The document summarizes Michelson and Morley's famous 1887 experiment that measured the motion of the Earth through the hypothesized luminiferous aether. Michelson's original design was not sensitive enough due to vibrations skewing the results. He teamed up with Morley to create a more stable design using a large stone slab floating on mercury. Their improved interferometer found no delay in the beams regardless of its orientation, demonstrating that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames and disproving the existence of the aether.
The document discusses the wave properties of particles. Some key points:
1) Louis de Broglie hypothesized in 1924 that matter has an associated wave-like nature with a wavelength given by Planck's constant divided by momentum.
2) A particle can be represented as a localized "wave packet" resulting from the interference and superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and frequencies.
3) Davisson and Germer's electron diffraction experiment in 1927 provided direct evidence of the wave nature of electrons and supported de Broglie's hypothesis by measuring electron wavelengths matching those expected.
A photon is a self-sustaining electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance is a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with additive spins. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with net zero linear momentum. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
Time Independent Perturbation Theory, 1st order correction, 2nd order correctionJames Salveo Olarve
The presentation is about how to solve the new energy levels and wave functions when the simple Hamiltonian is added by another term due to external effect (can be due to external field) .
The intended reader of this presentation were physics students. The author already assumed that the reader knows dirac braket notation.
The document discusses Lorentz transformations, which relate the space and time coordinates between frames of reference moving at constant velocities. It states that Lorentz transformations supersede Galilean transformations by accounting for velocities close to the speed of light. The key equations for Lorentz transformations and their inverse are presented, along with an example showing how the transformations ensure light speed remains constant between frames.
The Michelson-Morley experiment aimed to detect the motion of the Earth through the hypothesized luminiferous ether by measuring fringe shifts in an interferometer when the apparatus was rotated. However, the experiment yielded a null result, finding no difference in the speed of light in different directions. This contradicted the ether theory and provided early experimental evidence for Einstein's theory of relativity by showing there was no ether drag. The null result meant the Earth's speed could not be measured relative to the ether, disproving its existence and revolutionizing our understanding of space and time.
The document summarizes Michelson and Morley's famous 1887 experiment that measured the motion of the Earth through the hypothesized luminiferous aether. Michelson's original design was not sensitive enough due to vibrations skewing the results. He teamed up with Morley to create a more stable design using a large stone slab floating on mercury. Their improved interferometer found no delay in the beams regardless of its orientation, demonstrating that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames and disproving the existence of the aether.
The document discusses the wave properties of particles. Some key points:
1) Louis de Broglie hypothesized in 1924 that matter has an associated wave-like nature with a wavelength given by Planck's constant divided by momentum.
2) A particle can be represented as a localized "wave packet" resulting from the interference and superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and frequencies.
3) Davisson and Germer's electron diffraction experiment in 1927 provided direct evidence of the wave nature of electrons and supported de Broglie's hypothesis by measuring electron wavelengths matching those expected.
A photon is a self-sustaining electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance is a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with additive spins. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with net zero linear momentum. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
Time Independent Perturbation Theory, 1st order correction, 2nd order correctionJames Salveo Olarve
The presentation is about how to solve the new energy levels and wave functions when the simple Hamiltonian is added by another term due to external effect (can be due to external field) .
The intended reader of this presentation were physics students. The author already assumed that the reader knows dirac braket notation.
The document discusses Lorentz transformations, which relate the space and time coordinates between frames of reference moving at constant velocities. It states that Lorentz transformations supersede Galilean transformations by accounting for velocities close to the speed of light. The key equations for Lorentz transformations and their inverse are presented, along with an example showing how the transformations ensure light speed remains constant between frames.
The Michelson-Morley experiment aimed to detect the motion of the Earth through the hypothesized luminiferous ether by measuring fringe shifts in an interferometer when the apparatus was rotated. However, the experiment yielded a null result, finding no difference in the speed of light in different directions. This contradicted the ether theory and provided early experimental evidence for Einstein's theory of relativity by showing there was no ether drag. The null result meant the Earth's speed could not be measured relative to the ether, disproving its existence and revolutionizing our understanding of space and time.
The document discusses Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law to account for displacement current. It explains that Ampere's law, with only conduction current, is inconsistent in situations with non-steady currents. Maxwell added a term for displacement current to account for changing electric fields over time. This modification makes Ampere's law consistent for both steady and non-steady currents, and resolves paradoxes like those involving charging capacitors. The document also reviews other concepts like the continuity equation and defines displacement current density.
This document discusses two models of atomic coupling: L-S coupling and J-J coupling. L-S coupling, also known as Russell-Saunders coupling, describes the interaction between an electron's orbital angular momentum (L) and its spin (S). J-J coupling occurs when there is interaction between electrons in atoms and nucleons in nuclei, where the angular momentum of each electron (j) is composed of its orbital angular momentum and spin. The document provides figures and explanations of vector models for both L-S and J-J coupling.
Relativistic formulation of Maxwell equations.dhrubanka
This document discusses the relativistic formulation of Maxwell's equations. It begins by introducing the key concepts of special relativity that are needed, including Lorentz transformations and four-vectors. It then shows how the electric and magnetic fields transform under Lorentz transformations and how they can be combined into the electromagnetic field tensor. The document also discusses how charge and current densities transform and satisfy the continuity equation as a four-vector. Finally, it presents Maxwell's equations in their compact relativistic form in terms of the field tensor and its derivatives.
The branch of optics that addresses the limiting case λ0 → 0, is known as Geometrical Optics, since in this approximation the optical laws may be formulated in the language of geometry.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
This presentation is in the Optics Folder.
Three-phase circuits use three conductors with voltages displaced 120 degrees from each other to transmit power. Balanced three-phase systems have equal voltages of the same frequency and magnitude but displaced in phase by 120 degrees. Common connections for three-phase systems include wye (Y) and delta (Δ). Power calculations can be performed for balanced and unbalanced Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections. Transformations between Y and Δ configurations are also described.
A.S. 2010 - 2011
Liceo Scientifico “ Giovanni Vailati”
Lavoro realizzato da : Maria Grazia Raiola, Giulia Veltro, Veronica Giovannangeli nell’ambito di attività di gruppo della III A coordinate dal Prof. Pietro Volpones
Maxwell's equation and it's correction in Ampere's circuital lawKamran Ansari
This document discusses Maxwell's correction to Ampere's circuital law. It notes that Ampere's law was incomplete as it did not account for changing electric fields. Maxwell added a "displacement current" term to account for this. His full corrected law states that the curl of the magnetic field equals the permeability times the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current. This resolved inconsistencies in Ampere's law and completed the description of classical electromagnetism.
The document discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains that LEDs use a semiconductor diode to emit narrow-spectrum light instead of a filament. The wavelength and color of light depends on the composition of the semiconducting material. An LED consists of a doped semiconductor chip that creates a p-n junction, allowing current to flow easily from p-side to n-side. Common uses of LEDs include status indicators, traffic lights, and flashlights. LEDs have advantages over incandescent lights like longer lifespan, lower energy use, and availability in many colors. Potential future uses include home and vehicle lighting as LED technology continues to improve.
The document summarizes key concepts in optics and optical properties of materials. It discusses topics like electromagnetic radiation spectrum, optical classifications of materials as transparent, translucent or opaque. It also covers concepts like reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and how they relate to the band structure and band gaps of materials. Specific phenomena like fluorescence, phosphorescence, photoelasticity and their working principles are defined. Applications of optics like lasers, optical data storage are also briefly mentioned.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explore the various semiconductor injection laser diode structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Quantum computation: EPR Paradox and Bell's InequalityStefano Franco
1) The document discusses quantum computation, including basic concepts like qubits, superposition, entanglement, and EPR paradox.
2) It explains that quantum computers can perform operations on data using quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement. This allows for computations that classical computers cannot perform under the Church-Turing thesis.
3) Examples are given showing how a quantum protocol using an entangled EPR pair can solve a certain information processing task more efficiently than a classical protocol.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iii chapter 1-the special theory of relati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. It begins by defining frames of reference and discussing the Michelson-Morley experiment, which found that the speed of light is constant regardless of the observer's motion. It then outlines Einstein's two postulates of special relativity: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames; and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion. The document concludes by deriving the Lorentz transformations, which describe how space and time are related for observers in different inertial frames of reference according to special relativity.
Notes for Atoms Molecules and Nuclei - Part IIIEdnexa
- The document provides information about various topics in nuclear physics including de Broglie wavelength, composition and size of nucleus, isotopes, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay, and nuclear fission.
- It defines key terms like isotopes, isobars, isotones, mass defect, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay, half-life, decay constant, and describes the properties and characteristics of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
- Mathematical relationships are given for radius of nucleus, mass defect, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay law, and calculating half-life from the decay constant. Examples are provided to illustrate various concepts.
Standing waves are caused by two waves interfering with each other, usually a wave and its reflection. A standing wave on a string is formed when the string length is a multiple of half wavelengths. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency at which a standing wave can form, which is equal to the wave speed divided by twice the string length. Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Nodes are points that always have zero amplitude, while antinodes are points that have maximum amplitude.
The document discusses Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law to account for displacement current. It explains that Ampere's law, with only conduction current, is inconsistent in situations with non-steady currents. Maxwell added a term for displacement current to account for changing electric fields over time. This modification makes Ampere's law consistent for both steady and non-steady currents, and resolves paradoxes like those involving charging capacitors. The document also reviews other concepts like the continuity equation and defines displacement current density.
This document discusses two models of atomic coupling: L-S coupling and J-J coupling. L-S coupling, also known as Russell-Saunders coupling, describes the interaction between an electron's orbital angular momentum (L) and its spin (S). J-J coupling occurs when there is interaction between electrons in atoms and nucleons in nuclei, where the angular momentum of each electron (j) is composed of its orbital angular momentum and spin. The document provides figures and explanations of vector models for both L-S and J-J coupling.
Relativistic formulation of Maxwell equations.dhrubanka
This document discusses the relativistic formulation of Maxwell's equations. It begins by introducing the key concepts of special relativity that are needed, including Lorentz transformations and four-vectors. It then shows how the electric and magnetic fields transform under Lorentz transformations and how they can be combined into the electromagnetic field tensor. The document also discusses how charge and current densities transform and satisfy the continuity equation as a four-vector. Finally, it presents Maxwell's equations in their compact relativistic form in terms of the field tensor and its derivatives.
The branch of optics that addresses the limiting case λ0 → 0, is known as Geometrical Optics, since in this approximation the optical laws may be formulated in the language of geometry.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
This presentation is in the Optics Folder.
Three-phase circuits use three conductors with voltages displaced 120 degrees from each other to transmit power. Balanced three-phase systems have equal voltages of the same frequency and magnitude but displaced in phase by 120 degrees. Common connections for three-phase systems include wye (Y) and delta (Δ). Power calculations can be performed for balanced and unbalanced Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections. Transformations between Y and Δ configurations are also described.
A.S. 2010 - 2011
Liceo Scientifico “ Giovanni Vailati”
Lavoro realizzato da : Maria Grazia Raiola, Giulia Veltro, Veronica Giovannangeli nell’ambito di attività di gruppo della III A coordinate dal Prof. Pietro Volpones
Maxwell's equation and it's correction in Ampere's circuital lawKamran Ansari
This document discusses Maxwell's correction to Ampere's circuital law. It notes that Ampere's law was incomplete as it did not account for changing electric fields. Maxwell added a "displacement current" term to account for this. His full corrected law states that the curl of the magnetic field equals the permeability times the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current. This resolved inconsistencies in Ampere's law and completed the description of classical electromagnetism.
The document discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains that LEDs use a semiconductor diode to emit narrow-spectrum light instead of a filament. The wavelength and color of light depends on the composition of the semiconducting material. An LED consists of a doped semiconductor chip that creates a p-n junction, allowing current to flow easily from p-side to n-side. Common uses of LEDs include status indicators, traffic lights, and flashlights. LEDs have advantages over incandescent lights like longer lifespan, lower energy use, and availability in many colors. Potential future uses include home and vehicle lighting as LED technology continues to improve.
The document summarizes key concepts in optics and optical properties of materials. It discusses topics like electromagnetic radiation spectrum, optical classifications of materials as transparent, translucent or opaque. It also covers concepts like reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and how they relate to the band structure and band gaps of materials. Specific phenomena like fluorescence, phosphorescence, photoelasticity and their working principles are defined. Applications of optics like lasers, optical data storage are also briefly mentioned.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explore the various semiconductor injection laser diode structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Quantum computation: EPR Paradox and Bell's InequalityStefano Franco
1) The document discusses quantum computation, including basic concepts like qubits, superposition, entanglement, and EPR paradox.
2) It explains that quantum computers can perform operations on data using quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement. This allows for computations that classical computers cannot perform under the Church-Turing thesis.
3) Examples are given showing how a quantum protocol using an entangled EPR pair can solve a certain information processing task more efficiently than a classical protocol.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iii chapter 1-the special theory of relati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. It begins by defining frames of reference and discussing the Michelson-Morley experiment, which found that the speed of light is constant regardless of the observer's motion. It then outlines Einstein's two postulates of special relativity: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames; and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion. The document concludes by deriving the Lorentz transformations, which describe how space and time are related for observers in different inertial frames of reference according to special relativity.
Notes for Atoms Molecules and Nuclei - Part IIIEdnexa
- The document provides information about various topics in nuclear physics including de Broglie wavelength, composition and size of nucleus, isotopes, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay, and nuclear fission.
- It defines key terms like isotopes, isobars, isotones, mass defect, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay, half-life, decay constant, and describes the properties and characteristics of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
- Mathematical relationships are given for radius of nucleus, mass defect, nuclear binding energy, radioactive decay law, and calculating half-life from the decay constant. Examples are provided to illustrate various concepts.
Standing waves are caused by two waves interfering with each other, usually a wave and its reflection. A standing wave on a string is formed when the string length is a multiple of half wavelengths. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency at which a standing wave can form, which is equal to the wave speed divided by twice the string length. Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Nodes are points that always have zero amplitude, while antinodes are points that have maximum amplitude.
2. • Il campo magnetico prodotto da calamite
• Il campo magnetico prodotto da correnti
• La forza di Ampère
• Il motore elettrico
3. In laboratorio: le calamite
• Le polarità di una calamita.
• E' possibile separare due poli
• Magnetizzazione per contatto e per
induzione.
• Visualizziamo il campo magnetico.
4. Linee di campo
Campo magnetico generato da una calamita a barra
5. Linee di campo
Campo magnetico generato da una calamita a U
9. Ancora Ampère
Se non si vede clicca qui
Due fili paralleli percorsi da corrente nella stessa direzione si attraggono,
due fili paralleli percorsi da corrente in direzioni opposte si respingono.
10. • Questa interazione è di tipo elettrostatico o è
una interazione nuova?
Queste attrazioni e repulsioni tra correnti elettriche sono fondamentalmente
diverse dagli effetti che vengono prodotti dell'elettricità in quiete. In primo
luogo essi cessano, come fanno le scomposizioni chimiche, non appena si
rompe il circuito [cioè, egli deduce che l'effetto non è statico, ma dinamico].
Secondariamente, nelle attrazioni e repulsioni elettriche normali le cariche
opposte si attraggono e cariche uguali si respingono; nelle attrazioni e
repulsioni delle correnti elettriche noi abbiamo esattamente il contrario. È
quando due fili conduttori sono posti parallelamente in modo che le
estremità dello stesso segno siano vicine l'una all'altra che si ha l'attrazione,
e vi è una repulsione quando le estremità dello stesso segno sono il più
possibile lontane tra loro. In terzo luogo, nel caso si abbia attrazione, quando
questa è sufficientemente intensa da portare il conduttore mobile a contatto
con il conduttore fisso, essi rimangono uniti l'uno all' altro come due magneti
e non si separano dopo un po', come accade quando due corpi conduttori,
elettrificati in maniera opposta, arrivano a toccarsi.
(Ampère)
11. Conclusione
Magneti e correnti sono equivalenti,
cioè
la corrente elettrica genera un campo magnetico.
Se non si vede clicca qui
13. La corrente elettrica genera campi magnetici
Filo rettilineo percorso da corrente: legge di Biot-Savart
m0 è la permeabilità magnetica del vuoto e vale 4p 10-7 N/A2
25. Forza tra due correnti
Poiché m0 = 4p.10-7 N/A2 , si può valutare che con una corrente di 10 A in due
conduttori paralleli distanti 1 cm, per ogni tratto di lunghezza di 10 cm la forza fra di
essi è di (calcola)
2 . 10-5 N , uguale a circa 2 mg.
29. Applicazione: il motore elettrico
Una spira percorsa da corrente, inserita in un campo magnetico
uniforme, è sottoposta ad una coppia di forze che tendono a
farla ruotare
30. Applicazione: il motore elettrico
Per mezzo giro la spira in figura ruota in senso orario, per l'altro
mezzo giro ruota in senso antiorario.
La spira oscilla attorno alla direzione indicata dalle linee di
forza del campo magnetico.
31. Applicazione: il motore elettrico
Se vogliamo che ruoti in modo continuo, dobbiamo collegare
gli estremi della spira a dei semianelli metallici detti collettori.
Due contatti di grafite fissi, detti spazzole, strisciano su
entrambi i collettori che ruotano con la spira.
Questo è il principio del funzionamento del motore elettrico.
32.
33.
34.
35. • VIDEO motore Faraday1.flv
• VIDEO motore Faraday2.flv
• VIDEO motore Faraday3.flv
• VIDEO motore Faraday4.flv
