The UN has five main organs: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The Security Council deals with threats to international peace and security. Criticisms of the UN include that it relies on member state contributions, developing countries have more votes than rich countries, and it takes a long time to take action. MFN means most favored nation, providing equality in trade among nations. Criticisms of the WTO are that decisions are based on consensus, there is little democracy, and agendas are set by wealthier members. The World Bank focuses on development assistance and long term loans, while the IMF operates like a credit union providing short term assistance and financial stability.

1. 1. Enumerate the five organs of the UN
and explain briefly the activities of each.
• General Assembly
• UN’s deliberative body (decisions are made, merely
recommendations)
• Security Council
• Deals with threats to international peace and security
• US, UK, France, Russia, China
• Economic & Social Council
• Active in addressing economic development and human rights issues
• Trusteeship Council
• In charge of administering newly independent states
• International Court of Justice
• Settles disputes between states

2. 2. Give 3 criticisms of the UN
• Budget
– Money comes from member states contributions
– Developing countries have most votes
– Rich states give more but poor states have more votes
• No own standing Army
– Depends on the no. of army each member state can
contribute
• Takes a long time before they can take action
– Before the UN can interfere, it needs to have consent
from that country first

3. 3. Explain MFN
• Most Favored Nation
• Trade without discrimination
• Equality among nations
• What you give to one state you will give to
other states

4. 4. Give 3 criticisms of the WTO
• Decision making based on CONSENSUS
• Exists only when there is no objection
• Little democracy in the system
• Many of its policies where orchestrated by the
powerful members
• Agendas are set by wealthier members
• WTO dictating policies of smaller states
• Difficult for poor countries to go to developed
countries

5. 5. Give 2 differences between the
World Bank and the IMF
• World Bank • International Monetary Fund
– To support – Maintains currency-exchange
reconstruction efforts in stability by promoting
Europe but shifted to international monetary
developmental cooperation
assistance – Financial stability
– Long term – Short term

6. 6. Explain how the World Bank and IMF
operate
• World Bank • International Monetary Fund
• Offers loans with lower • Operates like a credit union
interest rates which requires each
• Assisting states’ participant to contribute to a
development planning common pool of fund from
and training which it can borrow when
need arises
• Establishes institutions that
regulate stability

7. 7. Give 2 criticisms of the World Bank
and the IMF (one for each)
• World Bank • International Monetary Fund
• Weighted Voting • Creates dependency
– Pay a membership fee, – The country would keep on
the vote would depend relying on IMF because it is their
on the economy of the last resort
country

8. 8. Give 2 institutions of the EU and explain
briefly their functions
• EU Commission
– 32 commissioners nominated by member states
implements new agendas
– Execute the European Councils’ decrees
– Manage the EU’s budget
• EU Court of Justice
– Decisions are binding, settles disputes and agendas
– Responsibility for adjudicating claims and conflicts

9. 9. What is an NGO? Enumerate the five types of
international activities by these groups and
briefly explain each
• Members are groups within states
• Pursue social aims and Deals with all aspects
• All non state and non profit organization
• Build transnational bridges between states
and IGO’s
• Organizations of private citizens and groups

10. 9. What is an NGO? Enumerate the five types of
international activities by these groups and
briefly explain each
• Non-state nations
• Ethnic groups-peoples identity is defined by their sense of sharing a
nationality
• Indigenous people-native and ethnic cultural inhabitant
• Transnational religious movements
• Politically active organizations based on strong religious convictions
• Transnational Terrorist Groups
• Premeditated violence perpetrated against noncombat targets. Group to
influence an audience
• Multinational Corporations
• Business enterprises organized in one society with major activities in others
growing out of direct investment
• Issue-advocacy group
• Define the problem>Identifying and advocating a solution>Motivating action

11. 10. What are militant religious movements?
Give two types of international activities by
these groups and briefly explain each
• Militant religious movement
• Politically active organizations based on religious
convictions
• Irredentism
• Reclaim previously possessed territory
• International terrorism
• The threat or use of violence as tactics against targets

12. 11. What are human rights? Enumerate the
four characteristics of human rights
• Human Rights are rights to which people are entitled by
virtue of being human
• Universal - Belongs to all human beings regardless of race,
religion, gender..
• Fundamental – Human beings’ entitlement cannot be
removed
• Indivisible - Civic and political rights, and, economic, social
and cultural rights are interrelated and co-equal in
importance
• Absolute - Basic grounds for living a genuinely human life,
they cannot be qualified

13. 12. Give and briefly explain the three types of human rights
• Civil and Political. Key theme (liberty)
• Negative – rights enjoyed by virtue of the inactivity of others, the
government
• Civil Liberties – rights and freedoms that belong to the citizens
• Civil Rights – rights of participation and access to power
• Right to freedom of speech, press, religion
• Economical, Social and Cultural. Key theme (equality)
• Positive – rights enjoyed through positive intervention of the
government
• Right to work, healthcare, education
• Solidarity. Key theme (fraternity)
• Attached to social groups – right to improve
• Collective security
• Right to development, peace, environment

14. 13. What is humanitarian intervention? Define
humanitarian intervention in terms of motives and
outcomes
• Humanitarian Intervention is military
intervention that is carried out in pursuit of
humanitarian rather than strategic objectives
• Motives: the desire to prevent harm to other
people, accepting that there will always be
mixed motives for intervention
• Outcomes: results in net improvement in
conditions and reduction in human suffering

15. 14. What are the criteria for justifiable military
intervention according to International Commission
on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
• Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• Large-scale loss of life, actual or apprehended,
with genocidal intent or not, which is the product
either of deliberate state action, or state neglect
inability to act, or a failed state situation
• Large-scale ethnic cleansing, actual or
apprehended, whether carried out by killing,
forcible expulsion, acts of terrorism or rape

16. 15. Is humanitarian intervention justified? Give two
arguments for and two arguments against
humanitarian intervention
• Yes • No
• Regional stability. • National Interest Rule.
Humanitarian emergencies, Realists, states are motivated
incentives for neighboring by national self interest and
states to support military action is motivated
intervention, with major by humanitarian
powers opting to intervene considerations. The state in
in order to prevent a question would be putting its
possible regional war own citizens at rick in order
to ‘save strangers’ violating
its national interest

17. 15. Is humanitarian intervention justified? Give two
arguments for and two arguments against
humanitarian intervention
• Yes • No
• Promoting democracy. • Simplistic politics. Based on a
Endangered or suffering simplistic ‘good & evil’ image
people do not possess the of political conflict.
democratic means to Sometimes been a
alleviate their own consequence of distortion
hardship. Democracy (exaggeration of atrocities).
promotion is a legitimate Tendency to simplify
long term goal, humanitarian crises helps to
strengthen respect for explain the tendency towards
human rights and reduce ‘mission drift’ and for
likelihood of future crises. interventions to go wrong.