The document outlines literature review processes and referencing styles critical for academic writing, particularly in medical research. It emphasizes the importance of conducting a literature review before and during research, highlighting resources like PubMed and IndMed for accessing relevant literature. Additionally, it details proper citation methods, including the Vancouver style, to ensure proper credit is given and to avoid plagiarism.

1. REVIEW OF LITERATURES
AND
REFERRENCING
Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
Professor, Community Medicine
Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

2. Outline of Presentation
• Literature Review
– What is Literature Review
– Why needed
– When to do
– How to do
– Pubmed and Indmed
• Citing and Referencing
– Referencing
– Citation or reference styles
– Vancouver Referencing technique

3. Literature Review
• The selection of available documents (both
published and unpublished) on the topic, which
contain information, ideas, data and evidence
written from a particular standpoint to fulfil
certain aims or express certain views on the
nature of the topic and how it is to be
investigated, and
• the effective evaluation of these documents in
relation to the research being proposed.”
Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. London: Sage
Publications, 1998.

4. According to Hart (1998), literature review allows
the researcher to:
• distinguish what has been done from what
needs to be done
• discovering important variables relevant to the
topic
• synthesising and gaining a new perspective
• rationalising the significance of the problem

5. • enhancing and acquiring the subject
vocabulary
• relating ideas and theory to applications
• identifying the methodologies and research
techniques that have been used
• placing the research in a historical context
and show familiarity with up-to-date
developments.

6. When to do literature review
• Before starting of research
• While developing study protocol
• During the study
• While writing the research paper
Throughout the project /research phase

7. How to do literature review
• The process can be divided into
1. Literature Search
– Search using keywords
– If title, author, year of publication and journal look
useful, see the abstract.
– If abstract looks useful then go to library or online
for full article.
2. Critical appraisal
3. Writing the literature review.

8. Where to search
• Library
– Books, journals, conference souvenir and
conference proceedings
• Electronic Resources
– Data bases : PubMed, Embase, Science direct etc.
– Journals : The Lancet, BMJ, Indian Pediatrics etc.

9. How to get access to paid article..?
• Institution membership
• Library
• Requesting the author

10. Why PubMed
• PubMed is a large online database – more than
23 million citations from biomedical literature
from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online
books.
• Contains citations and abstracts of articles from
around the world in different languages.
• Start search with keyword
• Search can be done by author, title, journal etc.
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

17. Why IndMed
• IndMed – Indexing of Indian Medical journals
indmed.nic.in/
– Indexing about 100 Indian Medical journals
• MedIND - provides free full text articles published in
select Indian Biomedical Journals indexed in IndMED
or PubMed
medind.nic.in/

19. Citing and Referencing
academic sources

20. Reference or citation
• A way of giving credit for someone’s thinking,
writing or research.
• Marking the material when we use it (a
citation) and giving the full identification at the
end ( a reference).
• In academic writing you are obliged to attribute
every piece of material you use to its author.

21. Avoiding plagiarism
• The availability of text in digital form increases
the possibility of accidentally using someone
else’s material without acknowledgement.
• So citation and referencing should be proper.

22. Citation or reference style
• A citation style or reference system is a
standardized system for referring to materials
used in your writing.
• There are several different citation styles
developed independently by professional
organizations.
• The Harvard referencing style
• Vancouver style

23. Harvard Referencing style
• Also known as “author date system.”
• References are listed alphabetically.
• Eg – A recent study (Moazeri H et al, 2006) reported
that the analysis of association between BMI and
physical activity in children revealed that as the amount
of physical activity increased the prevalence of
overweight and obesity decreased in Tehran.

24. Vancouver Referencing
technique

25. Vancouver Referencing technique
• A uniform set of requirements for bibliographic
references.
• A numbered style.
• Follows rules established by the International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
• Also known as Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals.

26. Citing in the text
• A number is allocated to a source in the order
in which it is cited in the text.
• If the source is referred to again, the same
number is used.
• References should be numbered using Arabic
numerals in box parentheses e.g. [1] in the
order of appearance in the text as a superscript.

27. Citing in the text

28. References
• References are listed in numerical order in the
Reference list at the end of the paper.
• We can give references of
Ø Journal
ØBook
ØMaterials from Internet

29. Journal Reference
• Two main Components of a Journal Reference
Bibliographic Elements and Punctuations Marks

30. Authors in correct sequence, and
names checked from PubMed. After
6 authors, et al written in italics
Correct title of
the article to
come after the
authors name.
Correct journal
abbreviation as
given in Pubmed
Year of the article
given after the
journal abbreviation
Year of
publication is
followed by the
volume no.
Page no comes
last this should
not be written as
445-447
Bibliographic Elements

31. Punctuation Marks
Full stop after the last author
followed by space and then
the article title
Coma followed by space after each author
do not write and before the last author
Single space between the journal
abbreviation and the year, place no
other punctuation marks
Semicolon ;after
the year without any
space
Colon :after volume
no. without any space
Hyphen to separate the
page no.
Full stop at the
end of the ref.
Full stop followed by
space

32. Reference checking facility
• www.journalonweb.com website - The
manuscript submission web site offers the
authors a method where they can check the
correctness of the references they have used
• Springer journals – eg Indian Pediatrics, Indian
J of Pediatrics are also having reference
checking facility.

33. On the left panel there is an option of
Check References

34. Clicking that will open the check ref
page
Write or paste the ref
in this box
then click the tab below

35. Once found correct, the page
will display the PubMed ID of
the paper with a full text link

36. Book Reference
• Chapter in a book
Example
Miyano T, Kobayashi H, Chen SC. Long term results of
biliary atresia. In: Gupta DK, editor. Text Book of
Neonatal Surgery, 1st edn. New Delhi: Modern
Publishers; 2000. p. 288-91.

37. • Miyano T, Kobayashi H, Chen SC. Long term
results of biliary atresia. In: Gupta DK, editor.
Text Book of Neonatal Surgery, 1st ed. New
Delhi: Modern Publishers; 2000. p. 288-91.
Authors of the
chapter
Title of the chapter
Chief Editor of the
book
Name of the
book
Edition no City of
publication Name of
publisher
Year and page no.
The punctuation marks are to followed as seen in this example

38. Internet Reference
The three main types of electronic sources are:
• Websites or web pages
• Complete works (reports, research papers,
online books)
• Journal article on the Internet

39. • Websites or web pages /Homepage/Web site
• Author
• Article title
• Name of website
• Dates like copyright date, updated on. If no date – n.d.
• Full URL
• Date you last visited- Accessed
Eg - Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association
of Cancer Online Resources, c2000-01 [updated 2002
May 16]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.
(Accessed: 28th Sept 2014).

40. • Journal article on the Internet
– Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing
homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs
[Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about
1 p.]. Available from:
http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatc
h.htmArticle

41. Remember
• Providing the references in correct style with
accurate bibliographic details is authors’
responsibility.
• Editor has the full right to reject the manuscript
on technical grounds if the references are wrong
or it may be sent back to the author for
correction.