Drug delivery involves transporting pharmaceutical compounds in the body to safely achieve their desired effects using technologies and systems. It concerns both the quantity and duration of drug presence. For example, protein drugs must be delivered via injection or nano-needles. Nanoparticles like liposomes, dendrimers, fullerenes, nanoshells, quantum dots, and nanorobots can provide targeted drug delivery, improved solubility, constant drug release rates, and increased stability.

2. •Drug delivery is transportation of a pharmaceutical
compound in the body to safely achieve the desired effect
via use of system or technology.
• It concerns with both quantity and duration of drug
presence.
•For example protein drugs have to be delivered by
injection (daily life) or a nano-needle.

3. Classic vs.
Nano
Targeted
delivery
Targeting
1
Improved solubility
2
Constant rate of drug delivery
3
Increased drug stability
4

4. LIPOSOMES
DENDRIMERSFULLERENES
NANOSHELLS Materials used
QUANTUM DOTS
NANOROBOTS
NANOSENSORS

5. Structure of
Nanorobotics
Nanorobots are nanodevices that are used for the
purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body
against pathogens.
Size: Diameter of about 0.5 to 0.3microns.
What are Nanobots?
Designs is derived from biological models.
Components are onboard sensors, motors, manipulators , power
suppliers, molecular components.
Best known biological sample is ribosome used to construct
robotic arm.
Synthesis of Nanobots
Parasite removal
Fighting cancer
Breaking up kidney stones
Breaking up blood clots
Treating Arteriosclerosis.
Medical application

6. Nanorobots may treat conditions like
arteriosclerosis by physically chipping
away the plaque along artery walls
How blood swimming robots work
Nanobots carry small USG to deliver
frequencies directly to kidney stone

7. A quantum dot is a nano-crystal made of semiconductor
materials that glow when excited by a light source at
any wavelength from infrared to ultraviolet.
Size: 5 and 20nm.
What are Quantum dots?
The synthesis of quantum dots is done by
using precursors, organometallic surfactants, and
solvents.
Heating the solution at high temperature, the precursors
decompose forming monomers which then nucleate and
generate nanocrystals.
How they are made…
They are specifically attached to biological materials such as
cells , proteins and nucleic acids making them powerful tagging
agents.
Advantages of QD technology
high sensitivity, Fluorescence stable, highly resistant to
degradation
Application and advantages
Quantum dots

8. Liposomes can encapsulate and transport water
soluble ingredients in their polar cavity and oil
soluble ingredients in their hydrophobic cavity.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer
and are extensively used in drug.
They are versatile and allow tagging of small molecules for
targeted delivery.
Size : arround 200nm
What are liposomes ?
1. Polycarbonate membrane extrusion method.
2. High pressure homogenisation.
3. Reversed phase evaporation method.
4. Sonication method.
Synthesis of liposomes
Two methods are used :Active and passive
Active targeting of the drug can be achieved by
using immuno-liposomes and ligand directed
liposomes.
Targeting of liposomal drugs

9. Buckyball (C60
)
They are spherical arrangement of carbon atoms.
They were discovered by Richard Buckminster Fuller.
They are neither graphite nor diamond.
Size ~1nm.
What is fullerenes ?
Method used:
1. Carbon-arc method
-two graphite rods are used
-current is passed for 10s
-carbon arc is created and soot is
formed
-10 % is C60
2. Laser Ablation
-quartz system, one end fitted
with laser and another with
copper collector
-laser beam hits graphite target
Synthesis of buckyballs
The core of fullerene is hydrophobic in
nature.
When hydrophilic moieties are attached,
fullerenes become water-soluble and
are capable of carrying drugs for the
cellular delivery.
Fullerenes has the capacity to penetrate
through intact skin
Application in drug delivery
Endohedral
metallofullerence
Laser Ablation
MethodCarbon arc
Method

10. 1. Prevention of drug from
biological degradation
4. Patient compliance
3. Effective targeting
2. Cost effectiveness