This document defines and explains various political and social concepts related to liberalism, individualism, collectivism, ideologies, rights and freedoms, economics, government systems, and social movements. Key terms defined include liberalism, individualism, common good, collectivism, ideology, progressivism, individual rights and freedoms, competition, economic freedom, rule of law, private and public property, collective responsibility, cooperation, economic equality, collective norms, representative democracy, direct democracy, authoritarianism, command economics, free market economics, traditional economics, mixed economics, and more.

1. Issue 1 Liberalism- a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. Individualism- a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual. Common Good- the good of a community Collectivism- the political principle of centralized social and economic control, esp. of all means of production. Ideology- The body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture. Progressivism- the doctrines and beliefs of the Progressive party. Individual Rights & Freedoms- the rights of individuals, in contrast with group rights. Competition- the act of competing; rivalry for supremacy, a prize, etc Economic Freedom- the libertarian tradition emphasizing free markets and private property The Rule of Law- the law is above everyone and it applies to everyone. Whether governors or governed, rulers or ruled, no one is above the law, no one is exempted from the law, and no one can grant exemption to the application of the law. Private Property- any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of persons Public Property- is property which is jointly owned by a whole community of individuals or by a non-communistic, dictatorial, or totalitarian government Collective Responsibility & interests- individuals are to be held responsible for other people's actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actions Cooperation- the combination of persons for purposes of production, purchase, or distribution for their joint benefit Economic Equality- is a state of economic affairs in which the participants of a society are of equal standing and equal access to all the economic resources in terms of economic power, wealth, and contribution. It is a founding principle of various forms of socialism. Collective Norms- Roles set by a community. Issue 2 John Locke-English Philosopher, advocate of democracy. Baron de Montesquieu-French social commentator and political thinker, famous for Separation of Powers where state is into divided estates or branches each with own responsibilities and power. Adam Smith-Scottish moral philosopher, famous for invisible hand theory. John Stuart Mill-English philosopher and political thinker, philosophised how liberty justified freedom in opposition to unlimited state control. Laissez Faire Capitalism-allowing evens to take their own course, let people do what they please. Industrialization- To develop industry The Class System-Society is divided into lower wealth and upper wealth, with an occasional middle class. Limited Government- government in which its functions and powers are prescribed, limited, and restricted by law Marxism-the system of economic and political thought developed by Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, esp. the doctrine that the state throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class, that class struggle has been the main agency of historical change, and that the capitalist system, containing from the first the seeds of its own decay, will inevitably, after the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, be superseded by a socialist order and a classless society. Socialism- a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. Welfare Capitalism- the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state or, in a strictly American context, to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees. Labour Standards- conventions, treaties and recommendations designed to eliminate unjust and inhumane labour practices Unions- organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas, such as working conditions. Universal Suffrage-everyone is allowed to vote. Welfare State- the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens Human Rights- fundamental rights, esp. those believed to belong to an individual and in whose exercise a government may not interfere, as the rights to speak, associate, work, etc. Feminism- the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men. Expansionism- a policy of expansion, as of territory or currency Containment: Truman Doctrine- Truman was attempting to solve Eastern Europe's instability while making sure that communism would not spread to nations like Greece and Turkey. Domino theory- if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect Deterrence- a strategy in any field of potential conflict of being prepared to inflict unacceptable damage on an aggressor, and making sure the potential aggressor is aware of the risk so that he refrains from aggression Brinkmanship- the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome Détente- international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war de-escalate tensions through diplomacy and confidence-building measures Non-alignment- an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Liberation Movements- A liberation movement is an organization fighting a rebellion against a colonial power, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook. Neo-Conservation- a political philosophy that emerged in the United States of America, and which supports using American economic and military power to bring liberalism, democracy, and human rights to other countries. Environmentalism- Advocacy for or work toward protecting the natural environment from destruction or pollution. Post-modernism- trends or movements in the arts and literature developing in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of the dogma, principles, or practices of established modernism. Extremism- a tendency or disposition to go to extremes or an instance of going to extremes, Issue 3 Consensus- majority of opinion Representative Democracy-elected individuals representing government. Direct Democracy-power to rule is within hands of the assembly of citizens who choose to hold it. Authoritarianism-centralized control of government, with discrete or minimal individuals freedoms. Command Economics-state or workers' councils manage the economy. Free Market Economics-No government interaction into the market only to regulate again fraud or force. Traditional Economics-decisions about market are based of traditional ways. Mixed Economics-Both the individual and government have equal involvement in the market. American Bill of Rights-bill that gives U.S. citizens rights, passed by congress in 1789. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms-bill that gives rights to Canadians, passed by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's government on Aug. 10, 1960. Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms- statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. corresponds with Charter of French Language. War measures act- allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, making citizens have to go help with war effort. Patriot Act- Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, increases right for law enforcement to search private documents. Debt- something that is owed or that one is bound to pay to or perform for another Poverty- the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support Racism- belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others. Pandemics- prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world; epidemic over a large area. Terrorism- the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. for political purposes. Censorship-the act of censoring; meaning blocking or not revealing something. Illiberalism- The idea of being not being generous or giving. Not for benefit of community. Issue 4 The Human Condition- the distinctive features of human existence Dissent- to differ in sentiment or opinion Civility- a polite action or expression Civil Disobedience-the refusal to obey certain laws or government demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy. Political Participation-exercising your right to vote and have a say in the government. Citizen Advocacy-encouragement for the citizen, and in favor of their rights. Humanitarian Crises- an event or series of events which represents a critical threat to the health, safety, security or wellbeing of a community or other large group of people, usually over a wide area Civil Rights Movements-rioting or protesting decisions based upon Civil Rights, in order to make them better. Anti-war movements-Rebellion and protesting against government or other powers to go to war or be supportive of one. McCarthyism (Red Scare)- the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. Pro-democracy movements-Marches or protests to advocate democracy in sectors of society and government where it is lacking. Collective and Individual action-taking action for or towards government as a self or as a community.