This document summarizes key aspects of lipid biochemistry. Lipids include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes and share properties of insolubility in water but solubility in non-polar solvents. They serve important functions like energy storage, insulation, cell signaling, and transporting other lipids in the blood. Lipids are classified as simple or complex, with simple lipids including fats and oils, and complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and can be saturated or unsaturated. Triacylglycerols are the main form for storing fatty acids. Steroids like cholesterol are precursors for important compounds and serve structural and

1. Chemistry of lipids
Oman Ph.

2. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
The lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds, including fats, oils, steroids, waxes
They have the common property of being:
Relatively insoluble in water and
Soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether and
chloroform.

3. Importance :
1. They are important dietary constituents because of:
a. Their high energy value
b. The fat-soluble vitamins and the essential fatty acids
contained in the fat of natural foods
.2. Fat is stored in adipose tissue, where it also serves as a
thermal insulator in the subcutaneous tissues and around
certain organs
.3. Non-polar lipids act as electrical insulators, allowing rapid
propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves.

4. 4.Combinations of lipid and protein (lipoproteins) are important
cellular constituent, occurring both in the cell membrane and in
the mitochondria, and serving also as the means of
Transporting lipids in the blood
5 Knowledge of lipid biochemistry is necessary in understanding
many important biomedical areas, eg, obesity, diabetes
mellitus, atherosclerosis, and the role of various
polyunsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and health.

5. LIPIDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS
Simple lipids
Complex lipids:

6. LIPIDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
SIMPLE OR COMPLEX
Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
Oils and Waxes:
Complex lipids: Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition
to an alcohol and a fatty acid.
I. Phospholipids: Lipids containing, in addition to fatty
acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. eg, in
glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol and in
sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine.

7. II. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids):
Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate.
Other complex lipids:
Lipids such as sulfolipids and aminolipids. Lipoproteins may
also be placed in this category.

8. Fatty acids
Fatty acids are building block of most lipids,
Having one polar carboxyl group (head) and a non-polar
hydrocarbon chain (tail).
Fatty acids occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils
but do occur in the un -esterified form as free fatty acids, a
transport form found in the plasma.
Fatty acids that occur in natural fats has even number of
carbon atoms.
The chain may be saturated (no double bonds) or
unsaturated ( one or more double bonds).

9. Thus, Saturated acids end in -anoic, eg, octanoic acid,
and Unsaturated acids with double bonds end in -enoic,
eg, octadecenoic acid (oleic acid).
 Carbon atoms are numbered from the carboxyl carbon (carbon
No. 1). the terminal methyl carbon is known as the ω or n-carbon.

10.  Various conventions use Δ for indicating the number
and position of the double bonds .
e.g. Δ9 indicates a double bond between carbons 9
and 10 of the fatty acid;
ω9 indicates a double bond on the ninth carbon
counting from the ω- carbon.
 In animals, additional double bonds are introduced
only between the existing double bond (e.g., ω9, ω6, or
ω3)

11. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More
Double Bonds
Fatty acids may be further subdivided as follows:
Monounsaturated containing one double bond.
Polyunsaturated containing two or more double bonds.
Eicosanoid: (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids, comprise
the Prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), lipoxins (LXs).
Prostanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins
(PGIs), and thromboxanes (TXs).

13. Most Naturally Occurring Have cis Double Bonds.
If on the same side of the bond, it is cis-, as in oleic acid
if on opposite sides, it is trans-, as in “elaidic acid,”
the trans isomer of oleic acid.
Geometric isomerism of Δ9, 18:1
fatty acids (oleic and Elaidic
acids).

14. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS (TRIGLYCERIDES)*
===Are the main storage forms of fatty acids
The triacylglycerols are esters of glycerol &fatty acids.
Mono- and diacylglycerol wherein one or two fatty
acids are esterified with glycerol are also found in the
tissues.
To number the carbon atoms of glycerol
unambiguously, the -sn- (stereochemical numbering)
system is used

15. Enzymes readily distinguish between them and are
nearly always specific for one or the other carbon;
e.g., Glycerol is always phosphorylated on sn-3 by
Glycerol kinase to give glycerol 3-phosphate and
not glycerol-1-phosphate .

16. STEROIDS PLAY MANY PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT ROLES
Cholesterol is probably the best known steroid because of
its association with atherosclerosis.
However, biochemically it is also of significance because it
is the precursor of a large number of equally important
steroids that include
=Bile acids,
=Adrenocortical hormones,
=Sex hormones,
=D vitamins, cardiac glycosides, sitosterols of the plant
kingdom, and some alkaloids.

17. All of the steroids have a similar cyclic nucleus
resembling phenanthrene (rings A, B, and C) to
which a cyclopentane ring (D) is attached.
The carbon positions on the steroid nucleus are
numbered as shown in Figure

18. Cholesterol Is a Significant Constituent of Many Tissues
Cholesterol is widely distributed in all cells of the body but
particularly in nervous tissue.
It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of
plasma lipoproteins.
It is often found as cholesteryl ester, where the hydroxyl
group on position 3 is esterified with a long-chain fatty acid.
It occurs in animals but not in plants.
HO

19. For the synthesis of bile salts that are important in
lipid digestion and absorption.
For the synthesis of steroid hormones that are
biologically important like the sex hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
For the synthesis of vitamin D3
As a structural material in biological membranes.
As a component of lipoproteins as transport forms of
lipid based energy.
Cholesterol is important in many ways: