The document discusses different theories of the state, including:
- Pluralist theory, which sees the state as a neutral arbitrator between competing interests.
- Neo-pluralism, which acknowledges that some groups like businesses have more influence.
- Capitalist state theory, which views the state as perpetuating class divisions and inequality.
- Other theories discussed include the patriarchal state, minimal state, developmental state, social democratic state, and totalitarian state. The document also covers how globalization has impacted theories of state sovereignty.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern. A person or group that considers itself the leading body of a society has no power if the members of the society do not recognize the person or group as such.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern. A person or group that considers itself the leading body of a society has no power if the members of the society do not recognize the person or group as such.
The contributions of West Asia, well these contributions may not necessarily contributed or used by the West Asians only, remember that items may have been discovered and used in other times in some parts of the world like the discovery of bronze, copper, pottery and others. Hope this can be still be useful in teaching Asian History.
The women's conditions in the Ancient Asia, some of the practices are adapted, omitted, assimilated and still prevalent. Hope this can help despite the fact that some may not be available to be viewed due to the non-animation use of Slideshare, hope this can still help you in your presentation particularly in teaching Asian History!
Transitional Asia is the time when Asia is being discovered by Western Powers. This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of Exploration. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
Age of Exploration is the time when Asia is being discovered by Western Powers. This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of Exploration. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of imperialism. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
The First Period of Imperialism in Asia. This can used in teaching Imperialism in Asia, Grade 7 based from book utilized by DepEd published year 2008. Some aare hidden due to non-animation feature of Slideshare, hope this can still help!
Panniyo ed Bannawor means the Taboos in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, on of the Indigenous group in the Cordillera region of the country, the Ifugaos. We tried to give a glimpse of the taboos in this part of the region which some until now are prevalent in the area, adapted and assimilated as the time has been changing and especially due to the coming of technology and internet and of Christianity in particular.
North Maerica, you can use this presentation in presenting the continents of the Wordl in North America. As again unfortunately, Slideshare don't work with animations so you might not see the full length of the presentation. Hope this can still help in your teaching of World History.
You can use this presentation to present the Roman Empire, the mighty empire for the West that lasted for thousand of years including the Constantinople.
This presentation should have better if it can be viewed in slideshow because some details are in animations to save up slidepages and thus hidden by pictures. Hope this can help still.
You can use this to teach world History when America is starting to become a great giant especially with the perception of the author Chris Harman. Hope this can help.
The Cold War is an event in major history of the world between two competing powers. This ppt can be used in teaching the Cold War Case in the Philippines' World History Classes. Hope this can help! And oops sorry I just checked this is only for the motivational part of learning.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. What is a state?
• A political unit with sovereignty
• A political entity that exercises sovereign
jurisdiction (system of centralized rule that tends to
dominate political life in all its forms) within given
territorial borders
e.g. Financial Bailouts and taxation of individual
savings by governments.
2. Pluralist Theory of the State
• Has liberal origins.
• State is a neutral body that arbitrates between competing
interests of the society.
• Mission: a ‘referee’ and protect citizens and their rights from
other fellow citizens.
• Roots to Hobbes and Locke
-out need to protect ourselves vs the ‘state of nature’
• Locke : “where there is no law there is no freedom’.
-guarantee natural rights of ‘life, liberty and property’.
– Being safe from harm (murder)?
– Speaking your mind?
– Contractual agreements being held ?
• Hobbes: to provide a strong alternative to anarchy by being the
ultimate power
3. • Power is widely and evenly dispersed in societies (at
least in liberal democracies).
-So different interest groups could influence state
decisions.
e.g. The US government and the issue of abortion
(Pro-life versus Pro-choice groups)
The Congress on Obamacare
(Insurance companies versus Poor citizens)
Assumptions this perspective:
1. Subordinate to government: police and military serve
the elected.
2. Elected remains responsive to public opinion
4. Neo-pluralism
• Dahl, Lindblom and Galbraith
-business interests are more advantageous in being
represented
-state bureaucracy can pursue its own interests
Way out?
-More checks and balances
-Transparency?
-More elements of direct democracy (e.g.
Referendums)?
5. Capitalist State
• alternative to pluralist
• cannot be understood separately from the economy and economic
structure
• maintains the class system by either oppressing subordinate
classes or elevating class conflict
• part of the superstructure determined by the economic base
forming the foundation of social life
• an instrument of class rule or a means of arbitrating between
competing classes so as to perpetuate a system of unequal class
power
• ruling economic classes in capitalist states/bourgeoisie
• surplus value
-earnings for factors of production are not equally distributed
Labour produces more value added but does not get its share (Land,
Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship Rent, Wages, Interest, Profit)
6. • class conflict disappears the state too
• A fully communist society would also be stateless
• lose its necessity to exist once the class system is
erased
-out of the class system
Neo-marxism revise Marx’s ideas
• Economy as only factor explaining political and social
relations.
• Ideology and state power as other factors
• Ralph Miliband, Nicos Poulantzas
Critical Theory: Horkheimer and Adorno
– The Culture Industry and Dialectics of Enlightenment
• Deliberative Democracy:Habarmas
– Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy
7. The Leviathan State
• Pursues its own interest that are separate from
society.
• Increasing powers it
e.g. interventionist policies of the 20th century were
not demanded by the public but was a result of
internal dynamics of the state.
• contemporary right wing theorists (of neo-liberal
orientation)
-state to be encroaching on the rights of the
individuals and societies and demand minimum
state involvement.
8. The Patriarchal State
• leading to oppression and exploitation of women
• Feminism and feminist theories
-deep injustices towards women
• Liberal feminists accept pluralist
-want women to acquire legal and political equality
-not question the impartiality
• Radical feminists
-gender divisions are the most significant division in
society
-state’s role implement public-private divide
9. Minimal state
-orderly existence.
• protective bodies of peace and social order within which
citizens can conduct their lives as they think best
• decisions made at the smallest possible political unit such as a
town assembly or a municipality (local government).
• Libertarian ideology support
• E.g. Local schools would be run by the residents of the
neighborhood.
Developmental state
promote growth and economic development
• intervene in economic life to promoting industrial growth and
economical development
e.g. post-WWII Japan with its government organized
conglomerates (corporations).
The Role of the State
10. The social-democratic state• to rectify (correct, cure) the imbalances and injustices of a market
economy.
• Business cycles (booms and busts) are common in market
economies and these coupled with externalities (pollution, income
inequality) defeat the purpose of having a market economy.
• ‘Welfare States’.
e.g. Scandinavian states of Norway, Sweden, Finland, United Kingdom
in some aspects (free healthcare).
• They mostly provide free healthcare and free education to their
citizens (‘Cradle to Grave’ care of citizens)
• Social-democratic states are states that practice economic and
social interventionism.
Collectivized states
• control over the entirety of economic life through a system of
central planning
e.g. SSR of the Cold War period
e.g. Shoes. Green plastic boots of size 42 only.
11. Totalitarian State
• all-encompassing states whose influence penetrates every aspect of
human existence, thus abolishing the distinction between the state
and civil society.
• bring politicization of every issue are and, destroy civil society.
Homework:
What is a modern state?
• What are the characteristics of states in the contemporary era?
• How does Weber define the state?
• Explain why the New Right is critical of the role of the state?
13. Globalization and the State
• Post-sovereign governance:
– rise of globalization lead to the decline of the state as an international
actor.
– Power has moved away from the state and towards markets [thus
Transnational Companies (TNCs)]
• Economic activity takes place in a borderless world and this is called
‘supraterritoriality’. This limits the ‘economic sovereignty’ of states.
e.g. Inflow and outflow of capital.
• Nonetheless, successful economies and markets depend on the
legal and social order created and maintained by states.
• Globalization also has social and cultural results
– Some theorists claim that ‘time and space’ is no longer existing. Shares
are traded in different time zones at the same time. With the ease of
travel and other technologies the idea of ‘space’ disappeared.
14. Further Reading
• HABERMAS, J, Theory of Communicative Action (Volume 2; London: Heineman,
1981)
• HABERMAS, J, Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1989 [1962]).
• HABERMAS, J, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of
Law and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
• SPRUYT, H, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors. (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1996)
