The document recaps key concepts covered in the first trimester of a global politics course, including power, sovereignty, legitimacy, and interdependence. It discusses theories of power, different types of power states can wield, and challenges to exercising power. Sovereignty is defined as a state's full control over what happens within its borders. The document also notes that states are becoming more interdependent and join intergovernmental organizations for benefits like economic strength and influence. Legitimacy is gained through mechanisms like democracy, rule of law, and international recognition.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
Comparison between realism and idealismAzeem Mughal
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches
Some emerge from within the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole or in part,
from disciplines such as economics or sociology. Indeed,
few social scientific theories have not been applied to the study of relations amongst nations. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few scholars believe
only in one or another.
In spite of this diversity, several major schools of thought are
discernable, differentiated principally by the variables they emphasize
eg military, power, material interests, or ideological beliefs
International relations represent the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states including the roles of the states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it seeks both to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered as the branch of political science.
Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. It involves diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
Comparison between realism and idealismAzeem Mughal
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches
Some emerge from within the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole or in part,
from disciplines such as economics or sociology. Indeed,
few social scientific theories have not been applied to the study of relations amongst nations. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few scholars believe
only in one or another.
In spite of this diversity, several major schools of thought are
discernable, differentiated principally by the variables they emphasize
eg military, power, material interests, or ideological beliefs
International relations represent the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states including the roles of the states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it seeks both to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered as the branch of political science.
Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. It involves diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
4. Articulation sentence: “power gives groups involved in world politics the
ability to pursue their interests, whatever these interests are at any given
given time”
Key things to consider
◦ Power is not fixed
◦ It’s not only states that can be powerful
◦ States can cooperate with other states to become more powerful
◦ Power can be used to achieve material gains (economic and physical
resources)
6. HARD
POWER
SMART
POWER
SOFT
POWER
MILITARY FORCE
SANCTIONS
AGRESSION
REALIST PERSPECTIVE
PAYMENT
DIPLOMACY
TRADE/AID
OUTREACH
CULTURAL TIES
FRIENDSHIP?
LIBERALIST PERSPECTIVE
COERCION
STATE A WILL FORCE STATE B TO DO WHAT IT
WANTS THROUGH THREATS OR FORCE
BALANCE OF THE TWO
COMBINATION OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE
THREAT OF POSSIBLE MILITARY ACTION AND A
DIPLOMATIC PROCESS
PERSUASION/INFLUENCE
STATE A WILL PERSUADE STATE B TO DO WHT IT
WANTS, WITH OR WITHOUT STATE B BEING AWARE
THAT THIS IS WHAT IT WANTS. FOREIGN POLICY,
POLITICAL VALUES, FOREIGN POLICY ETC.
UNPOPULAR FOREIGN POLICY WILL REDUCE STATES
SOFT POWER
MILITARY ACTION TAKEN IN SYRIA AGAINST IS IN 2014
INVOLVING THE U.S. + OTHERS.
MIITARY FORCE USED AGAINST SADAM HUSSEIN IN 2003
MILITARY AIR FORCE USED BY OBAMA IN 2011
OVERTHROW OF COLONEL GADDAFI IN LIBYA
NUCLEAR DEAL SIGNED BETWEEN IRAN AND THE P5+! IN
JULY 2015. THE P5+1 USED A COMBINATION OF TACTICS:
DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS, ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND
AN UNSTATED BUT POSSIBLE THREAT OF MILITARY FORCE.
VIOLENT PROTEST GROUPS SUCH AS HEZBOLLAH NOT ONLY
USE HARD POWER, BUT ALSO BUILD AND RUN SCHOOLS,
ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN HELATH CARE FACILITIES, AND
PARTICIPATE IN DEMOCRATIC COALITION POLITICS IN THE
LEBANESE PARLIAMENT
USAID GIVES MOST AID TO COUNTRIES WHERE
DEVELOPMENT MATTERS FOR US SECURITY INTERESTS. IN
2015, AFG AND PAK RECEIVED HE MOST US AID
CHINA HAS PLEDGED $1.4 TRILLION IN INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT IN AFRICA
SPORTING EVENTS SUCH AS THE OLYMPICS, LONDON
2012, SOCHI 2014
9. Types of power
◦ Military power – military power is used less against other states than previously in
history and is now primarily used against non-state actors or intra-state threats – e.g. us
invading iraq + afghanistan
◦ Economic power – economic power can be measured in different ways. It can be used as
a method of hard power – in the form of sanctions – and is needed if states wish to be
strong military powers - e.g. – u.s. and eu sanctions on iran and their nuclear weapons
program
◦ Social, cultural and cyber power – The relatively new social, cultural and cyber power
have varying effectiveness. Cultural power may do little for nation states, whereas cyber
power has empowered many groups, states and individuals – E.G. Wikileaks or the arab
spring
12. Articulation sentence: “A state with sovereignty has complete control
over its government and it has external sovereignty when it allows other
states to control what happens within their borders”
◦ KEY THINGS TO CONSIDER:
◦ Sovereignty is defined as a states full ability to rule itself
◦ States are sovereign when they have full control and authority over what happens within its
borders
◦ States should respect the sovereignty of other states, as well as maintain and defend their own
sovereignty
15. More things to think about
◦ Groups such as islamic state may call themselves a state – but if no other states or
international organizations recognize them, they cannot be considered a state
◦ Sovereign states should have:
A permanent population
A defined territory and borders
Effective government
The capacity and legitimacy to enter into relations with other states
16. Gaining recognized
statehood
◦ The UN is the key ruling body which agrees the legitimacy of state borders and makes rulings on
borders that are being contested. Being recognized as a full member state of the un is the ultimate
confirmation of independent statehood.
◦ Kosovo
◦ Catalunya
◦ Crimea/ukraine
◦ Israel/palestine
“It is possible to gain independent statehood, usually by holding a
referendum, and to become recognized by the un. However, there
are many contested states and borders around the world”
20. What is it?
A key feature of a globalized world in which all groups in global politics are increasingly reliant on
each other and influenced by each other
Economic
Political
Global issues
Articulation sentence: “States are becoming more interdependent – economically and politically –
due to the globalization of world issues”
21. IGOs
IGOs allow states to…
KEY IGOs
“Intergovernmental organizations provide member states with a number of benefits, such as
economic strength and more influence in global politics”
22. Why do states join IGOs?
Powerful states can join IGOs in order to force or persuade other states to adopt policies or agreements
that meet their national interests
Less powerful states can join IGOs to group together with other states because…
States use IGOs so that they can work together to resolve issues where acting alone is insufficient
States join NGOs so they are able to give every person in their country 1000 Oreos each
To increase or protect their military or economic power i.e. the Euro
Regional IGOs
26. “Groups or actions that are considered to be
acceptable, usually by conforming to agreed laws or
democratic principles”
◦All actors need legitimacy to survive. But how do
actors attain authority?
◦What makes citizens obey or feel loyal toward
their governments?
27. Sauces of legitimacy
Democracy
At a national level, democracy brings legitimacy to governments that wish to exercise control
over a particular region. Leaders are democratically elected and by popular vote and serve for
limited periods
Rule of Law
The law is always equally applied to all citizens; neither citizens nor the government are above the
law; and that every citizen has the right to a fair and legitimate trial
Legit-
imacy
28. ◦ Tradition: The government has authority because its citizens have a long tradition of giving it
authority and respect. This source mostly comes into play with governments that have been
for a long time.
◦ Habit: Most people are raised to obey the laws, and they thereby acquire the habit of obeying.
Citizens give their government legitimacy and authority because that is what they have always
◦ History: People remember great deeds and events in the country’s history, and they obey the
government out of a sense of historical pride.
◦ Religion: In some places, obedience to the government is seen as a religious obligation.
Eg. Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic. Some of its governing bodies are elected, whereas others
are put into place for religious reasons.
◦ Ethnic identity: Countries composed of exclusively one ethnic group or whose regime is strongly
connected to one ethnic group can inspire obedience through ethnic identity. Members of that
ethnic group respect the government because of its link to their ethnicity.
Eg. Saddam Hussein’s Sunni regime in Iraq once inspired a great deal of loyalty in Sunni Arabs.
◦ Results: If a government succeeds in some way—for instance, through a military victory or a
thriving economy—citizens may feel loyalty because of that success.
◦ Elections: A government that holds elections gains legitimacy because citizens believe that the
government, composed of elected officials, represents them.
◦ International recognition: A government gains legitimacy when other governments recognize it
and welcome it to the international community.
30. Legitimacy of non-state groups
NGOs
IGOs
Violent Extremist Groups
“NGOs and extremist groups often gain legitimacy through the recognition of states or IGOs,
whereas an IGO is usually legitimized by a treaty or formal international agreement”