This document discusses literature reviews and systematic literature reviews. It defines a literature review as an overview of previous research on a topic guided by research objectives. It lists purposes of literature reviews such as establishing gaps in knowledge. It provides tips for conducting literature reviews such as defining topics, prioritizing keywords, and identifying sources. The document then defines a systematic literature review as finding evidence from literature in a systematic way by stating review questions and finding answers. It lists the procedures for a systematic literature review such as starting with a well-defined question and critically assessing relevant literature.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Research report is a research document that contains basic aspects of the research project. This presentation describes the different sections of research report format and its headings.
A presentation on research report writing.PRIYANKAVP4
This power point presentation is related to the topic of research report writing. It involves meaning of report writing, its functions and essentialities,types,planning and report writing,format of a research report,preparation of research report,its contents,report writing stages etc.
A compilation of points from various text books.
Report writing, oral presentation. Meaning and objectives, significance, attributes of good report, literature review, methodology, mechanics of writing a good report, steps in writing a report. Guidelines
by K. T. Thomas, Assistant Professor, Christ University, Pune Lavasa
Training and development is required for each and every employee in the organization, in this lesson, we have thrown light on various techniques and tools to improve the skills of employees
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Research report is a research document that contains basic aspects of the research project. This presentation describes the different sections of research report format and its headings.
A presentation on research report writing.PRIYANKAVP4
This power point presentation is related to the topic of research report writing. It involves meaning of report writing, its functions and essentialities,types,planning and report writing,format of a research report,preparation of research report,its contents,report writing stages etc.
A compilation of points from various text books.
Report writing, oral presentation. Meaning and objectives, significance, attributes of good report, literature review, methodology, mechanics of writing a good report, steps in writing a report. Guidelines
by K. T. Thomas, Assistant Professor, Christ University, Pune Lavasa
Training and development is required for each and every employee in the organization, in this lesson, we have thrown light on various techniques and tools to improve the skills of employees
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
It will give detail idea about thesis/project. You will be benefited and well known for, which is suitable for you. It may give you opportunity to be skilled about completing your project/thesis.
Instructor:
• Dr. Md. Abdullah Al Humayun
Associate Professor, Eastern University
• Mr. Muhammad Mahfuz Hasan
Assistant Professor, Eastern University
This presentation accompanies a Malayalam video on writing literature reviews in Social Sciences.
The video can be found at https://www.youtube.com/c/DrChinchuC
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2. Let’s start with the tool
Motivatedacademic.com 12PhD Tools to Supercharge your Literature Review
3. Literature Review
• an overview of previous research on your
research topic
• a comprehensive review of all published
research that is relevant to your research topic,
guided by your research objectives
4. Remember:
• What is known about the subject?
• What are the underpinning theories?
• Are there any gaps in the knowledge of the subject?
• Have areas of further study been identified by other
researchers?
• Who are the gurus this area?
• What aspects have generated debate on the topic?
• What is the current status of research in this area?
• What sources of information or data were identified that might
be useful to your research?
5. Purposes of a Literature Review
• Convey the depth and breadth of previous research that has been
accomplished (background of the study)
• Supports the research objectives
• Support the significance of the research
• Identify important issues
• Establish link to hypotheses
• Identify areas of missing knowledge/gaps
• Describe methodologies used
• Describe existing data sets
• Provide research context
• Recognize the gurus/scholars in your research field
• Help you learn everything about your research
• Ensure that you are not “reinventing the wheel”
6. How to do a Literature Review
1. Define the research topic, the research objectives, the research
questions, or the hypothesis.
2. Prioritize a list of keywords
3. Identify sources of information: journals, books, theses
4. Read, evaluate, analyze all the works-match with your keywords
and guided by your research objectives.
5. Looking for literature which are supportive and antithetical:
contrasting points of views.
6. Identify relationships between (S:I-facts/point of view),
relationship among variables, new findings (latest work)
7. Discuss findings and conclusions with your supervisor.
8. Most important for theoretical gaps identification
9. Write up
7. Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
• Finding evidence from (scientific) literature
– Do it in a systematic way
• State a review question
• Find the answer/evidence/materials
8. SLR
• Some of the Questions
– What are the problems in your research area?
– What are the solution for the problems?
– What are the newest results/finding in your research area?
• Take Note
– The questions should be match with your research scopes,
research questions, research topic
– The questions should be specific enough to be able to
provide enough specific findings
9. 9
SLR Procedure
1. Start from a well-defined review question
2. Searching the literature
3. Critically assess relevant literature
-the date, the context, the theoretical proposition (same as
yours?)
4. Synthesise literature (answer your research questions,
construct theoretical or conceptual framework)