Focused Ultrasound induced blood brain barrier remains the only non invasive technique to open the BBB. Microbubbes are used inorder to disrupt the BBB. They disrupt BBB by a method of Cavitation and Oscillation.
The emergence of nanotechnology is likely to have a significant impact on drug delivery sector, affecting just about every route of administration from oral to injectable, according to specialist market research firm NanoMarkets.
The emergence of nanotechnology is likely to have a significant impact on drug delivery sector, affecting just about every route of administration from oral to injectable, according to specialist market research firm NanoMarkets.
Raman microscopy and x ray diffraction a combined study of fibrillin-rich mic...John Clarkson
J.L. Haston, S.B. Engelsen, M. Roessle, J. Clarkson, E.W. Blanch, C. Baldock, C.M. Kielty & T.J. Wess, “Raman microscopy and X-ray diffraction: A combined study of fibrillin-rich microfibillar elasticity”, J. Biol. Chem., 278(42), 41189-41197, 2003.
Nano Drug Delivery Approaches and Importance of Quality by Design (QbD)SABYA SACHI DAS
Different Novel drug delivery systems, their benefits as well as drawbacks.
Different polymers used for preparation of these novel structures:Literature survey.
Targeted drug delivery approaches.
Literature based survey of different nanostructured approaches for drug formulation.
Techniques incvolved for optimization before formulation.
Utilities of quality by design (QbD) approach of optimization.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
Raman microscopy and x ray diffraction a combined study of fibrillin-rich mic...John Clarkson
J.L. Haston, S.B. Engelsen, M. Roessle, J. Clarkson, E.W. Blanch, C. Baldock, C.M. Kielty & T.J. Wess, “Raman microscopy and X-ray diffraction: A combined study of fibrillin-rich microfibillar elasticity”, J. Biol. Chem., 278(42), 41189-41197, 2003.
Nano Drug Delivery Approaches and Importance of Quality by Design (QbD)SABYA SACHI DAS
Different Novel drug delivery systems, their benefits as well as drawbacks.
Different polymers used for preparation of these novel structures:Literature survey.
Targeted drug delivery approaches.
Literature based survey of different nanostructured approaches for drug formulation.
Techniques incvolved for optimization before formulation.
Utilities of quality by design (QbD) approach of optimization.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
"Who's the Bot?"
The rise of instant messages as the preferred communications platform by consumers, made many companies shift their customer-facing services from applications to chat bots.
Join us for a deep dive into the bot revolution and learn what leading companies are doing in this field and why are they shifting their customer-facing services from applications to chat bots.
We will also review scenarios combining chat bots and AI by looking at Microsoft’s Cortana in Skype as an example.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Frank Heppner, December 12, 2012 at the Alzheimer Research Forum live webinar titled "Neuroinflammation—A Prelude to Alzheimer's?"
Review details at http://www.alzforum.org/res/for/journal/detail.asp?liveID=207
Microdialysis is an integral part of preclinical research to determine extracellular fluid and blood concentrations of metabolites, hormones, drugs, etc, and is often used in quantifying the biochemistry of brain and peripheral tissues. However, it is a molecular-only technique and other imaging modalities are needed to provide the researcher with functional and anatomical information of the animal in vivo.
Several methods making drugs overcome blood-brain barier obstacle .Abeer Abd Elrahman
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a major obstacle to the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). and there are several methods to overcome this obstacle as Disease itself (enhanced permeability and retention EPR), Exosomes, Pro-drugs, Encapsulation into a biocompatible polymer,..etc
Cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion (cOFM) for in vivo Cerebral Fluid Sampling ...InsideScientific
Cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM) is a minimally invasive, in vivo sampling technology that allows continuous long-term sampling of cerebral fluid in living animals. The decisive advantage of cOFM is that the cOFM probe is membrane–free and comprises macroscopic openings which offer the possibility for a multitude of applications without restriction regarding size, lipophilicity or protein binding effects of the collected substances. The cOFM probe is designed to elicit minimal tissue reactions and allows for reconstitution of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, cOFM can sample cerebral fluids in living and freely moving animals with intact BBB.
During this webinar, Dr. Joanna Hummer introduces cOFM and presents how cOFM is used as an in vivo sampling technology in neuroscience for drug development.
Dr. Florie Le Prieult, presents data her team collected using cOFM during a pharmacokinetic studies of therapeutic antibodies. Her study includes head-to-head comparison of cOFM and microdialysis.
White Paper: In vivo Fiberoptic Fluorescence Microscopy in freely behaving miceFUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc.
Fiberoptic fluorescence microscopy (FFM) employs optical fibers as small as 300 micrometers in diameter and offers the ability to image cellular and subcellular processes in deep brain structures including the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (Sn).
Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugsaijazpsd
This ppt will help to understand in very brief about the nano particulate system for brain delivery of drugs. Various examples and mechanism of penetration is also added
Report on Rabies vaccine in India. Rabies is caused by lyssavirus which is a deadly virus which affects the CNS. And its genetic material consists of mainly RNA and it undergoes reverse transcription mechanism and multiply in the host.
P1 derived Artificial Chromosomes (PAC) is a genome derived from Phage P1. P1 phage utilises PAC sites for efficient breaking and packaging of the genome and its efficient delivery in transfection stage.
Capsule is an layer around the bacteria cell which gives bacteria the protection and pathogenicity. Staining such an layer is difficult with the normal stains so it is necessary to stain the background and the cell itself which makes the capsule appear colourless.
Compiled by Nagendra P and Pritam Vishu Bagwe
M.Tech Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India.
Vero cells are the continuous cell lines which is employed in the production of viral vaccines . This cell line has the ability to be scaled up and grown in large bioreactors using microcarrier beads .
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
The main function of the BBB is to eliminate toxic substances before
entering the brain parenchyma. However, it recognizes most
therapeutic agents >400 Da as foreign and blocks their delivery.
Focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood–brain barrier BBB opening is
currently the sole technique to achieve noninvasive, transient, and
localized drug delivery to the brain.
FUS in the presence of microbubbles remains the only non-invasive,
transient, localized, and reversible way to open the BBB.
2
3. MICROBUBBLE
Based on their previously reported in-house methods to prepare monodisperse (4–5 mm)
microbubbles, they developed a new type of lipid-coated microbubbles for the purpose of this
study.
C-12 loaded microbubbles through covalent bond were used as vectors for localized delivery into
the brain.
When FUS is applied to these microbubbles, they oscillate or cavitate. When cavitation occurs in
the cerebral vasculature, it can induce localized BBB opening.
Depending on the acoustic pressure, microbubbles present two types of cavitation.
• At relative low pressures, they exhibit stable cavitation (SC)
• At high pressures, they exhibit inertial cavitation (IC) 3
4. They were formulated by dissolving 90% mol 1,2-distearyol-sn-glycero-3-
phosphocoline (DSPC) and 10% mol 1,2-distearyol-sn-glycero-3-
phosphoethanolamine- N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)2000] (DSPEPEG2000)
in a solution consisting of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 1X/glycerol
(10% volume)/propylene glycol (10% volume).
After dissolving, perfluorobutane (PFB) at 99% wt. purity, was introduced in
order to activate the microbubbles forming the gas core.
The microbubbles were converted into fluorescent by the addition of the
lipophilic fluorescein probe (5-dodecanoylaminfluorescein) C-12.
((molecular weight 529.63 g/mol, maximum emission and excitation
wavelengths 497 and 518 nm)
4
6. FUS
In this study, a pulsed FUS (pulse length 6.56 ms; pulse repetition frequency 5 Hz;
duration 5 min) beam at acoustic pressures between 450 and 750 kPa was targeted
transcranially to the left caudate-putamen (Cau-Pu), while the right side served as a
control.
A bolus of 50 ml diluted fluorescent microbubbles in saline solution (8×10^8
microbubbles/ml) was injected intravenously through the tail vein immediately before
sonication
6
5-dodecanoylaminfluorescein delivery was assessed by ex vivo fluorescence
imaging and by in vivo transcranial passive cavitation detection(PCD).
8. RESULT
8
A total of 47 male mice (age: 3–4 months old, weight: 20–25 g) were used in this study.
The animals were divided into seven cohorts depending on the applied acoustic pressure and time of
sacrifice.
10. CONCLUSION
lipid microbubbles was developed to serve as both a vector for targeted drug delivery and a tool for BBB opening.
C-12 was selected as a model drug due to two main reasons.
First, its amphiphilic nature
Secondly, this fluorophore is biologically inert
fluorescent microbubbles become quickly unstable in a matter of hours and they had to be used on the same day
of the preparation.
Acoustic pressures higher than 450 kPa are needed to achieve targeted delivery.
One week after the procedure, the BBB was closed, the edema cleared out, and only microglial activation was
noticeable in some cases.
10