Liberalism is a paradigm that believes applying reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just and cooperative world. It assumes anarchy and war can be reduced through institutional reforms that empower international law. Liberalism focuses on international institutions, collective security, and increasing cooperation through international regimes and interdependence between states.

1. LIBERALISM
A paradigm predicated to the hope that the
application of reason and universal ethics to
international relations can lead to a more
orderly, just and cooperative world; liberalism
assumes that anarchy and war can be policed
by institutional reforms that empower
international organizational law

2. Comparison
Feature Realism Liberalism
Key Actors States States, International Institutions,
Global corporations
Key War and Security (how vulnerable Institutionalized Peace (how self
Concerns self interested states survive in an serving actors learn to see benefits
environment where they are to coordinating behavior through
uncertain about the intensions rules and organizations in order to
and capabilities achieve collective gain
Central Anarchy, Self-help, Balance of Collective Security, Reciprocity,
Concerns power, National interest, Relative International regimes, complex
Gains independence, transnational
relations
Approach to Protect sovereign autonomy Institutional regimes through
Peace Military preparedness & alliances democratization
Open markets
Global Pessimistic (Negative) Optimistic (Positive)
Outlook Great powers are locked in Cooperative view of human nature
relentless and security

3. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
KANT & BENTHAM
IDEA OF PERPETUAL PEACE
• Immanuel Kant • Jeremy Bentham
• A federal contract between • Establish a common
states to abolish war. This tribunal:
federation is likened to a • An extension of the social
permanent peace treaty contract between
rather than a super state individuals in domestic
society to state in the
actor or world government
international level

4. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
SMITH, RICHARD COBHEN
HARMONY OF INTERESTS
•Free Trade (each country desires profits)
• Breaking down the barriers which nestle the
feelings (pride, revenge)
• Promotion of free trade promotes peace
• Treaty between states

5. IDEALISM (1900’s to the late 1930’s)
•Peace can only be secured with the creation of an
international institution to regulate international
anarchy
•Domestic Analogy
• International society must have a system of
governance that has democratic procedures and an
international force that would be mobilized if
negotiations fail

6. IDEALISM (1900’s to the late 1930’s)
•League of Nations
• Collective security
• The president proposed the League of Nations
• USA did not join
• ISOLATIONIST(did not want to be dragged into war)

7. LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM
•Military & Haas
• Transnational cooperation
• International and regional institutions
• Pluralism (mix of actors)
•Keohane & Nye
• Transnationalism
• Interdependence
Ramification
•Cooperation in one sector would lead governments to extend the
range of collaboration across other sectors
•Ex. European Coal and Steel Community, 1952- European Union

8. NEOLIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
•Democratic Peace Thesis
• Doyle: Separate Peace
• Liberals do not go to war with other liberal states
• Liberals go to war with non-liberal states
•Fukuyama: The End of History
• Triumph of Liberalism

9. NEO IDEALISM
INTERDEPENDENCE = PEACE
•Cosmopolitan model of democracy
• To represent civil society
• Giving voice to NGOs
• Promotes developing countries with voices
•Globalization from below
• Global civil society groups
• Help democratic international crisis group

10. NEO LIVERALISM INSTITUTIONALISM
•Keohane & Nye
•Actor- State and Nonstate
•Structure- Anarchic (The environment is anarchic
but anarchy can be mitigated with the creation of
international regimes
•Process- Interdependence and Integration (States
doesn’t have to be one but one state will be affected
by the decision of another state

11. •A State is liberal if there is capitalism and if there is
free trade or freedom of the individual.
•Process of a closer union adopting common laws
give up a part of their sovereignty to join one big
entity
•Motivation
• States are motivated by absolute gains
• Both sides gain something by cooperating

12. MARXISM
The social Historical Class Community
world Materialism
Changes in the economic development
should be
analyzed Economic Bourgeoisie
as a totality development is Proletariat
will change the superstructure
effectively the
motor of history A political
theory
BASE- advocating
SUPERSTRUCTURE class war and
leading a
Means of production Political and society is
Ecological advancement legal institutions publicly owned
totality of the material and/by each
elements of economic The relationship person works
production including the between those who and is paid
factories, mines, own the means of according to
machinery, tools, raw production and their abilities
materials means of those who do not and needs
transportation

13. IMPERIALISM
•Lenin :Imperialism is the highest stage”
•Rich countries will exploit the poor countries = “neo
colonialism”
•There is no longer an automatic harmony of
interest among all workers because “the
bourgeoisie will exploit poor countries to help their
proletariat”
•There will be no revolution of workers

14. WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
•Prebish “ the declining term of trade”
•Rich becomes richer, poor becomes poorer
•Walterstein
• Core – rich states
• Semi-Periphery – Authoritarian Government
• Periphery – Non-democratic governments

15. GRAMSCIANISM
•Hegemony “dominant state of the system”
•Power as centaur: a mixture of
• Coercion – military force, economic sanctions
• Consent – other countries should agree that the
state(US) is the hegemon (Influence)
• To ensure consent of the state through coercion