The document discusses several key concepts in international relations: 1) The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany after WWI and established the League of Nations, but its terms are argued to have contributed to the rise of fascism and WWII. 2) The Iron Curtain divided Europe between the Western and Eastern blocs during the Cold War, with the Berlin Wall as a visible symbol. 3) The Marshall Plan provided US economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism amid poverty and instability.

1. Solution
Question 1)
Do you think revolution is the answer of the problems of (a democratic) Pakistan? Explain
your answer in the context of political theories
Answer:
Revolution can be a problematic solution in the context of a democratic system, as it often
involves violent overthrow of governments and the establishment of a new order through force,
threatening democratic values and institutions. Instead of resorting to revolutionary means, the
focus should be on strengthening institutions, promoting civic participation, and ensuring
accountability. Therefore, in a democratic Pakistan, it is important to address challenges through
peaceful and negotiated means while upholding democratic values, human rights, and the rule
of law.
In conclusion, while revolution has been seen as a means of addressing systemic problems and
injustices, it is important to consider the potential consequences and ensure that any
revolutionary change is accompanied by a commitment to democracy, human rights, and the rule
of law. In a democratic system, the focus should be on strengthening institutions, promoting civic
participation, and ensuring accountability rather than resorting to revolutionary means to
address challenges.
Question:2)
Write a brief definition of the following terms (6 marks) Eurocentrism, American-
exceptionalism, Sino-centrism, Orientalism, Global governance, Nation state system,
Colonialism, Great Transformation. with example and 20 words explanation
Eurocentrism: The belief that European culture, history, and values are superior to those of other
cultures and societies. For example, the idea that Western civilization is the pinnacle of human
achievement and that other cultures should emulate European models.
American exceptionalism: The belief that the United States is inherently unique and superior to
other nations due to its history, political institutions, and values. For example, the idea that the
US has a special responsibility to spread democracy and human rights around the world.
Sino-centrism: The belief that China is the center of the world and that Chinese culture and
civilization are superior to those of other cultures and societies. For example, the concept of the

2. "Mandate of Heaven" in Chinese history, which held that the ruler of China had divine approval
to govern and was superior to other rulers.
Orientalism: A term coined by Edward Said to describe the Western perspective of the Orient as
exotic, mysterious, and inferior to Western culture. For example, the portrayal of the Middle East
in Western media as backward and violent, perpetuating stereotypes and reinforcing Western
superiority.
Global governance: The collective management of global issues and challenges by international
organizations and actors to promote peace, security, and human rights. For example, the United
Nations, World Health Organization, and World Trade Organization are international
organizations that promote global governance.
Nation-state system: A political system where a state governs a defined territory inhabited by a
population with a shared sense of identity and culture. For example, the United States, India, and
China are examples of nation-states where a common identity and culture bind the population
together.
Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring and maintaining colonies and exploiting them
economically and politically. For example, the British colonization of India, which involved the
exploitation of Indian resources and labor for the benefit of the British economy.
Great Transformation: A term used by Karl Polanyi to describe the shift from a traditional,
localized economy to a modern, globalized economy based on market principles. For example,
the Industrial Revolution in Europe led to the transformation of the economy from a system
based on agriculture and crafts to one based on factories, mass production, and wage labor.
MCQ
1) Non-state actors are:
Examples of non-state actors include Greenpeace, Google, NGOS, Media, Al-Qaeda, Amnesty
International, and the World Health Organization.
2) International Affairs is not confined with one field such that only politics among
nations, it includes other social structures eg. ................. and . culture,Therefore, IA
is a large subject that overlaps several other fields
International Affairs is not confined with one field such that only politics among nations,
it includes other social structures e.g., economics, culture, and domestic politics
Therefore, IA is a large subject that overlaps several other fields.
3) During the Middle-Ages, the state was less important than the Church

3. (True)
4) The current global political setup is mostly rooted in the historical
development of events which took place in
• America
• Europe
• Ottoman Empire
• Arab Empire
5) More conservative approach such as mercantilism has been less influential presently,
than those based on liberal free market economics.
6) Conservative World View believes in maintenance of the……………and
discounts the element of change in IR. Conservative approaches value
order
Status quo
Anti-Status quo
Revolution
Democracy
7) Understanding IA requires both descriptive (direct, short), and theoretical
knowledge (indirect). Generally, scholars closer to the policy process are
most interested in explanations that are useful for managing a particular
issue area or region. Scholars closer to the academic ivory tower tend to
be interested in………………… explanations.
More abstract, general and longer term

4. 8) The South is often called the third world': the North contains only percent
of the world's people but……………… percent of its goods and services. IR
scholars have no single explanation of the tremendous North-South gap
and in wealth and poverty.
60%
9) Perestroika means
Perestroika was a political movement in the Soviet Union during the 1980s,
initiated by the country's leader Mikhail Gorbachev. The term "perestroika"
literally means "restructuring" in Russian.
10) Glasnost means
Glasnost was a political movement in the Soviet Union during the 1980s,
initiated by the country's leader Mikhail Gorbachev. The term "glasnost"
literally means "openness" in Russian
11) The Idealists give which alternative to the Nation State system?
Politics
12) In present times, which is the most powerful ideology/ism amongst
people of this world?
 Religion
 Nationalism
 Socialism
 Fascism

5. 13) Self-determination is an old concept of International Relations and it
had been always accepted as a principle of International Relations?
(False)
14) The economic sphere of wealthy countries is commonly referred to
as
 The South.
 The North.
 The Third World
 . The MeWorld.
15) What type of system was prevalent during the Cold War period?
 Unipolar
 Bipolar
 Limited multipolar
 Multipolar
16) Match the following
Liberal - Peoples Party Pakistan
Jamiata-ulema-Islam (JUI) - Conservative
Revolutionary - Tehriek-a-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
Realism - Nation State System
Idealism - United Nation Organization

6. Treaty of Versailles:
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, between Germany
and the Allied Powers, which officially ended World War I. The treaty was negotiated at
the Paris Peace Conference, which was attended by representatives of the victorious
Allied Powers, including France, the United States, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
The treaty imposed heavy penalties on Germany, including territorial losses,
disarmament, and massive reparations payments to the Allied Powers. The treaty also
established the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at promoting
peace and cooperation among nations.
The Treaty of Versailles is often cited as a controversial and flawed agreement, with
many historians and political scientists arguing that its harsh terms contributed to the
rise of fascism and the outbreak of World War II. Some have also criticized the treaty's
failure to address the underlying causes of the war and promote lasting peace.
Iron curtain:
The Iron Curtain was a term used to describe the political, military, and ideological
division of Europe between the Western powers (led by the United States) and the
Eastern Bloc (led by the Soviet Union) during the Cold War period.
The term was first used by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a speech he gave
at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, in 1946. In his speech, Churchill warned that
an "iron curtain" had descended across Europe, separating the free West from the
communist East.
The Iron Curtain represented a physical and ideological division, with the Berlin Wall
becoming the most visible symbol of the division between East and West. The division
lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent reunification of
Germany. The term "Iron Curtain" is still used today to refer to any kind of barrier or
division between two regions or political ideologies.
Marshall plain:

7. The Marshall Plan was a program of economic aid for Europe initiated by the United
States in the aftermath of World War II. The plan was named after U.S. Secretary of State
George Marshall, who proposed it in a speech at Harvard University in June 1947.
The goal of the Marshall Plan was to provide assistance to Western European countries
to help them rebuild their economies and infrastructure after the devastation of World
War II. The plan provided more than $13 billion in aid (equivalent to approximately $140
billion in 2022) to countries such as France, West Germany, Italy, and the United
Kingdom.
The Marshall Plan was seen as a way to prevent the spread of communism in Europe, as
poverty and economic instability were seen as factors that could contribute to the rise of
communist movements. The plan was successful in revitalizing the economies of
Western Europe and is widely regarded as a major factor in the continent's post-war
recovery.