little is the Chancellor for the University of Michigan-Dearborn and Professor of Philosophy. - The area of specialization and competence: philosophy of social science research in Asia and the Marxist theory.
  • 5. Governing Regularities Undeniable laws that define the potential behavior of a given thing
  • 6. Phenomenal Regularities Internal phenomenal properties are triggers that cause certain regularity of behavior
  • 7. Causal explanation The causal explanation is the basis for explanation in social science. • Goal • Challenge • Separation of causal ascription: Singular and Generic
  • 8. Social causal claims Examples: • Population increase causes technological innovation. • New market conditions cause changes in systems of norms • Citizens’ shared sense of justice causes stability or instability of existing legal system • A free press causes a low incidence of famine. A causal claim is a claim of the form "A was a cause of B“.
  • 9. A causes B  Causal regularities  Necessary and sufficient conditions  Causal mechanism  Probabilistic causation
  • 10. Causal realism (causal powers and causal mechanisms) • Central ideas: • Causal realism postulate. • Causal relations are not constituted by regularities or laws. • Social causal relations are constituted by the causal powers and causal mechanisms of various social entities and circumstances. • Social entities exercise causal powers through the effects that they have on individual choices, preferences, and beliefs.
  • 11. The causal properties of a social entity • Social entities exert influence in several possible ways: – They can alter incentives for individuals – They can alter preferences – They can alter beliefs – They can alter the powers or opportunities available to individuals. – They can impose costs on certain lines of action.
  • 12. Agents and structures Microfoundational approach to social causation. • Two directions: 1. Structures constrain individuals. 2. Individuals through their actions affect, change, and invent institutions.
  • 13. Prediction and social science • Weak social regularities • The explanatory work of social research as the form of a search for causal relations and causal powers. • Causal relations get their necessity through features of structured individual agency. As the result- lack of feasibility and reliability in predictions of social scientists.
  • 14. Status of prediction in the social sciences Three avenues through which predictions are generated: • Predictions based on simple induction • Predictions based on a theory of the governing regularities of the system ( no such regularities in social science) • Predictions possibly supported in novel circumstances on the basis of an analysis of the causal mechanisms As the result- phenomenal regularities do support predictions.
  • 15. Theories Models Predictions As the result – the scope of confident prediction in the social sciences is rather limited
  • 16. Conclusion • “We should think about social world as about highly diversified system” – Daniel Little