Laccase belongs to the blue multi copper oxidases, which are widely distributed in fungi and higher plants. Lignin degradation by several white rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathus stercoreus, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, have been studied. Laccase enzymes have attracted attention due to its wide use in textile, pulp and paper, and food industry. Recently, it is being used in developing biosensors for detection and removal of toxic pollutants, designing of biofuel cells and medical diagnostics tool. Laccase is also being used as a bioremediation agent as they have been found potent enough in cleaning up herbicides pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Because of having the ability to oxidize phenolic, non phenolic lignin related compounds and highly fractious environmental pollutants, laccases have drawn the attention of researchers in the last few decades. Commercially, laccases have been used to determine the difference between codeine and morphine, produce ethanol and are also being employed in de lignify woody tissues. To sustain this trend widespread availability of laccase and efficient production systems have to be developed. The current review discuss major advances in application of fungal laccase in white biotechnology. It delineate the laccase production and various cultivation techniques that have been developed to efficiently produce laccase at the industrial scale. The role of laccase in different food industries, and significant recent advances in the use of laccases are discussed in this review. Sonal K. Makwana | Rakeshkumar R. Panchal | Kiran C. Deshmukh "Fungal Laccase - A Review on Production and its Potential Application for Human Welfare" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38221.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/38221/fungal-laccase--a-review-on-production-and-its-potential-application-for-human-welfare/sonal-k-makwana
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
This comes under the microbiology in B.Sc. Agriculture.It is important for biology group of students in bio sciences, agriculture sciences,food technology etc.
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen. Depending on the pathway, this research could result in commercial-scale systems in the mid- to long-term timeframe that could be suitable for distributed, semi-central, or central hydrogen production scales, depending on the feedstock used.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Each and every organisms in this world has its significant role.What we have to do is just identify it intellectually.Fungi have unexpected remediation property.
Introduction to biofilm
Examples of biofilm
Form of biofilm
Discovery of biofilm
Properties of biofilm
Composition of biofilm
Formation of biofilm
Bacterial biofilm
Impact of biofilm
Problem caused by biofilm
Uses of biofilm
Antibiotic Tolerance/Resistance Of Bacterial Biofilms
Antibiofilm approach
Control strategies of Biofilm
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Mic...ijtsrd
Dyes and dyestuffs find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting substances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular fabric based compounds, into the environment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating textile wastewater has attracted interest. Within this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which diverse categories of microorganisms, such as the white rot fungi and anaerobic bacterial consortia, bring about the degradation of dyestuffs. Rapid industrialization has given rise to various unwanted elements that accumulated in the biosphere up to toxic levels to degrade the natural environment. Scientific developments are considered as key factors for progress of both developing and under developed countries, but unfortunately, most of the industries in these countries do not have proper waste treatment facilities and releasing a large quantity of effluents. A majority of xenobiotics either untreated or partially treated released from industries are mixed up with the natural water bodies and to the soil of the biosphere. Untreated or partially treated textile effluents are highly toxic, as they contain a large number of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The problem of water pollution due to the discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies was witnessed by western countries in 19th century and also in India after independence Rekha Soni "Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Microbes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38360.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38360/degradation-of-industrial-fabric-dyes-used-in-sanganer-area-by-endophytic-microbes/rekha-soni
Screening of Laccase Producing White Rot Fungus from Decayed Woodijtsrd
Laccase benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2 belongs to the super family of multi copper oxidases and is found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Fungal laccase is reported to play roles in several processes including lignin degradation, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. This paper describes the screening of potent extracellular laccase producing white rot fungus isolated from decayed wood and other soil samples. Potent fungal isolates were screened on Potato dextrose agar plate using various substrates such as 3mM guaiacol, 3m MABTS and 4mM tannic acid. In our screening, six fungal isolates from decayed wood were found to be potent laccase producer, where ABTS has proved to be well efficient substrate for laccase screening, where laccase for environmental application could be suitable for dye decolorization and removal of textile effluents. Makwana Sonal K | Christian Venisha V | Rathod Zalak R | Panchal Rakeshkmar R | Deshmukh Kiran C "Screening of Laccase Producing White Rot Fungus from Decayed Wood" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38491.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38491/screening-of-laccase-producing-white-rot-fungus-from-decayed-wood/makwana-sonal-k
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
This comes under the microbiology in B.Sc. Agriculture.It is important for biology group of students in bio sciences, agriculture sciences,food technology etc.
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen. Depending on the pathway, this research could result in commercial-scale systems in the mid- to long-term timeframe that could be suitable for distributed, semi-central, or central hydrogen production scales, depending on the feedstock used.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Each and every organisms in this world has its significant role.What we have to do is just identify it intellectually.Fungi have unexpected remediation property.
Introduction to biofilm
Examples of biofilm
Form of biofilm
Discovery of biofilm
Properties of biofilm
Composition of biofilm
Formation of biofilm
Bacterial biofilm
Impact of biofilm
Problem caused by biofilm
Uses of biofilm
Antibiotic Tolerance/Resistance Of Bacterial Biofilms
Antibiofilm approach
Control strategies of Biofilm
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Mic...ijtsrd
Dyes and dyestuffs find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting substances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular fabric based compounds, into the environment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating textile wastewater has attracted interest. Within this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which diverse categories of microorganisms, such as the white rot fungi and anaerobic bacterial consortia, bring about the degradation of dyestuffs. Rapid industrialization has given rise to various unwanted elements that accumulated in the biosphere up to toxic levels to degrade the natural environment. Scientific developments are considered as key factors for progress of both developing and under developed countries, but unfortunately, most of the industries in these countries do not have proper waste treatment facilities and releasing a large quantity of effluents. A majority of xenobiotics either untreated or partially treated released from industries are mixed up with the natural water bodies and to the soil of the biosphere. Untreated or partially treated textile effluents are highly toxic, as they contain a large number of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The problem of water pollution due to the discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies was witnessed by western countries in 19th century and also in India after independence Rekha Soni "Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Microbes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38360.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38360/degradation-of-industrial-fabric-dyes-used-in-sanganer-area-by-endophytic-microbes/rekha-soni
Screening of Laccase Producing White Rot Fungus from Decayed Woodijtsrd
Laccase benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2 belongs to the super family of multi copper oxidases and is found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Fungal laccase is reported to play roles in several processes including lignin degradation, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. This paper describes the screening of potent extracellular laccase producing white rot fungus isolated from decayed wood and other soil samples. Potent fungal isolates were screened on Potato dextrose agar plate using various substrates such as 3mM guaiacol, 3m MABTS and 4mM tannic acid. In our screening, six fungal isolates from decayed wood were found to be potent laccase producer, where ABTS has proved to be well efficient substrate for laccase screening, where laccase for environmental application could be suitable for dye decolorization and removal of textile effluents. Makwana Sonal K | Christian Venisha V | Rathod Zalak R | Panchal Rakeshkmar R | Deshmukh Kiran C "Screening of Laccase Producing White Rot Fungus from Decayed Wood" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38491.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38491/screening-of-laccase-producing-white-rot-fungus-from-decayed-wood/makwana-sonal-k
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Lignin is regarded as the most plentiful aromatic polymer contains both non-phenolic and phenolic structures. It makes the integral part of secondary wall and plays a significant role in water conduction in vascular plants. Many fungi, bacteria and insects have ability to decrease this lignin by producing enzymes. Certain enzymes from specialized bacteria and fungi have been identified by researchers that can metabolize lignin and enable utilization of lignin “derived carbon sources. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the complexity of lignins polymeric structure, its distribution in forest soils, and its chemical nature. Herein, we focus on lignin biodegradation by various microorganism, fungi and bacteria present in plant biomass and soils that are capable of producing ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and dye “ decolorizing peroxidase. The relevant and recent reports have been included in this review. U. Priyanga | M. Kannahi"Lignin Degradation: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11556.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/11556/lignin-degradation-a-review/u-priyanga
Anaerobic fungi particularly belonging to the phylum Neocallimastigomycota, are the most basal lineage of the kingdom Fungi. These fungi are principally known from the digestive tracts of the larger mammalian herbivores, where they play an inevitable role as primary colonisers of ingested forage. Recent researches indicate their appearance in herbivorous reptiles like the green iguana and termites also.
.
The Role of Pectinase in the Rotting of Fruits and Vegetables A Reviewijtsrd
The fruits and vegetables are rich in nutritional value which make them an easy target of organisms causing spoilage and soft rot. The soft rot is one of the destructive disease of fruits and vegetables and occurs worldwide wherever fleshy storage tissues of fruits and vegetables are found. Such disease can occurred by some bacteria and fungi which are highly responsible for this soft rot causing spoilage and they are endowed with an important enzymological power, the main action of their pathogenicity. The enzyme pectinase has the power of degrading the cell wall of plant, causing the liquefaction of tissues which favour the development of phytopathogens. The understanding the role of enzymes synthesizing by pathogens causing spoilage and need to develop the new protection approach to deal with it. This review summarizes the main literature data on the different pathogens synthesizing the enzyme pectinase causing soft rot in fruits and vegetables. Dr. Indira B. Soneji | Dr. Pramod H Bakane "The Role of Pectinase in the Rotting of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52326.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/52326/the-role-of-pectinase-in-the-rotting-of-fruits-and-vegetables-a-review/dr-indira-b-soneji
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
Host specificity, mycorrhizal compatibility and genetic variability of Pisoli...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The reaction between the various hosts with Pisolithus tinctorius shows the broad host range of this fungal species showing different degrees of host compatibility. There is wide variation in both rate and extent of ECM formation by different isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius of different geographical regions within a species. Thus Pisolithus tinctorius displays much intraspecific heterogeneity of host specificity and interspecific compatibility. There are variable degrees of plant-fungal isolate compatibility, implying specificity, and this is an important factor influencing successful ectomycorrhiza formation and development. The molecular data also suggested that the Pisolithus tinctorius isolates analyzed from different geographical regions belong to distinct groups. Further studies are therefore warranted to elucidate the molecular, biochemical and physiological differences between the Pisolithus tinctorius isolates at the fungus-root interface of different plant species.
The present study was an effort to obtain paint degrading bacterial isolate from wall scrapings. The study included that microorganisms such as bacteria, not only cause discoloration of paint surfaces but also, they can directly cause degradation of the materials through their metabolic activities. The Halophilic microorganisms are well known for their paint degrading activity. As evidenced from the literature survey, there is a great diversity of bacteria and fungi that are capable of growing on paint coating. The presence of various polymer compounds used in paint manufacturing makes it resistant to degradation and continue to be a potential hazard to the environment as well as humans. Use of nonabrasive and environmentally safe methods, to reduce the impact of microbial activities can further reduce the damage as well as help in bioremediation of paint contaminated water, soil and environments to clean up.
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Similar to Fungal Laccase A Review on Production and its Potential Application for Human Welfare (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Fig. 1Phylogenetic tree constructed with some of the different organism sources of laccases, as well as some of
their applications inbioremediation. According to their bacterial, insect, plant or fungal origin, they are colored
with blue, red, green or orange, respectively. Thealignments and phylogenetic relationships were done using the
MEGA X suite(Cited from- Arreguiet al. Microb Cell Fact (2019) 18:200https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1248-
0)
Laccase production by fungi
White-rot fungi
White-rot fungi are a physiological group of fungi capable of
biodegrading lignin. The name white-rot derives from the
white appearance of the wood when is attacked by these
fungi, where the wood gets this bleached appearance due to
lignin removal (Pointing, 2001). Though some white-rot
fungi are Ascomycetes, most of them are Basidiomycetes
(Eaton and Hale, 1993).Lignin degradationbyseveralwhite-
rot fungi, such as Phanerochaetechrysosporium,
Pleurotusostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathusstercoreus,
andCeriporiopsissubvermispora,havebeenstudied (Martinez
et al., 2004; Ruttimann-Johnson, Salas, Vicuna, & Kirk, 1993;
Wan & Li, 2012. Some white-rot fungi such as C.
subvermispora, Phellinus pini, Phlebia spp., andPleurotusspp.
delignify wood by preferentially attacking lignin more
readily than hemicellulose and cellulose. However, other
white-rot fungi such as Trametes versicolor,
Heterobasidionannosum, and Irpexlacteus degrade the cell
wall components simultaneously (Wong, 2009).
White-rot basidiomycetes are a group of fungi capable of
polymerizing and mineralizingligninwiththeir extracellular
and nonspecific ligninolytic enzymes. In the 1980s, this fact
stimulated research on the ability of ligninolytic fungi to
degrade organic pollutants (Pointing,2001; Gaoetal., 2010).
They can grow in a wide range of temperatures and
withstand a widerangeofpH (Verma and Madamwar,2002),
but no growth has been observed below 10 ºC. White-rot
fungi are the only organisms able to degrade lignin
efficiently (Heinzkillet al., 1998) metabolizing it to CO2 and
H2O (Tien and Kirk 1983, Kirk and Farrell 1987, Kaal et al.,
1995). This ability is correlated to the capacity of these
organisms to synthesize extracellular lignin-degrading
enzymes. The non-specific nature of such enzymes allows
them to degrade a wide variety of persistent environmental
pollutants (Barr and Austet al., 1994), including dyes
(Robinson et al., 2001, Wesenberget al., 2003).
Lignin is an heterogeneous, complex and stable polymer
composed of various aromatic monomers connectedtoeach
other by various bonds carbon-carbon and ethers
(Gellerstedt and Northy (1989) .The most common bond is
the -aryl ether (-O-4) linkage, which may represent 50% of
the inter-monomeric bonds in softwood lignin and 60% in
hardwood lignin (Sjöström 1993). Due to the similarity
between the lignin structure and the chemical structure of
several dyes, the use of white-rotfungiandtheirenzymesfor
the degradation of dyes had been considered (Paszczynskiet
al., 1991, Zhou and Zimmermann 1993).
The extracellular enzymatic system of white-rot fungi
generally consists of lignin peroxidase (LiP, E.C. 1.11.1.14),
manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP, E.C. 1.11.1.13)and
laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2I).
LiPcatalyzes the oxidation of non-phenolic aromatic
compounds such as veratryl alcohol (VA). MnP preferably
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oxidizes Mn 2+ to Mn 3+ which is able to oxidize many
phenolic compounds. Laccaseis a copper-containingenzyme
that catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic substrates with the
reduction of oxygen to water (McMullan et al., 2001,
Wesenberget al., 2003). A third group of peroxidases,
versatile peroxidase (VP, E.C.1.11.1.16), has been further
recognized in species of PleurotusandBjerkandera
(Heinflinget al., 1998). Also, accessory enzymes such as
H2O2-forming glycoxal oxidase (GLOX), aryl alcohol oxidase
(AAO), oxalateproducing oxalatedecarboxylase(ODC),NAD-
dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and P450
monooxygenase have been isolated from many white-rot
fungi strains (Wesenberget al., 2003, Aguiar et al., 2006).
During the last decades, the scientific interest in the
utilization of white-rot fungi and their ligninolytic enzymes
for bleaching processes, environmental applications,
synthesis of complex compounds andbiofuelproduction has
largely increased (Luisa et al., 1996, Asgheret al.,2008). This
interest is justified by the presence of the above-mentioned
microorganisms in a good number of natural and
contaminated environments.
Production of fungal laccases
Laccase activity was detected in the cultures of a wide range
of fungi, from Ascomycetes to Basidiomycetes, and from
wood- and litter-decomposing fungi to Ecto-mycorrhizal
fungi (J. M. Bollaget al., 1984). White-rot fungi have been
studied extensively for application in biological pulping and
bleaching (M. Luisa, F.C. et al., 1996.) because they are of the
only organisms that are able to degrade lignin efficiently.
White-rot fungi, such as CoriolusversicolorandP. sanguineus,
are known producers of lignolytic enzymes that areinvolved
in the natural delignification of wood.This groupoffungi has
evolved complex enzymatic systems that enable them to
degrade lignin (A.M.V. Garzillo, 1998). In general, laccases
occur as extracellular glyco-proteins, which allows for rapid
removal from fungal biomass. One of the major limitations
for the large-scale applications of fungal laccases is the low
production rates by wild type and recombinant fungal
strains according to Galhaupet al., White-rot fungi
constitutively produce low concentrations of various
laccases (Galhaup, C and D. Haltrich, 2001) when they are
cultivated in submerged culture or on wood. Higher
concentrations can be induced by the addition of various
aromatic compounds such as 2, 5-xylidine and ferulic acid.
High concentrations of laccase have also been observed in
old non-induced cultures. The mechanisms ofmetabolism in
microorganisms are used and controlled by its
environmental conditions and medium composition .There
are various response element sites in the promoter regions
of laccase genes that can be induced by certain xenobiotic
compounds, heavy metals or heat shock treatment (V.
Faracoet al.,.2001).
Ligninolytic enzymes have mostly been reported to be
extracellular but there is evidence in literature of the
occurrence of intracellular laccases in white–rot fungi.
Intracellular as well as extracellular laccases wereidentified
for Neurospora crassaby Froehner and Eriksson (S. C.
Froehneret al.2002,), who suggested that the intracellular
laccase functioned as a precursor for extracellularlaccaseas
there were no differences between the two laccases other
than their occurrence. Solid state fermentation (SSF)
processes have shown to be particularly suitable for the
production of enzymes by filamentous fungi (Pandey A.,
Selvakumar P. et al., 1999) since they reproduce the natural
living conditions of such microorganisms.
One of the advantages often cited for SSF processes is that
enzyme titres are higher than in SmF, when comparing the
same strain and fermentation broth (Viniegra-González et
al.,2003) compared the productivity ofthreefungal enzymes,
invertase, pectinase and tannase, using SSF and submerged
fermentation (SmF) techniques. They reported that the
higher titres found in SSF than in SmF were due to SSF
cultivation works as a fed batch culture with fast
oxygenation but slow sugarsupply.Castilhoetal., performed
a comparative economic analysis of solid-state and
submerged processes for the production of lipases by
Penicillium restrictum. They found that for a plantproducing
100m3 lipase concentrate per year, the process based on
SmF needed a total capital investment 78% higher than the
one based on SSF and its product had a unitary cost 68%
higher than the product market price. These results showed
the great advantage of the SSF due to its low cost. (Castilho
L.R., et al., 2000).
Methods for Laccase Production
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) or Solid State Cultivation
(SSC) is generally defined as a growthofmicro-organisms on
solid materials in the absence or near absence of free water
(Winquist, E. et al., 2008). SSF processes have shown to be
particularly suitable for the production of enzymes by
filamentous fungi since they reproduce the natural living
conditions of such fungi. In recent years, there has been an
increasing trend towards the utilization of organic wastes
such as residues from the agricultural, forestry and
alimentary industries as raw materials to produce value-
added products by SSF technique (Osma, J.F et al.,2007).
Furthermore, most of these wastes contain lignin or/and
cellulose and hemicellulose, which act as inducers of the
ligninolytic activities. Moreover, most of them are rich in
sugars, which make the whole process much more
economical. The application of laccase enzyme in industrial
and environmental technologies, including the modern
concept of integrated bio refineries requires significant
amounts of these enzymes at low cost. Laccase has also been
produced under SSF, especially during the last decades. The
use of natural solid substrates, especially lignocellulosic
agricultural residues,as growthsubstrates forfungihas been
studied for laccase production in recent years (Rodriguez
Couto S. et al., 2005). Furthermore, such residues contain
cellulose, which act as an inducer of laccase activity.
Laccase production under SmF and SSF
There are many contributions to the field of laccase
production under SmF using different microorganisms, at
different scales and with the possible use of immobilization
supports and the addition of inducers. Some of the most
remarkable results in terms oflaccaseactivity wereobtained
by the Trametesgenus: T. pubescens T. versicolor and T.
hirsuta(Box GEP et al.,1957). In almost all cases, the cultures
were supplemented with laccase-inducing compounds.
Galhaupet al., obtained a maximum laccase activity of 740,
000 U/L by T. pubescenscultured in a 20-L stirred-tank
reactor (STR) with a stirring speed of 100 rpm and with 2
mM Cu+2. Font et al., 2003) It obtained a maximum laccase
activity of 16,000 U/L by free pellets of T.versicolorin a 0.5-L
pulsed-bed reactor. Tavares et al., reported a maximum
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laccase activity of 11,403 U/L when cultured the same
fungus on a STR of 1 liter, supplementing the medium with
30 μM of xylidine. Rodríguez Couto et al., 2001reported a
maximum laccase activity of 19,400 U/L by culturing T.
hirsutain a 6-L airlift reactor (ALR) and supplementing the
medium with glycerol and Cu+2. (Box GEP et al., 1957)
Utilizing the rice straw in a solid-state fermentation process
using Pleurotussajor-caju, laccase was produced and
subjected to isolation and purification processes. The
optimum laccase production was studied from 0 to 21 days.
The highest laccase activity of 224.93 U/mg was obtained
from the crude extract after 9 days of fermentation with
Pleurotussajor-caju. It was concentrated by ultrafiltration
and purified using DEAE-Sepharose anion exchange
chromatography. The peak fraction obtained was then
loaded into Sephacryl S200-HR gel filtration
chromatography. Laccase was purified by 43-fold to a
specific activity of 19335 U/mg, with an overall protein
recovery of 18.6 %. It appeared as a single band on SDS-
PAGE with an apparent molecular weight of 53 kDa.
Several studies on laccase production in SSF using agro-
industrial wastes have already been reported. Gómez et al.,
found that barley bran is the best lignocellulosic waste to
produce laccase by solid state cultures ofC.rigida.Thehigher
roughness and porosity of barley bran makes easier the
attachment of the fungus to the support. Oil palm frond
parenchyma tissue was used as a solid substrate for the
production of laccase via solid-state Fermentation using the
white rot fungus Pycnoporussanguineus. The laccase activity
reached its maximum on day 8 (950 U/m3) of the
SSF.(Annuar, M.S.M et al.,2010 ) Laccaseactivity of1570 U/L
(on day 20) was resulted from SSF of Trametespubescensand
banana skin as support substrate. The most important
characteristics that influence adhesive behaviour of
filamentous fungi to the support are hydrophobicity and
surface charge. The higher hydrophobicity causes the
attachment of the fungus to the carrier easily and also
together with its high content in carbohydrates). The use of
rice straw as one of agricultural wastes was suitable for
laccase production since it might contain substances acting
as inducers for laccase. (Couto and Sanromanet al., 2003)
stated that employing organic wastes rich in cellulose
stimulated laccase production.
The scarcity of bioreactor designs to perform solid-state
processes together with the advantages offered by such
processes promote the necessity of developing new
bioreactor configurations or modifying the designs that
already exist. These bioreactor designs should be able to
operate in continuous mode with high enzyme productivity
for prolonged periods of time without operational problems
as well as permit the scale-up of the process. Thus, Rivelaet
al., developed a new bioreactor design for the production of
ligninolytic enzymes underSSFconditions namedimmersion
bioreactor. They attained high ligninolytic activities and, in
addition to this, the bioreactor was able to operate in
continuous mode. (Dominguez et al., 2001) developed a
rotating drum reactor (RDR) for the production of
ligninolytic enzymes under SSF conditions. This bioreactor
was able to operate in batch and continuous mode. Also,
(Böhmeret al., 2003) reported the advantages of adapting
the temporary immersion RITA®-System (Récipient à
Immersion TemporaireAutomatique) as a bioreactor for
laccase production by white-rot fungi and its application to
synthetic dye discoloration.
Rodríguez Couto et al.,2006tested three bioreactor
configurations (immersion, expanded bed and tray) with
different agitation systems (mechanical, pneumatic and
static, respectively) for laccase production by
T.versicolorunder SSF conditions using an inert (nylon
sponge) and a non-inert (barley bran) support. They found
that the tray configuration with barley bran as support-
substrate led to the highest laccase activities. More recently
,Rodríguez Couto et al.,compared two bioreactor
configurations(immersion and tray) for laccase production
by T. hirsutausing grape seeds as support-substrate and
found that much higher laccase activities were attained in
the tray bioreactor. Also, they reported much higher laccase
activities in a tray bioreactor than in a fixed-bed one for T.
hirsutagrown on ground orange peelings (Rosales E.,et al.,
1997).The process of submerged cultivation involves the
growth of microorganisms in a liquid medium rich in
nutrients under aerobic conditions. In order to achieve high
production, the studies are first focused on the optimization
of nutritional and operational conditions. Galerinasp. HC1
produced high laccase activityunderoptimized conditions in
batch submerged fermentation. Submerged cultivation can
be carried out by utilizing cheap materials considered as
“waste” and which are produced in large amounts. These
materials can contain considerableconcentrations ofsoluble
carbohydrates, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and even
inducers for enzyme production. The industrial production
of enzymes is mainly achieved by submerged cultivation.
One of the disadvantages of this method is the excessive
growth of mycelium, which affects the production yield due
to mass transfer and metabolic rate limitation.Theexcessive
growth can also affect the mechanical set up of the used
reactor. In other words, the mycelia can wraparound the
impellers, cause blockage of the system and increase
viscosity; however, this has been overcome by
immobilization of the cells in various supports or by using
fed-batch cultivation for controlling the fungal growth.
(Galhaup C et al., 2002).
Biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes
Lignin-degrading enzymes have significant potential in
industrial and biotechnological applications. The use of
lignin-degrading enzymes in the pre-treatment of
recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass would provide an
environmentally friendly alternative to biofuel production
compared to the thermal and chemical pre-treatment
techniques for the biofuel production (Wan & Li, 2012;
Weng, Li, Bonawitz, & Chapple 2008. They can also be
applied in the decolorization of the dye wastewaterfromthe
textile industry. Research on the biotechnological
applications of laccase and laccase/mediator system has
attracted much attention recently due to their eco-friendly
nature as they use oxygen as electron donor and produce
water as the only reaction by-product (Riva, 2006). They
have wide applications in the paper, textile, and food
industries (Canas&Camarero, 2010). We discuss some of
these applications briefly in (fig-2) showing Laccase as
multi-purpose biocatalyst at the forefront of biotechnology.
Delignification of Lignocellulose
Production of ethanol as alternativefuel usinglignocellulosic
substrates as raw materials is one of the most desirable
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goals to overcome the fossil fuel crisis.Thetransformationof
lignocellulose into ethanol is achieved in three steps: (a)
delignification to release cellulose and hemicellulose from
their complex with lignin, (b) depolymerisation of the
carbohydrate polymers to produce free sugars, and (c)
fermentation to ethanolusingtheliberatedsugars.Biological
treatment using white-rot fungi or other ligninolytic
microorganisms including Streptomyces has been proposed,
to replace the physicochemical treatments. Biological
treatment can also be used for the removal of inhibitors
prior to the fermentation. The advantages ofusing biological
treatment include (i) mild reaction conditions, (ii) higher
product yields, (iii) fewer side reactions, and(iv)lessenergy
demand (Lee, 1997).
Fig2-Breakdown of the biotechnological applications
of laccases. Data extracted from Scopus database
search for articles that included the following
keywords: (i) ‘laccase’ and ‘bioremediation’; (ii)
‘laccase’ and ‘biofuel cell’ or ‘biosensor’; (iii) ‘laccase’
and ‘textiles’ or ‘textiles industry’; (iv) ‘laccase’ and
‘pulp and paper’ or ‘pulp and paper industry’; (v)
‘laccase’ and ‘food’ or ‘food industry’; (vi) ‘laccase’ and
‘organic synthesis’; (vii) ‘laccase’ and ‘biofuel
production’; (viii) ‘laccase’ and ‘fibreboards’; (ix)
‘laccase’ and ‘cosmetics’; (x) and ‘laccase’ and
‘paints’.(Microbial Biotechnology, Volume: 10, Issue: 6,
Pages: 1457-1467, First published: 03 October 2016,
DOI: (10.1111/1751-7915.12422)
Biopulping and Biobleaching
Lignin removal is important in the pulping and paper
industry. Bio pulping is the treatment of wood chips with
lignin-degrading microorganisms to alter the lignin in the
cell walls of wood, making the wood chips softer. This
treatment not only improves paper strength and remove
wood extractives but also reduces the energy consumption
in the process of pulping. The production of pulp uses
mechanical or chemical processes or a combination of the
two processes. Pre-treatment of wood chips for mechanical
and chemical pulping with white-rot fungi has been
developed (Mendonça, Jara, González, Elissetche, & Freer,
2008). Laccases from white-rot fungi can be applied in bio
pulping to partially degrade the lignin and therefore loosen
lignin structures (Mendonçaet al., 2008).
Ceriporiopsissubvermisporaand Pleurotus sp. are fungi used
in bio pulping (Pérez, Muñoz-Dorado, De La Rubia, &
Martínez, 2002).
Bio bleaching is the bleaching of pulps using enzymes or
ligninolytic fungi that reduce the amount of chemical bleach
required to obtain a desirable brightness of pulps. Laccase-
mediator system has been shown to possess the potential to
substitute for chlorine-containing reagents. Laccases can
also be applied as bio bleachingagents as they degradelignin
and decolorize the pulp(Call &Call,2005).Laccaseproduced
by T. versicolor has been studied for bioleaching of paper
pulp and other industrial applications (Wesenberg,
Kyriakides, Agathos, 2003). The role of lignin-degrading
enzymes from Streptomyces in bio pulping and bioleaching
has also been studied. Bio bleaching of eucalyptus Kraftpulp
with S.albusculture supernatant in the presence of H2O2
resulted in a significant reduction of kappa number with no
change in viscosity suggesting a potential application of
S.albusin bioleaching(Antonopoulos,Hernandez,etal.,2001).
Streptomyces cyaneuslaccase was able to delignifykraft pulp
with ABTS as a mediator, indicating thepotential application
of the laccases from Streptomycetes in bioleaching of Kraft
lignin in the presence of synthetic mediators (Arias et
al.,2003). Bio bleaching experiments carried out on
Eucalyptus globulus Kraft pulps with S. ipomoea laccase in
the presence of acetosyringone as a natural mediator also
showed reduction in kappa number and increase of
brightness without decreasing the viscosity values
significantly (Eugenio et al., 2011). These results suggest
significant promise for the use of Streptomycetes lignin-
degrading enzymes in industrial application.
Textile Dye Transformation
The textile industry uses water as a medium for removing
impurities, application of dyes and finishing agents. Thereis
a significant water pollution associated withtheseprocesses
due to the highly toxic dyes, bleaching agents, salt acids, and
the alkali employed. LiP and MnP from the white-rot fungus
P. chrysosporiumhave been investigated for their dye
decolorization with the results showing the capacity to
mineralize a variety of recalcitrant aromatic pollutants
(Mehta, 2012). Decolorization of 23 industrial dyes by 16
white-rot fungi has also been investigated. The crude
extracts of the cultures showed laccase, LiP, and aryl alcohol
oxidase activities. However, only laccase activity was
correlated with color removal (Rodríguez, Pickard, &
Vazquez-Duhalt, 1999). Although some dyes are not
degradable by laccases, many are oxidized by the enzyme
and therefore initiating the destruction of the dyes
(Schliephake, Mainwaring, Lonergan, Jones, & Baker, 2000).
An extensive review on the role of peroxidases in the
treatment and decolorization of wide spectrum of aromatic
dyes from polluted water can be found in the literature
(Husain, 2010). Kirby, Marchant, and Mcmullan (2000)
reported thatlaccasefromP. tremellosadecolorizedsynthetic
textile dyes. Also, laccases used in combination with
mediators and cellobiose dehydrogenase were shown to be
an ecofriendly alternative for chemical treatment of textile
dye wastes (Ciullini, Tilli, Scozzafava, & Briganti, 2008).
Decolorization of Distillery Effluent and Waste Effluent
Treatment
The characteristic of the dark brownappearanceofdistillery
wastewater is mainly due to the high molecular weight
organic compounds called melanoidin, a product of the
Mallard reaction of sugars with proteins. The brown color is
also due to the presence of phenolics from the feedstock,
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caramels from overheated sugars, and furfurals from acid
hydrolysis (Kort, 1979). The detoxification and
decolorization of this industrial waste is performed using
oxidative enzymes (laccases andperoxidases)from bacteria,
fungi, and yeast (Rajasundari& Murugesan, 2011). Coriolus
versicolor was the first fungal strain showntodecolorizethis
type of waste (Watanabe, Sugi, & Tanaka, 1982). P.
chrisosporiumJAG-40 decolorized synthetic and natural
melanoidin (Dahiya, Singh, & Nigam, 2001). Part of the
treatment of these wastes includes the use of laccases and
peroxidases that oxidize phenolic compounds to aryl-
oxyradicals creating complexes that are insoluble. Other
mechanisms carried out by these enzymes include the
polymerization of the contaminants themselves or the
copolymerization with other non-toxic substrates to
facilitate their removal by sedimentation, adsorption, or
filtration (Gianfreda, Iamarino, Scelza, & Rao, 2006;
Rabinovich, Bolobova, &Vasil’chenko, 2004).
Concluding remarks and future prospects
Laccase is currently considered a ‘trendy’ enzyme and by
many, the ideal green catalyst. However, although several
companies offer laccases in their catalogues to the food,
textile, pulp and paper, pharma, cosmetic, paint or furniture
industries, to fully realize the potential of laccases to
compete in the biotechnology race, some hurdles must still
be overcome.The diversity of structures as well as biological
targets of laccase and its application in synthetically
designed analogues thereof is immense. Because of their
versatile biochemical properties, high protein stability,
broad substrate spectrum, and their wide range of
applications, laccases are very impressive and useful
biocatalysts in fungal biotechnology. The activity of laccases
can be potentially increase by the immobilisation of fungal
laccases with carriers such as chitosan which can be an
emerging application in low cost removal of environmental
effluents. Also, the metagenomics techniques in mining
enzymes from microbial communities which has become
more feasible due to advances in sequencers technologies
should be considered in the search for novel laccases. The
increased application of gene technology and protein
engineering as well as the improvement of immobilization
and scale-up techniques for optimization of product yields
and avoidance of side reactions remain as important tasks
for the future.
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