Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
Vgsfghhjkoommnbvvcxzsddghkpiyreqq I think it's social media or not I can't get over the next few weeks are reconsidering the same time was mercantilism and how historians I can do that yet I will let you know what I will do that t I will get i toh sa story nmo tom I think it's just time I get there in a few more days I
I have forgot to put my other reference that help me in this presentation. She is Josephine Pineda Dasig that have made also a presentation about social dimension of education. Thank You so much Ma'am...
CHAPTER 7 Theories of Organizational Culture and Change Organi.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change
Organizational culture is the culture that exists in an organization, something akin to a societal culture. It is composed of many intangible phenomena, such as values, beliefs, assumptions, perceptions, behavioral norms, artifacts, and patterns of behavior. It is the unseen and unobservable force that is always behind the organizational activities that can be seen and observed. According to Kilmann and his colleagues (1985), “Culture is to the organization what personality is to the individual—a hidden, yet unifying theme that provides meaning, direction, and mobilization.”
Since the 1980s, the literature on organizational change has had a dominant theme— lasting organizational reform requires changes in organizational culture. Organizational cul- tures that reflect unwanted values, such as hierarchy, rigidity, homogeneity, power based on authority and associations in closed networks, and reliance on rules restrict flexibility and can be formidable barriers to effecting lasting change (Cameron & Quinn, 2011). Organizational members often hang onto familiar “tried and true” beliefs, values, poli- cies, and practices of the organizational culture even when these “old ways” have ceased to serve the organization well. The task is to replace these with cultures where horizon- tal relations, open and accessible networks, flexibility, responsiveness, individual and group empowerment, diversity, and customer service are valued. Advocates and advisers of organizational reform have shared a commitment to increase organizational effective- ness, competitiveness, flexibility, and responsiveness by changing organizational cultures. “Command-and-control” cultures must be replaced with cultures that encourage and sup- port an increasingly diverse workforce and employee participation and empowerment approaches for individuals in work teams.
Therefore, understanding and appreciating the theory of organizational culture—the organizational culture perspective—as well as the existing culture of a particular organization, is necessary for effecting lasting organizational change.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE PERSPECTIVE
The organizational culture perspective is a set of theories with their own assumptions about organizational realities and relationships. It is yet another way of viewing, thinking about, studying, and trying to understand organizations. Like power and politics orga- nization theory (Chapter 6), the assumptions, units of analysis, research methods, and approaches of the organizational culture perspective differ markedly from those of the ratio- nal, “modern” structural, organizational economics, and systems/environment theories.
292
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change 293
The organizational culture perspective challenges the basic views of these more rational perspectives about, for example, how organizations make decisions and how and why orga- nizations—and people in organiz.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Definition of New
Institutionalism
Interplay of the different institutions within
society, and how their dynamics, rules and
norms determine the behavior and actions of
individiduals
Comes from (old) institutionalism, which is
focused on state/government and their various
laws and practices which are applied to
citizens
3. Origins
Main points of the institutional approach can already be found
in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
His criticism of Hobbes, Locke, and others for assuming that the
behavior of possessive individuals in a particular historical and
social context expressed the natural preferences and traits of all
human beings is an institutionalist claim that behavior and
preferences are not a coincident
Rousseau viewed preferences, such as the desire to accumulate
property, not as universal postulates on which one could found a
scientific theory (cont.)
4. of politics but as products of society—its norms and its
institutions.
“Law and custom shaped men’s preferences and institutionalized
power and privilege, thus converting natural inequalities into
more pernicious social inequalities. To discover the true nature
of man, untainted by the social order, one would have to imagine
men in a presocial state, stripped of all effects of social
intercourse and even language. To restore the natural freedom of
man under modern conditions, Rousseau proposed the social
contract. Such a contract would allow men to “find a form of
association which will defend and protect with the whole
common force the person and goods of each associate, and in
which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey
himself alone, and remain as free as before.”
5. was launched by political scientists March and Olsen in 1984
as a reaction to behaviouralism and the growing influence of
rational choice theory.
focuses on the way in which institutions embody values and
power relationships
defines institutions themselves as an essential variable in
political outcomes.
6. March and Olsen(1984): new institutionalism stresses the
relative autonomy of political institutions. Institutions are
neither a mirror of society (the behavioural critique), nor
merely the site for individual strategies (as in the rational actor
paradigm).
Institutions give meaning to interactions and provide the
context within which interactions take place.
7. Assumptions
Three main approaches emerge from the
terminological morass:
the ‘logic of appropriateness’
a concern with the weight of past decisions
and processes of automatic government
the attempt to marry methodological
individualism and institutional design
8. Main approaches
Sociological or normative institutionalism emphasizes the
cultural context within which organizations function and the
values with which actors are imbued.
Historic institutionalism emphasizes the importance of initial
decisions and choices of venues and introduces notions such
as that of path dependency; traditions; response to structural-
functionalism
Rational choice institutionalism purports that institutions are
only vested with powers by individuals. Rational choice
institutionalism involves more rational choice than
institutionalism, the research focus being upon how
individuals can use institutions to maximize their interest.
Institutions, appreciated in an instrumental way, can be
important insofar as they can be designed to limit the
consequences of individual behaviour
9. Normative/Sociological Institutionalism
Normative or sociological institutionalism refers to the codes
of appropriate behaviour that imbue actors in organisations.
Act upon their perceptions of what is the correct code of
behaviour; and they will resist changes from within or outside
challenge understandings of ‘appropriate behaviour’ especially
when this is linked to the exercise of a specific profession or
corps.
Actors within organisations are bound by common values,
which explains not only their propensity to frustrate change,
but also the capacity for organisations to reproduce
themselves.
Normative institutionalism thus frames institutions in terms of
the belief systems of actors, considered as members of a
profession/corps/grade, rather than as utility maximising
individuals.
Its underlying assumption is that individuals within
organisations are conservative, fearful of change and resolute
in defence of their interests.
10. Historical institutionalism
Need to understand the importance of history in general, and
the history of specific policy sectors or public policies in
particular
Another is to focus on the sectoral level, and retrace the
history of specific public policies.
This sectoral analysis is that favoured by the historical
institutionalist school. Decisions set sectors on a given path,
from which a shift is extremely costly in terms past
investment. Change can usually only occur in the context of a
paradigm shift
11. In the HI approach, the heritage is identified as the principal
independent variable (Rose, Collier notably). Rose (1991)
argues strongly that policy choices are limited by past choices.
Incumbent governments can not ignore past commitments that
are given substance by complex legal systems and pre-existing
institutions and actor configurations.
The vast bulk of laws in operation at any one time are not
those implemented by the incumbent government.
In a similar argument, Weaver speaks of automatic
government and doubts the capacity of governments to
implement change.
Policy programmes pursue their autonomous development
irrespective of the activities of governments in power. The
field of social welfare is especially prone to this type of
analysis.
12. Rational choice institutionalism
RC institutionalism attempts to marry methodological
individualism and institutional design (Ostrom)
Rational choice focuses on methodological individualism,
rather than collective, or middle level aggregates.
For RC, to understand institutions we need first and foremost
to understand individual interactions, specifically the games
people play.
Rational Choice institutionalism: a market doctrine? Political
economists refuse to recognize the State, assume individual is
an egotistical, self-interested actor
Rational choice institutionalism involves more rational choice
than institutionalism
The research focus: how to design institutions in an
instrumental way, so that they can be designed to limit the
consequences of utility maximizing individual behaviour
13. Thinkers
• James March
Known for his research on organizations and organizational
decision making
• Johan Olsen
One of the developers of the systemic-anarchic perspective of
organizational decision making known as the Garbage Can
Model. He is a prominent thinker and writer on a wide variety
of topics, such as new institutionalism and Europeanization
14. • Elinor Ostrom
Associated with the new institutional economics and the
resurgence of political economy
• Richard Rose
He has conducted research on a wide range of topics,
including the Northern Ireland conflict, EU
enlargement, democratization, elections and voting
15. Critiques
“New Institutionalism” is often contrasted with ʺOld
Institutionalism”.
-From the point of view of the older institutionalism, new
institutionalism tries to explain institutional change as merely
another instance of utility maximization. Old institutionalism,
on the contrary, seeks to articulate reasons for institutional
change in terms of social and political volition
-It is often said that new institutionalism is at its weakest when
trying to explain the genesis and transformation of institutions
16. Sources
William H. Riker, “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule
for the Study of Institutions,” American Political Science Review 74, no. 2
(June 1980): 432-47.
Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making
Processes in Administrative Organization, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan,
1957 [1945])
Lynne G. Zucker, “The Role of Institutionalism in Cultural Persistence,” in
Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational
Analysis, 83-107