Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protozoa. These microbes play key roles in processes like nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and food spoilage. Microorganisms are found everywhere, including in humans, animals, plants, soil, water and air. They have both beneficial and detrimental impacts on human life, and are used to produce important products like antibiotics, enzymes and vitamins. The field of microbiology has wide applications in areas such as medicine, industry, agriculture, and food science.
This chapter discusses water and wastewater. It provides an overview of the hydrological cycle and sources of wastewater including domestic and industrial uses. Key physical, chemical and biological parameters of wastewater are described including suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutrients, pathogens and indicators. Methods for analyzing wastewater characteristics like oxygen sag analysis are also introduced.
There is growing interest in environmental biotechnology to help feed the world's population and maintain clean air, soil, and water. Major developments are occurring in plant and microbial engineering. Plants can be engineered for increased yields and new products, while microorganisms are used for their catalytic diversity and ease of genetic manipulation. Applications include removing sulfur from fossil fuels to reduce pollution, generating hydrogen from sunlight as a renewable energy source, and using microbes to remediate hazardous nuclear waste sites.
The document discusses environmental biotechnology, which deals with topics like cleaning up contamination and managing wastes. It has relevance for many industries as it can help reduce costs and improve compliance with environmental regulations. Some key applications of environmental biotechnology include waste treatment, pollution control during manufacturing, and bioremediation of contaminated land. It provides alternatives to traditional waste disposal and chemical-based cleanup methods that are more sustainable and cost-effective. The economic factors will always influence the adoption of environmental biotechnology solutions.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and microbiology. It defines environmental biotechnology as solving environmental problems through applying biotechnology. Environmental microbiology is studying microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. Current areas of research discussed are molecular ecology, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuels. Molecular ecology uses genetic tools to study ecological questions. Bioremediation uses bacteria or fungi to break down hazardous waste. Biosensors use microbes or chemicals to monitor levels of certain substances. Biofuels are plant-derived fuels that release less carbon dioxide than traditional fuels.
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protozoa. These microbes play key roles in processes like nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and food spoilage. Microorganisms are found everywhere, including in humans, animals, plants, soil, water and air. They have both beneficial and detrimental impacts on human life, and are used to produce important products like antibiotics, enzymes and vitamins. The field of microbiology has wide applications in areas such as medicine, industry, agriculture, and food science.
This chapter discusses water and wastewater. It provides an overview of the hydrological cycle and sources of wastewater including domestic and industrial uses. Key physical, chemical and biological parameters of wastewater are described including suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutrients, pathogens and indicators. Methods for analyzing wastewater characteristics like oxygen sag analysis are also introduced.
There is growing interest in environmental biotechnology to help feed the world's population and maintain clean air, soil, and water. Major developments are occurring in plant and microbial engineering. Plants can be engineered for increased yields and new products, while microorganisms are used for their catalytic diversity and ease of genetic manipulation. Applications include removing sulfur from fossil fuels to reduce pollution, generating hydrogen from sunlight as a renewable energy source, and using microbes to remediate hazardous nuclear waste sites.
The document discusses environmental biotechnology, which deals with topics like cleaning up contamination and managing wastes. It has relevance for many industries as it can help reduce costs and improve compliance with environmental regulations. Some key applications of environmental biotechnology include waste treatment, pollution control during manufacturing, and bioremediation of contaminated land. It provides alternatives to traditional waste disposal and chemical-based cleanup methods that are more sustainable and cost-effective. The economic factors will always influence the adoption of environmental biotechnology solutions.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and microbiology. It defines environmental biotechnology as solving environmental problems through applying biotechnology. Environmental microbiology is studying microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. Current areas of research discussed are molecular ecology, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuels. Molecular ecology uses genetic tools to study ecological questions. Bioremediation uses bacteria or fungi to break down hazardous waste. Biosensors use microbes or chemicals to monitor levels of certain substances. Biofuels are plant-derived fuels that release less carbon dioxide than traditional fuels.
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
This document summarizes research on using microorganisms for bioremediation of environmental pollutants. It discusses how bioremediation uses microbes like bacteria and fungi to break down toxic waste into less harmful substances. The document reviews studies on designing bioreactors to clean contaminated soil and water. One study discussed used a designed surface soil treatment unit and cow dung microbial consortia to bioremediate common pesticides like chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil, maintaining simulated environmental conditions until thresholds were met. Overall, the document reviews the potential of bioremediation technology to degrade hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants using microbes into less toxic forms.
The document is an abstract that discusses isolating and enriching microorganisms capable of detoxifying environmental pollutants. It notes that pollution is a serious problem and interest in microbes that can break down pollutants is important for bioremediation. The study aims to isolate microbes with high potential for degrading pollutants and optimize their growth conditions. Various methods and techniques were used to isolate different microorganisms.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works to break down hazardous substances. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes to degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural attenuation. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ techniques like bioventing treat pollution on-site, while ex-situ methods involve removing material to above-ground bioreactors for treatment. Bioremediation has applications in controlling water, soil and air
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Applications of environmental biotechnology by Hameer KhanHumair Sindhi
The document discusses applications of environmental biotechnology. It defines environmental biotechnology as using biological systems to develop and regulate the environment in a sustainable way. It discusses six major applications: biomarkers to measure pollution exposure; biosensors to detect toxins; biofuels as renewable energy; bioremediation to clean pollution; biotransformation to convert toxins; and molecular ecology to study biodiversity. Overall, environmental biotechnology aims to keep the environment clean for future generations through sustainable use of organisms.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. There are three main types: biostimulation adds nutrients to encourage microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes that degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes. Microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolism and catabolism, using contaminants for energy and building cell structures. Factors like microbial populations, contaminant availability, temperature, and nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness.
Ecotoxicology studies the effects of toxic chemicals like pesticides on biological organisms from the population to ecosystem levels. Pesticides have widespread environmental impacts beyond their intended targets, polluting air, water, soil and food chains. This can harm wildlife like birds, fish and amphibians through poisoning, reducing their habitats and food sources, or bioaccumulation up the food chain. Pesticide exposure poses risks to human health too, and can cause issues ranging from mild irritation to birth defects, cancer, nervous system effects and even death depending on the toxicity and length of exposure.
Ecotoxicology is concerned with the harmful effects of chemicals on ecosystems. It examines the chronic effects of anthropogenic chemicals and chemical mixtures on organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystem structure. Ecosystem pollution can come from natural sources like metals and toxins, or anthropogenic sources like industry, agriculture, transportation, habitations, and military activities. The document divides pollution into three main types: air, aquatic, and terrestrial pollution. Air pollution sources include fuel combustion, industry, and transportation, which release pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. The toxic effects of air pollution can be both acute from high concentrations or chronic from long term exposure, and can cause respiratory issues.
Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, especially at the population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
Biotechnology can be used to help clean up the environment through various methods. These include using microorganisms to break down waste at landfills and during composting. A process called bioremediation uses naturally occurring microbes to break down pollutants. Other methods involve using biosensors to detect pollutants and genetically engineering bacteria to eat oil spills. Biotechnology techniques can also be applied to treating industrial waste, removing toxins from mining operations, and controlling pests and weeds in a more sustainable way.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It works by stimulating natural microbial activity to break down harmful pollutants into harmless substances. Various technologies can be used including treating excavated soil in biopiles or bioreactors, injecting nutrients and oxygen into contaminated groundwater and soil, and planting vegetation that helps remove toxins from the environment. The microbes metabolize the pollutants for food and energy through aerobic or anaerobic processes, transforming contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic forms.
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
This document discusses bioremediation and the enzymes used in the process. It begins with background information on bioremediation and enzymes. Major enzymes that aid in bioremediation are then outlined, including peroxidases, oxygenases, and dioxygenases. An example is given of lignin peroxidase and its effectiveness in bioremediating pollutants. The advantages of bioremediation include it being relatively inexpensive and allowing toxic waste to naturally break down. Limitations include difficulty controlling bacteria and potential to spread illness. In conclusion, bioremediation offers a safer, more cost-effective cleaning method for contaminated sites.
Bioremediation of contaminated soil by (waqas azeem)Waqas Azeem
This document is a submission from Waqas Azeem to Dr. Sher Muhammad Shahzad regarding the basic problem of releasing hazardous materials into the environment. It discusses how enormous quantities of organic and inorganic compounds are released each year through human activities. The release can be deliberate, accidental, or unavoidable. The EPA estimated in 1980 that over 57 million metric tons of total waste fell into three categories: heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nuclear waste. The document then provides details on bioremediation, the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants, describing the requirements, types (in situ and ex situ), examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Microbiological studies on the wastewater treatment and agricultural fertil...Mohamed Younes
This document discusses a study on using microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces to treat wastewater biologically. The microbial consortium was formulated using molasses as a medium and showed efficient reduction of parameters like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH and odor in wastewater treatment. The treated water was suitable for disposal and the process was found to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with organic compounds by stimulating bacteria and fungi that are naturally present or introduced. The microbes use the contaminants for food and break them down into simpler, less toxic substances. Two types of bioremediation are discussed - in situ, which treats contaminants on-site without removing soil, and ex situ, which treats removed soil. Specific in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and biostimulation. The document also summarizes a study that used a fungal consortium to treat wastewater from a pulp and paper mill, significantly
Role of microorganisms in waste recycling centre and the warmth of cherished memories of the day i vowed to never try anything love again and I hope to contribute to innovative things that I have been saying about my life and prosperity baby girl and I am not a scammer to be honest with you and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you so much my queen and I love you
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
BIOREMEDIATION OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS USING FUNGIijcoa
Use of chemicals in industrial processes, agricultural practices, nuclear experiments and various areas of our daily lives result in the release of potential toxic chemicals into the environment either on purpose or by accident. Chemicals that are known to pollute the environment include heavy metals, drugs, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, endocrine disrupting agents and agricultural chemicals. After their release, these pollutants are transported through the soil, atmosphere and water sources polluting them, thus posing a serious problem for survival of mankind. In the past, traditional method of disposing hazardous pollutants was by digging a hole and filling it with waste material but this method of waste disposal was difficult to continue due to lack of new places to dump. Many physical and chemical based technologies for waste disposal like high-temperature incineration and chemical decomposition methods have evolved in the years. Though these techniques were very effective at reducing a wide range of contaminants, at the same time they had several drawbacks like being complex in nature, uneconomical, and were not easily accepted by the public. Thus focus was shifted towards using modern day bioremediation process as a suitable alternative. Bioremediation is a microorganism mediated transformation or degradation of contaminants into nonhazardous or less-hazardous substances. In this process the contaminant or pollutant is used as a nutrient or energy source by the microorganism and the enzymes secreted by the microorganisms attack the pollutants and convert them to less hazardous products. Among the various microorganisms, fungi possess the biochemical and ecological capacity to degrade environmental organic chemicals either by chemical modification or by influencing chemical bioavailability. Ability of fungi to form extended mycelial networks, the low specificity of their enzymes and their ability of using pollutants as a growth substrate make fungi well suited for bioremediation processes. In contrast to bacteria, fungi are able to extend the location of their biomass through hyphal growth in search of growth substrates. A bioremediation process to be effective, manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth and degradation to proceed at a faster rate are required. By integrating proper utilization of natural or modified fungal capabilities with appropriate engineering designs to provide suitable growth environment, bioremediation using fungi can be successful in treating hazardous pollutants.
This document summarizes research on using microorganisms for bioremediation of environmental pollutants. It discusses how bioremediation uses microbes like bacteria and fungi to break down toxic waste into less harmful substances. The document reviews studies on designing bioreactors to clean contaminated soil and water. One study discussed used a designed surface soil treatment unit and cow dung microbial consortia to bioremediate common pesticides like chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil, maintaining simulated environmental conditions until thresholds were met. Overall, the document reviews the potential of bioremediation technology to degrade hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants using microbes into less toxic forms.
The document is an abstract that discusses isolating and enriching microorganisms capable of detoxifying environmental pollutants. It notes that pollution is a serious problem and interest in microbes that can break down pollutants is important for bioremediation. The study aims to isolate microbes with high potential for degrading pollutants and optimize their growth conditions. Various methods and techniques were used to isolate different microorganisms.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works to break down hazardous substances. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes to degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural attenuation. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ techniques like bioventing treat pollution on-site, while ex-situ methods involve removing material to above-ground bioreactors for treatment. Bioremediation has applications in controlling water, soil and air
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Applications of environmental biotechnology by Hameer KhanHumair Sindhi
The document discusses applications of environmental biotechnology. It defines environmental biotechnology as using biological systems to develop and regulate the environment in a sustainable way. It discusses six major applications: biomarkers to measure pollution exposure; biosensors to detect toxins; biofuels as renewable energy; bioremediation to clean pollution; biotransformation to convert toxins; and molecular ecology to study biodiversity. Overall, environmental biotechnology aims to keep the environment clean for future generations through sustainable use of organisms.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. There are three main types: biostimulation adds nutrients to encourage microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes that degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes. Microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolism and catabolism, using contaminants for energy and building cell structures. Factors like microbial populations, contaminant availability, temperature, and nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness.
Ecotoxicology studies the effects of toxic chemicals like pesticides on biological organisms from the population to ecosystem levels. Pesticides have widespread environmental impacts beyond their intended targets, polluting air, water, soil and food chains. This can harm wildlife like birds, fish and amphibians through poisoning, reducing their habitats and food sources, or bioaccumulation up the food chain. Pesticide exposure poses risks to human health too, and can cause issues ranging from mild irritation to birth defects, cancer, nervous system effects and even death depending on the toxicity and length of exposure.
Ecotoxicology is concerned with the harmful effects of chemicals on ecosystems. It examines the chronic effects of anthropogenic chemicals and chemical mixtures on organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystem structure. Ecosystem pollution can come from natural sources like metals and toxins, or anthropogenic sources like industry, agriculture, transportation, habitations, and military activities. The document divides pollution into three main types: air, aquatic, and terrestrial pollution. Air pollution sources include fuel combustion, industry, and transportation, which release pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. The toxic effects of air pollution can be both acute from high concentrations or chronic from long term exposure, and can cause respiratory issues.
Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, especially at the population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
Biotechnology can be used to help clean up the environment through various methods. These include using microorganisms to break down waste at landfills and during composting. A process called bioremediation uses naturally occurring microbes to break down pollutants. Other methods involve using biosensors to detect pollutants and genetically engineering bacteria to eat oil spills. Biotechnology techniques can also be applied to treating industrial waste, removing toxins from mining operations, and controlling pests and weeds in a more sustainable way.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It works by stimulating natural microbial activity to break down harmful pollutants into harmless substances. Various technologies can be used including treating excavated soil in biopiles or bioreactors, injecting nutrients and oxygen into contaminated groundwater and soil, and planting vegetation that helps remove toxins from the environment. The microbes metabolize the pollutants for food and energy through aerobic or anaerobic processes, transforming contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic forms.
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
This document discusses bioremediation and the enzymes used in the process. It begins with background information on bioremediation and enzymes. Major enzymes that aid in bioremediation are then outlined, including peroxidases, oxygenases, and dioxygenases. An example is given of lignin peroxidase and its effectiveness in bioremediating pollutants. The advantages of bioremediation include it being relatively inexpensive and allowing toxic waste to naturally break down. Limitations include difficulty controlling bacteria and potential to spread illness. In conclusion, bioremediation offers a safer, more cost-effective cleaning method for contaminated sites.
Bioremediation of contaminated soil by (waqas azeem)Waqas Azeem
This document is a submission from Waqas Azeem to Dr. Sher Muhammad Shahzad regarding the basic problem of releasing hazardous materials into the environment. It discusses how enormous quantities of organic and inorganic compounds are released each year through human activities. The release can be deliberate, accidental, or unavoidable. The EPA estimated in 1980 that over 57 million metric tons of total waste fell into three categories: heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nuclear waste. The document then provides details on bioremediation, the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants, describing the requirements, types (in situ and ex situ), examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Microbiological studies on the wastewater treatment and agricultural fertil...Mohamed Younes
This document discusses a study on using microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces to treat wastewater biologically. The microbial consortium was formulated using molasses as a medium and showed efficient reduction of parameters like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH and odor in wastewater treatment. The treated water was suitable for disposal and the process was found to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with organic compounds by stimulating bacteria and fungi that are naturally present or introduced. The microbes use the contaminants for food and break them down into simpler, less toxic substances. Two types of bioremediation are discussed - in situ, which treats contaminants on-site without removing soil, and ex situ, which treats removed soil. Specific in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and biostimulation. The document also summarizes a study that used a fungal consortium to treat wastewater from a pulp and paper mill, significantly
Role of microorganisms in waste recycling centre and the warmth of cherished memories of the day i vowed to never try anything love again and I hope to contribute to innovative things that I have been saying about my life and prosperity baby girl and I am not a scammer to be honest with you and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you so much my queen and I love you
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
BIOREMEDIATION OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS USING FUNGIijcoa
Use of chemicals in industrial processes, agricultural practices, nuclear experiments and various areas of our daily lives result in the release of potential toxic chemicals into the environment either on purpose or by accident. Chemicals that are known to pollute the environment include heavy metals, drugs, hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, endocrine disrupting agents and agricultural chemicals. After their release, these pollutants are transported through the soil, atmosphere and water sources polluting them, thus posing a serious problem for survival of mankind. In the past, traditional method of disposing hazardous pollutants was by digging a hole and filling it with waste material but this method of waste disposal was difficult to continue due to lack of new places to dump. Many physical and chemical based technologies for waste disposal like high-temperature incineration and chemical decomposition methods have evolved in the years. Though these techniques were very effective at reducing a wide range of contaminants, at the same time they had several drawbacks like being complex in nature, uneconomical, and were not easily accepted by the public. Thus focus was shifted towards using modern day bioremediation process as a suitable alternative. Bioremediation is a microorganism mediated transformation or degradation of contaminants into nonhazardous or less-hazardous substances. In this process the contaminant or pollutant is used as a nutrient or energy source by the microorganism and the enzymes secreted by the microorganisms attack the pollutants and convert them to less hazardous products. Among the various microorganisms, fungi possess the biochemical and ecological capacity to degrade environmental organic chemicals either by chemical modification or by influencing chemical bioavailability. Ability of fungi to form extended mycelial networks, the low specificity of their enzymes and their ability of using pollutants as a growth substrate make fungi well suited for bioremediation processes. In contrast to bacteria, fungi are able to extend the location of their biomass through hyphal growth in search of growth substrates. A bioremediation process to be effective, manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth and degradation to proceed at a faster rate are required. By integrating proper utilization of natural or modified fungal capabilities with appropriate engineering designs to provide suitable growth environment, bioremediation using fungi can be successful in treating hazardous pollutants.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances in the environment. It defines bioremediation as using organisms or their enzymes to return polluted areas to their original condition. The document outlines different types of bioremediation technologies, factors that affect bioremediation like microbial populations, environmental conditions and contaminant availability. It also explains how microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolic and catabolic processes to gain energy, and how biostimulation provides nutrients to indigenous microbes to degrade site contaminants.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. It can occur naturally or be induced through bioaugmentation, which involves adding specific microorganisms, or biostimulation, which provides nutrients to promote the growth of indigenous microbes. Effective bioremediation requires the microbes, pollutants, and environmental conditions to allow the microbes to break down pollutants through their metabolic processes.
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in natureDharshinipriyaJanaki
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
This document discusses bioremediation and the degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. It defines bioremediation as the process of using microbes to biologically degrade organic wastes under controlled conditions. It describes how microbes possess enzymes that allow them to break down environmental contaminants. The document outlines different bioremediation methods including biostimulation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biopiles. It discusses factors that affect microbial bioremediation and concludes that bioremediation is an attractive option for cleaning polluted environments, though its effectiveness depends on environmental conditions that support microbial growth.
Changing the Economics of Organic Waste Disposal Using MEFJohnny Rodrigues
Concentrated organic waste is a major societal problem. It is a disease vector, a source of groundwater contamination, as well as a source of greenhouse gases. Managed Ecosystem Fermentation (MEF) is a technology that converts this societal problem into an economic resource for the community. MEF is a fermentation process that uses over 3,000 species of microbes simultaneously to produce multiple high-value products used in industry and agriculture. The products include fertilizer, high-protein animal feed, volatile fatty acids, longer chain fatty acids, amino acids, enzymes, etc. The values of these products range from $50 to over $16,000 per ton. MEF is an adaptive system that processes non-homogeneous, non-sterile organic waste/s under non-sterile conditions. It converts the waste into industrial products in 24 hours using a microbial system that has worked for millions of years. It is the only known technology that can convert cellulose into protein. Society benefits from converting what is now a cause of disease, groundwater contamination and greenhouse gases into valuable products.
Published chapter on agricultural conversionBulchajifara
This document summarizes the microbial conversion of agricultural residues into organic fertilizers. It discusses how composting and vermicomposting can be used to biologically treat agricultural waste and produce organic fertilizers. Composting involves accelerated decomposition of organic matter by microbes under controlled conditions. Vermicomposting is the process where earthworms and microorganisms work together to biodegrade and stabilize organic waste into a nutrient-rich product. The document also explores other conversion technologies and provides details on the processes of composting and vermicomposting.
This document discusses various aspects of mycoremediation and phytoremediation. Mycoremediation uses fungi-based technology to decontaminate environments by removing toxins such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, and industrial wastes. Phytoremediation uses green plants to remove soil contamination through processes like phytostabilization and phytoextraction. Ectomycoremediation combines trees, fungi, and microbes to remediate sites contaminated by fuels and heavy metals. It is a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional remediation techniques.
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
MYCOREMEDIATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF DYE CONTAINING EFFLUENTSijcoa
Mycoremediation is an innovative biotechnology that uses living fungus for in situ and ex situ cleanup and management of contaminated sites. It is a cost effective process and the end products are non-hazardous. The process typically begins with field collection of fungi from a local area and continues with steps of culturing, screening, and preconditioning of native species to remediate specific contaminants. Industrial effluents entering into the surface waters are perhaps the most important sources of toxic contaminants in the environment. Textile is one of the largest industries which results in pollution contributed by untreated effluent discharge, which contains high concentrations of consumed metal based dyes, phenol, aromatic amines etc. The presence of metal based coloured dyes and foaming chemicals in textile waste water not only retards biological activity by reducing the light penetration but also causes metal toxicity to both aquatic and terrestrial life. There are various methods for the treatment of textile wastewater for the removal of dye. These broadly fall into three categories namely physical, chemical and biological. The biological treatment of effluent has become an economically and environmentally attractive alternative to the present physico-chemical methods of treatment. The major disadvantage of physico-chemical methods has been largely due to the high cost, low efficiency, limited versatility, interference by other wastewater constituents and the handling of the waste generated. Microbial decolourisation can be achieved by using various naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and their enzymes. Use of fungi is economical and eco-friendly technique for the fine tuning of waste water treatment. Fungi have proved to be suitable organisms for the treatment of textile effluent and dye removal. The fungal mycelia have an additive advantage over single cell organisms by solubilising the insoluble substrates by producing extracellular enzymes. Due to an increased cell-to-surface ratio, fungi have a greater physical and enzymatic contact with the environment. Among the different fungi white- rot fungi play an important role for dye degradation. White rot fungi have been studied for nearly three decades and new species are being developed to decolourize various textile dyes with their lignin-degrading enzymes.
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
This document discusses grey biotechnology, which refers to environmental applications of biotechnology focused on maintaining biodiversity and removing pollutants using microorganisms. Grey biotechnology plays a role in managing industrial pollution and encouraging biofuel use. It also works on recycling, reusing, and disposing of wastes to reduce environmental pollution, protect organisms, and conserve biodiversity. By eliminating environmental pollution, grey biotechnology reduces health risks from factors like contaminated air and water.
This document discusses the use of fungi for bioremediation of contaminated soils and water. It provides background on bioremediation using microorganisms and introduces mycoremediation, which uses fungi specifically. Fungi have enzymes that can break down pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics. The document describes two case studies of using fungal consortia to remediate soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals. It finds the fungi were effective at removing pollutants through bioaccumulation, biomethylation, and immobilization. Further research is still needed to optimize mycoremediation for real-world large scale applications.
Rhizoremediation of Xenobiotics polluted soilVrushaliWagh5
Rhizoremediation is a technology that uses plant-microbe interactions to remove pollutants from soil. It involves using microorganisms in the rhizosphere to break down pollutants like xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to living organisms. The document discusses using rhizoremediation to clean up soil contaminated with specific xenobiotics like 2,4-D and carbofuran. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and possible outcomes of using rhizoremediation to remediate soils polluted with these compounds.
The document discusses biodegradation of various industrial wastes. It describes how wastes from petrochemical, plastic, paint, pesticide and other industries like pharmaceutical are broken down by microorganisms. For petrochemical waste, oil spills can be degraded by bacteria and fungi over time. Plastic waste is difficult to degrade but alternatives like bioplastics are discussed. Paint waste requires physical, chemical and biological treatment. Various microbes are able to degrade different pesticides. Nitrile compounds in waste can be broken down by nitrilase enzymes produced by some bacteria, yeast and fungi.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and traditional Indian approaches to environmental issues. It provides an overview of environmental biotechnology techniques used to treat waste and pollution. It also discusses views from ancient Indian scriptures that emphasize harmony between humans and nature. The document advocates applying insights from Indian philosophy's holistic view of the world to help address modern environmental problems through a balanced approach considering both traditional knowledge and new technologies.
This document provides an introduction to applied and environmental microbiology. It discusses key topics like applied microbiology which exploits microbes for societal benefit in industries like food production. Environmental microbiology studies microbes' roles in ecosystems like nutrient cycling. Microbial ecology examines interactions between microbes and other organisms. The text outlines the development of environmental microbiology as a field and lists subdisciplines like soil, aquatic and industrial microbiology. It describes microbes' ubiquity and roles in environments. Modern areas of the field include discovering new microbes and using microbes or their products in bioremediation, enhanced oil/mineral recovery, and understanding ecosystem processes like methane oxidation. The goal of the course is to understand microbes'
Similar to Role of Bioremediation in Environment (20)
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
This document summarizes a study on cassava production systems in the Tivaouane department of Senegal. Key findings include:
- Cassava is an important crop for food security but production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries.
- The study examined farming practices through surveys of 85 producers in 8 communes across two agro-ecological zones.
- Analysis showed cassava is only grown during rainy season with traditional cultivation methods. Four of five recommended varieties were grown, with different varieties preferred in each zone.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
This document discusses hepatitis and its transmission through needlestick injuries. It covers the different types of hepatitis viruses, their epidemiology, risk factors, and transmission. Healthcare workers are at high risk of contracting hepatitis B and C through needlestick injuries involving contaminated needles and sharps. Dental professionals face increased risk due to exposure to blood and saliva. The document recommends vaccination, safe handling of needles and sharps, and post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent transmission of hepatitis viruses occupationally.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
1. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST)
(Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
54 | P a g e ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974 Website: www.mejast.com
Role of Bioremediation in Environment
Tehmina Bibi1
, Shazia Manzoor1
, Sadia Azhar1
, Muhammad Saeed1
& Muhammad Asif Raheem1
*
1
* Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-60800, Pakistan.
Article Received: 19 February 2019 Article Accepted: 11 July 2019 Article Published: 17 August 2019
INTRODUCTION
Bioremediation is the process in which we utilize the micro-organisms to degrade the pollutants from the
environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Metabolites are used to degrade the
contaminants. The mechanism also depends on several parameters pH, temperature and moisture. By changing
these parameters process will be disturbed. It converts harmful metals to harmless substances. Bioremediation is
carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. The process also depends on
types of microbes, pollution and how many metals are present2
. This technique is used for the elimination of the
pollutants from the atmosphere by organic procedures. Sometimes the degradation process becomes moderate
because of bacterial inaccessibility3
. Many strains of fungi now are grown which are essential in the process of
degradation Such as Penicillium is very important in this process. It can remove solid materials. Many types of it
are settled in various ecosystems. Pollution of solid material is increasing rapidly because of the man activities.
Effect of this pollution on the health of animal and cause difficulties to the ecosystem. Solid material degradation
procedure using fungal species is an old mechanism. It involves the microbes to convert more toxic material to less
toxic using different procedures4
. Pollution in the environment is increasing rapidly in the good settle states.
Pollution of oil is an alarming condition nowadays. It is very difficult to control it. Different procedures are now
developed to control it. They are costly. Bioremediation is cheap technology which reduces the petroleum
contaminants from contaminated sites. In this microbes are used to remove the contamination from the ecosystem.
Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1
. To improve or better living style the
degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the
expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. In various countries (PAHs) is characterized.
it is one of the dangerous chemicals. They are very poisonous and cause cancer disease. They are the main reason
for environmental pollution5
. PAHs are removed with the help of Populus sp. from the environment in a
rhizoremediation. It is a process in which microorganisms are utilized to remove the contaminants from the
environment. Due to man activities, pollution and issues are sharply increasing in well settle states.
Microorganisms in the remediation process decrease the PAHs from the polluted environment6
.
ABSTRACT
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are
used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes
have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very
important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The
effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink
into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is
cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
Keywords: Pollutants, Degradation, Toxicity, Metabolites, Biomass, Microbes, Industrialization, Crop cultivation, Techniques.
2. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST)
(Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
55 | P a g e ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974 Website: www.mejast.com
EFFLUENTS WHICH ARE TREATED IN THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS
In heavy metals, mercury is very harmful metal. It is very dangerous for the ecosystem and animals. It is released
from plants, industries, and paints. The main reason for its poisonousness it's grouping to sulfide, oxide, hydroxide,
and chloride. A lot of procedures are applied to treat it but they are costly as compare to the bioremediation which
has no high rates and no side effects on the ecosystem. It is a suitable method in which we utilize microbes to treat
effluents7
. Chlorimuron-ethyl causes serious difficulties. It exerts a bad impact on the earth and on the production
of crops. Chlorimuron-ethyl also disturbs the natural flora of soil which led to the lack of energy production and
nutrients. A number of microorganisms are used to treat it8
. Hexavalent Chromium is very poisonous. It causes
cancer and other diseases in animals. It occurs in wastewater but its main sources are leather tanning, electroplating,
metal cleaning, and wood preservation. Many methods are applied to detoxify it but they are very expensive.
Poisonous chromate is degraded in the bioremediation process with the help of natural means. Microbes are used to
treat it9
. The textile industry is hardly working to fulfill the needs of the population. As a result, it produces many
effluents because it utilizes toxic chemicals and colors. They spread into the ecosystem and disturbs nature. They
are treated by natural means. Fungus species phanerophyte chrysosporium are used to degrade them10
. MCP
(di-methyl (E)-1-2-methylcrbamoylvinylphosphate) is a pesticide utilized for the pest of cotton, sugar cane,
peanuts, ornamental and tobacco. It is very poisonous. Presently it is used in India as a pesticide. MCP sinks in
water and creates several problems for microorganisms. It should be degraded from environment11
.
ROLE OF MICROBES IN BIOREMEDIATION
Plastic degradation is a process in which complete or half change of organic carbon in biogas and biomass that
relate to the activity of microorganisms that have the ability to employ the plastic as a carbon source. It depends on
the respiratory condition and microorganisms include the biogas will be change. Microorganisms including
bacteria fungi that have ability degrade the plastic. Several types of plastic degrade are present there micrococcus,
Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces are most important microbes are present use as an energy source.
Biodegradation occurs after the physical and chemical degradation which disturb the structure polymers by
molecular changes. Aging is a process in which plastic alteration due to abiotic degradation. There are different
factors effects include temperature, light, and different chemicals. Biodegradation connects to the biofilm develop
on the surface of plastic and side of the plastic Which increase the pore size that weakens the physical condition of
plastic or release acid compounds that modify the PH inside the pores and result on changing the microstructure of
plastic structure of plastic mixture. Bioaugmentation relates to the activity of extracellular enzymes escape by
bacteria colonizing the polymer surface. These enzymes will lose the molecular weight of the polymer and escape
oligomers and monomers that can be understood by cells. Mineralization is another step in the biodegradation of
plastic elimination outcome in the assimilation of completely oxidized metabolites12
.
Microbial degradation is a process in which built-in constitutional microbial communities to finish the
environmental contamination. The process at which the contaminants detoxified depends on the many types of
factors including the makeup of native microbial group, nature, and extent of pollutants and environmental
conditions. The bioremediation process challenges the different difficult changing, understand the destiny of
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environmental pollutants. There are many applications for a finding of bioremediation process to understand the
right process. Such applications are proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics, metabolomics. The different type
of microbes has been describing that carry out different environmental contaminants. For years microbiologist has
tried to find out the good methods to discover the microbial diversity in the environmental sample. A number of
molecular methods are select for this aim. The development of the investigation of the 16s rRNA gene sequence
importantly increases our ability to understand them and traverse the microbial world. By using different culturing
methods we isolate the small amount of bacteria gel electrophoresis is the best method for applying to the microbial
diversity. And it allows the separation of the 16s rRNA13
.
The heavy metals are sometimes used to metallic chemical elements of high level and show harmful for living
things. Toxicity is not a useful property of heavy metals. Some heavy metals are nutritive at a low level and
sometimes are harmful to higher amount .copper is very beneficial for living organisms and mercury and lead are
not good for living organisms .some heavy metals are not beneficial for living organisms and not have a positive
effect. Some heavy metals have a harmful effect on living organisms for example brain tumor cancer and
sometimes death .some metals are very high cost and not easily available for a good result. Metals should be;
provide good safety to living organisms and the environment. It is easy to plow. It has tolerant to collect heavy
metals. Many kinds of batches are helpful for bioremediation process .bioreactors is one of the techniques that help
and contains biological agents for this purpose. Different type of bioreactors is present there. Traditionally and
immobilized microbial bioreactors used for microorganisms. High biomass concentration is very difficult to
regulate these bioreactors. In situ repairing of heavy metals could b take place by using a solution of acids.
Sometime biofilm is damaged due to use of high concentration of detergent due to this stability is lost. Easily
separated from treated water14
.
Some microorganisms have the capacity to digest the chemical compounds that cannot generate a part of
metabolism that is present in the surrounding. There are many possibilities are present in bioremediation by
bioinformatics. There are many sources are present .chemical structure of organic compounds sequence, function.
The first study is started by a large amount of data of an individual of gene and protein. It is understood by studying
it separately .some useful projects are carried out and stored a large amount of data in this subject. The current
system for gaining new information from the database allows biodegradative techniques for one compound. It has
the ability to found the pathways between these compounds and central metabolism. According to no of pathways
length of pathways all the enzymes that are present in organisms that present in organisms. All the elements are
hyperlinked corresponding information pages in meta-router pathways15
.
Biodegradation of oil spilled take place by the treatment of inorganic compounds such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
In these environments, bacteria are a very important agent of hydrocarbon degradation. The reaction or archaeal
community to oil spilled on beaches and to bioremediation treatment have not been investigated. Now archeal is
considered to live in the marine environment and live in much nonextreme and oxygen taking ecosystem according
to molecular analysis. At high-level distribution, it is considered that organisms have ecological significance low
temperature in the environment. Archie has been detected in different oil dependent environment such as crude oil,
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petroleum. If the archeal number decreases the increase the heavy metal contaminated soils and different structure
of community level16
.
TECHNIQUES OF BIOREMEDIATION
Environmental pollution has been increased with the passage of time due to the increasing population,
industrialization and crop cultivation such as the use of insecticides and pesticides to meet the demand of increasing
population the cultivation of crops have been increased due to which usage of pesticides and insecticide has been
maximum .for this purpose pollutants in the environment also pollutes the population. for the removal of these
pollutants from the environment is called bioremediation researchers different type of bioremediation and the usage
of bioremediation .these type of techniques depends on the nature of pollutants. Native microbes exit in a polluted
environment. No one bioremediation type enough for sever bullet to restore environmental pollutants. The types of
definition has been used for bioremediation .sometimes bioremediation and biodegradation interconnected to each
other because both have physical and chemical properties of bioremediation it is cost-effective eco-friendly and
easy to handle .we can define bioremediation as , The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced
micro-organisms to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants in order to clean a polluted site. The kind of
bioremediation depends upon the type of environmental pollutants such as organo-chemicals, chlorinated
compounds, dyes, greenhouse gases and heavy metals.
Ex-situ bioremediation technique
This type of bioremediation including the uncovering pollutants from polluted environment and transferred another
place for degradation.
Biopile
This type of bioremediation involves providing the maximum amount of microbes to increase process degradation
at above ground pollutants another word mixing native microbes, substrate and temperature enhance the biological
activity of microbes.
Land farming
Land farming is an easy and simplest method to degrade environmental pollutants. Sometimes it considered in situ
bioremediation and ex-situ bioremediation. This depends upon the type of treatment or degradation. Whenever
excavated polluted site treated that is ex-situ technique.
In situ-bioremediation
These techniques depend upon the degradation of polluted materials at the site or place of pollution. In this
technique, it is not necessary for any voting site because it consists of very small or no difficulties in soil
construction.
Bioventing
This is the technique of bioremediation which include O2 to increase the biological activity in controlled
ecosystem.in bioventing nutrients and moisture provided to indigenous microbes to enhance the process. The
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ultimate function of microbes in bioremediation is to convert the toxic substance into a less toxic substance. It
discovered two types of air injection rates used in bioremediation i.e. high air injection rate and low air injection
rate. The high air injection rate involves the maximum removal of toluene than low air injection rate. In another
word, the high air flow rate does not bring about maximum biodegradation and not make maximum pollutants.
Biotransformation is more efficient process17
.
Bioaugmentation
The presence of fungicides in the natural ecosystem, either proceed from calculated activity or not, has become
conventional remark to many ecosystems include soil. This can be safe by taking sufficient measures to come clean
environment from naturally occurring pollutants especially fungicides. Although a study was conducted to examine
the impact of bioaugmentation of soil unshielded to Azoxystrobin on its degradation and animation of the enzyme
catalase, urease, and acidic phosphatase18
.
CONCLUSION
The environment is polluted very rapidly due to activities of man, industrial processes and heavy metals. These
pollutants are very dangerous and cause cancer in the animal population. They can be degraded very rapidly. Many
methods are used to detoxify pollutants. But they are very expensive and cause toxicity because they use chemicals.
On the other hand, bioremediation is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. It uses microbes
to detoxify the toxic substances from the environment. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert
toxic substances into less toxic substances. Metabolites are used to degrade the contaminants. The mechanism also
depends on several parameters pH, temperature and moisture. By changing these parameters process will be
disturbed. Many strains of fungi now are grown which are essential in the process of degradation. In biodegradation
process, we use the microorganisms which cannot disturb the natural flora of the soil. It is a biological process. To
improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important.
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