The document discusses knowledge, research, and innovation systems (KRIS) and alternative paths of development. It notes that while modern research systems emerged in Europe, USA, and Japan in the late 19th century, other paths are possible. Developing countries in particular may develop their own unique paths that blend local and imported knowledge. Productive innovation systems incorporate a heterogeneous mix of formal and informal knowledge sources.

1. Arie Rip (University of Twente, Netherlands) Putting the K Back in: Knowledge , Research and Innovation Systems (KRIS) STEPS Seminar, University of Sussex, 19 February 2009

3. STI policy (mostly top down) KRIS, and frame conditions: productive constellations, and evolution over time outputs, further effects: contribution to economic growth, poverty alleviation, social coherence simplistic view: ongoing activities, patterns, dynamics embedded in, & modulating the system Against the linear view of policy making

9. By now, strongly institutionalized (outer ring is still being articulated) I’ve used this mapping of institutions as a diagnostic tool, e.g. for South Africa Increasing interactions between science and society 1870 1945 1970 1985 2000

10. Patient associations influence research agendas and engage in research themselves, undermining the exclusive rights of scientists Technology Assessment , Ethical, Legal & Social Aspects surround ongoing science and technology (Human Genome Project initiated this) Outreach, public engagement – feedback into research agendas? (ex. interactive TA of GM vines) Also consultancies (and NGOs) bridging science and the economy, science and the community Authority over science (knowledge production) is also claimed by non-scientists (from USA Congressmen to patients and indigenous people); counter-authority is not the answer. Re-contextualization of science Increasing interactions between science and society 1870 1945 1970 1985 2000 key challenge