This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses various qualitative research techniques including observation studies, interviews, focus groups, and case studies. It also covers topics like developing qualitative research questions, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis strategies, and choosing appropriate qualitative methods.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis. The data collected ...
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis. The data collected ...
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
The Role of Families and the Community Proposal Template (N.docxssusera34210
The Role of Families and the Community Proposal Template
(
Name of Presenter:
Focus of proposed presentation:
Age group your proposal will focus on:
)
Proposal Directions: Please complete each of the following sections of the proposal in order to demonstrate your competency in the area of the role that families and the community play in promoting optimal cognitive development. In each box, address the topic that is presented. The space for sharing your knowledge will expand with your text, so please do not feel limited by the space that is currently showing.
Explain how theory can influence the choices parents make when promoting their child’s cognitive development abilities for your chosen age group. Use specific examples from one theory of cognitive development that has been discussed this far in the course.
Explain how the environment that families create at home helps promote optimal cognitive development for your chosen age group. Provide at least two strategies that you would encourage parents to foster this type of environment.
Discuss the role that family plays in developing executive functions for your chosen age group. Provide at least two strategies that you suggest parents use to help foster the development of executive functions.
Examine the role that family plays in memory development for your chosen age group. Provide at least strategies parents can use to support memory development.
Examine the role that family plays in conceptual development for your chosen age group. Use ideas from your response to the Week 3 Discussion 1 forum to provide at least two strategies families can use to support development in this area.
Explain at least two community resources that would suggest families use to support the cognitive development of their children for your chosen age group.
Analyze of the role that you would play in helping to support families within your community to promote optimal cognitive development for your chosen age group.
Running Head: MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1
MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 6
Mini-Project: Qualitative Analysis
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Introduction
It is important for qualitative data to be analyzed and the themes that emerge identified so that the data can be presented in a way that is understandable. Theme identification is an essential task in qualitative research and themes could mean abstract, often fuzzy, constructs which investigators identify before, during, and after data collection. I will discuss the themes that emerge from the data collected from the interview.Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in an understandable manner is a five step procedure that I will also explain in this paper.
Emergi ...
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Lic. Alba Bitalina Vargas Saritama
Ciclo: Séptimo
Bimestre: Segundo
Respond using one or more of the following approachesmickietanger
Respond
using one or more of the following approaches:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research
Statistical Method
What is measured by this method
Circumstances for Use
Examples of use in Research Studies
Qualitative Content Analysis
Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate large volumes of data with intent to identify recurring themes and patterns. Attempts to break down elements of data into clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck, 2017).
Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives, experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive situations (Sauro, 2015).
Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the experience of a rape victim, what it feels like to have an abortion, how it feels to have lived through a disaster.
Ethnographic analysis
Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires “participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis. May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are tools to help illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being studied” (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538).
An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research study with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans living on a reservation while observing everyday life seeking to extrapolate overlying cultural issues.
Phenomenologic Analysis
Attempts to understand the essence of experiencing a particular phenomenon by observation, interviews, and outside research. Descriptive analysis
Method for understanding individual perspectives of experiencing a certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate commonalities and themes among subjects (Sauro, 2015).
Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective and experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this method of research.
Grounded Theory Analysis
Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena based on previously coded information Uses interviews and previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content analysis, which seeks to break down information, Grounded theory strives to put information back together (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-analyses or systematic reviews.
An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002) model of mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017).
Focus Group Analysis
Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group interviews, recordings, and field notes .are instruments for conducting this type of research.
May be used for evaluation of a potential survey too ...
Research methodology - Collection of DataThe Stockker
Concept of Sample, sampling, Characteristics of a good sample, Probability Sampling, Non Probability Sampling, Types of Data, Primary Data, Observations, Interview, The questionnaire method, Open v/s Closed questions, Precaution in Construction of Questionnaire, Collection of Secondary Data,
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. 2
Qualitative Research in Business
Job Analysis
Advertising Concept
Development
Productivity
Enhancement
New Product
Development
Benefits Management
Retail Design
Process
Understanding
Union Representation
Market Segmentation
Sales Analysis
3. 3
The Roots of Qualitative Research
Psychology
Anthropology
Communication
Sociology
Semiotics
Economics
Qualitative
Research
6. 6
Qualitative Research Question
Exploratory foundation
How? Why?
Phenomenology
Essence of experience; affect on meaning and
behavior
Grounded theory
Elements of experience; generating models or
theories
Adopt from Dr. John L. Hoffman, CSUF (2012)
7. 7
Qualitative Research Question
Narrative Inquiry
Analyzes people’s stories about experience;
creates a collaborative story for a purpose
Ethnography
Uses an ethnic group as the unit of analysis
Case study
Uses a program, event, or process as the unit
analysis
Adopt from Dr. John L. Hoffman, CSUF (2012)
8. 8
Mixed methods Research question
Convergent
In what ways do the quantitative and qualitative
findings complement or contradict one another?
Explanatory/Exploratory
Based on an intentional sequence (e.g. QUAN
QUAL)
In what ways do the qualitative findings confirm,
disconfirm, and/or extend the quantitative
findings?
20. In-depth or semi-structure
To help you decide whether or not to use in-depth or
semi-structure interview
Does the purpose of your research suggest to use in-depth or
semi-structure interview?
Will it help to seek personal contact in terms of gaining access
to participants and their data?
Are your data collection questions large in number, complex or
open-ended?
Will there be a need to vary the order and logic of
questioning?
Will it help to be able to probe interviewees responses to build
on or seek explanation of their answer?
Will the data collection process with each individual involve a
relatively lengthy period?
20
23. 23
IDI vs Group
Individual Interview Group Interview
Research Objective
Explore life of individual in depth
Create case histories through repeated
interviews over time
Test a survey
Orient the researcher to a field of inquiry and
the language of the field
Explore a range of attitudes, opinions, and
behaviors
Observe a process of consensus and
disagreement
Topic Concerns
Detailed individual experiences, choices,
biographies
Sensitive issues that might provoke anxiety
Issues of public interest or common concern
Issues where little is known or of a
hypothetical nature
Participants
Time-pressed participants or those difficult to
recruit (e.g., elite or high-status participants)
Participants with sufficient language skills (e.g.,
those older than seven)
Participants whose distinctions would inhibit
participation
Participants whose backgrounds are similar or
not so dissimilar as to generate conflict or
discomfort
Participants who can articulate their ideas
Participants who offer a range of positions on
issues
24. 24
Types of Research Using IDIs
Cultural
interviews
Sequential
interviewing
Types
Life histories
Critical
incident
techniques
Oral histories
Ethnography
26. 26
Determining the Number of Groups
Scope
Number of distinct segments
Desired number of ideas
Desired level of detail
Homogeneity
Level of distinction
29. 29
Case Study
Yin (1984:23) defines the case study research method
“as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within its real-life context; when the
boundaries between phenomenon and context are not
clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of
evidence are used.”
Through case study methods, a researcher is able to go
beyond the quantitative statistical results and understand
the behavioral conditions through the actor’s
perspective. By including both quantitative and
qualitative data, case study helps explain both the
process and outcome of a phenomenon through
complete observation, reconstruction and analysis of the
cases under investigation (Tellis, 1997).
30. 30
Case Study Design
single-case where events are limited to a
single occurrence
multiple-case design numerous sources of
evidence through replication
Generalisation of results from case studies, from
either single or multiple designs, stems on
theory rather than on populations (Yin,1994)
31. 31
Case Study Design
case study method, through interviews or journal
entries, must be able to prove that:
it is the only viable method to explore implicit and
explicit data from the subjects
it is appropriate to the research question
it follows the set of procedures with proper
application
a ‘chain of evidence’, either quantitatively or
qualitatively, are systematically
recorded and archived particularly when
interviews and direct observation by the
researcher are the main sources of data
the case study is linked to a theoretical framework
(Tellis, 1997)
32. 32
Action Research
Action research is “learning by doing”: a group of
people identify a problem, do something to
resolve it, see how successful their efforts were,
and if not satisfied, try again. While this is the
essence of the approach, there are other key
attributes of action research that differentiate it
from common problem-solving activities that we
all engage in every day.
36. Data recording - Converting Raw Data to
Computer Files
Audio Recording
transcribing all tapes and typing the transcriptions into
computer files
Before transcription, the tabs on the tapes should be
punched to prevent them from being recorded over.
36
37. 37
Converting Raw Data to Computer Files
Handwritten field notes: handwritten notes include a
wide range of information:
casual and structured observations
verbatim quotes
paraphrases of participant responses
interview and focus group backup documentation
the researcher’s questions
questions, conclusions, and observations discussed during
the staff debriefing sessions
Transcription of recordings and typing of field
notes should begin as soon as possible after the
data collection event.
38. 38
Converting Raw Data to Computer
Files
Use standard conventions for identifying the researcher
and individual participants throughout the transcript.
These conventions should be detailed in a transcription
protocol which precisely outlines procedures and formats
for transcribing recorded data.
Transcription protocol you develop for your own study
should reflect any formatting or other requirements of the
software that you will use.
39. Data Analysis Strategies
Identifying themes
Begin with big picture and list “themes” that emerge.
Events that keep repeating themselves
Coding qualitative data
Reduce data to a manageable form
Often done by writing notes on note cards and
sorting into themes.
Predetermined categories vs. emerging categories
40. EDUC 7741/Paris/Terry
Coding Data
Open Coding
Assign a code word or phrase that accurately
describes the meaning of the text segment
Line-by-line coding is done first in theoretical
research
More general coding involving larger segments of
text is adequate for practical research (action
research)
42. Systematic Coding
Categories are created ahead of time
from existing literature
from previous open coding
Code the data just like open coding
Ron Wardell, EVDS 617 course notes
43. How to make coding manageable
Make photocopies of original data
Why?
Read through all of the data.
Attach working labels to blocks of text
Cut and paste blocks of text onto index cards.
Group cards that have similar labels together
Revisit piles of cards to see if clusters still hold
together.
44. Affinity Diagramming
Goal: what are the main themes?
Write ideas on sticky notes
Place notes on a large wall / surface
Group notes hierarchically to see main themes
Holtzblatt et al., 2005
45. Example: Calendar Field Study
Neustaedter, 2007
Families were given a digital calendar to use
in their homes
Thoughts / reactions recorded:
Weekly interview notes
Audio recordings from interviews
46. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 1: Affinity Notes
go through data and write observations down on
post-it notes
each note contains one idea
47. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
place all notes on a wall / surface
48. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
49. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
50. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
51. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
52. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
53. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
54. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 2: Diagram Building
move notes into related columns / piles
55. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Affinity Labels
write labels describing each group
56. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Affinity Labels
write labels describing each group
Calendar placement
is a challenge
57. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Affinity Labels
write labels describing each group
Calendar placement
is a challenge
Interface visuals
affect usage
58. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 3: Affinity Labels
write labels describing each group
Calendar placement
is a challenge
Interface visuals
affect usage
People check the
calendar when not
at home
59. Example: Calendar Field Study
Step 4: Further Refine Groupings
Calendar placement
is a challenge
Interface visuals
affect usage
People check the
calendar when not
at home
60. EDUC 7741/Paris/Terry
Why themes?
It is best to write a qualitative report providing
detailed information about a few themes rather
than general information about many themes
Themes can also be referred to as Categories
61. EDUC 7741/Paris/Terry
Naming the Themes or Categories
The names can come from at least three
sources:
The researcher
The participants
The literature
Most common: when the researcher
comes up with terms, concepts, and
categories that reflect what he or she sees
in the data
62. EDUC 7741/Paris/Terry
Themes should…
Reflect the purpose of the research
Be exhaustive--you must place all data in a
category
Be sensitizing--should be sensitive to what is in
the data
i.e., “leadership” vs. “charismatic leadership”
Be conceptually congruent- the same level of
abstraction should characterize all categories
at the same level
For instance, you wouldn’t have produce,
canned goods, and fruit
63. EDUC 7741/Paris/Terry
Types of themes
Ordinary: themes a researcher expects
Unexpected: themes that are surprises and not
expected to surface
Hard-to-classify: themes that contain ideas that
do not easily fit into one theme or that overlap
with several themes
Major & minor themes: themes that represent the
major ideas, or minor, secondary ideas in a
database
Minor themes fit under major themes in the write up
64. 64
Exercise 4 (Group)
Develop qualitative research question(s) for
your group project
Design an in-depth interview protocol:
Interview purpose?
Interviewee? (any selection criteria?)
Questions? (screening, leading, probe questions)
Practice the interview skill
69. 69
Content of Observation
Factual Inferential
Introduction/identification of salesperson and
customer.
Credibility of salesperson. Qualified status of
customer.
Time and day of week. Convenience for the customer. Welcoming
attitude of the customer
Product presented. Customer interest in product.
Selling points presented per product. Customer acceptance of selling points of
product.
Number of customer objections raised per
product.
Customer concerns about features and
benefits.
Salesperson’s rebuttal of objection. Effectiveness of salesperson’s rebuttal
attempts.
Salesperson’s attempt to restore controls. Effectiveness of salesperson’s control attempt.
Consequences for customer who prefers
interaction.
Length of interview. Customer’s/salesperson’s degree of
enthusiasm for the interview.
Environmental factors interfering with the
interview.
Level of distraction for the customer.
Customer purchase decision. General evaluation of sale presentation skill.
73. 73
Nonverbal observation is the most prevalent
and refers to recording physical actions or
movements of participants. These behaviors can
be measured with the human eye and with
several mechanical or digital devices.
Linguistic observation is the observation of
human verbal behavior during conversation,
presentation, or interaction.
Extra-linguistic observation is the recording of
vocal, temporal, interaction, and verbal stylistic
behaviors of human participants.
Spatial observation is the recording of how
humans physically relate to one another.
77. 77
Behavioral Observation
“We noticed people scraping
the toppings off our pizza
crusts. We thought at first
there was something wrong,
but they said, ‘We love it, we
just don’t eat the crust
anymore.”
Tom Santor, Donatos Pizza
86. 86
Errors Introduced by Observers
Halo Effect: inexperience can be an advantage if
there is a risk that experienced observers may have
preset convictions about the topic or if prior
observations will influence what is perceived in a
current observation.
Observer Drift: observers can also introduce error
when fatigued, which can result in observer drift.
Observer drift is error caused by decay in
consistency and accuracy on recorded observations
over time, affecting categorization.
87. 87
Evaluation of Behavioral Observation
Strengths
Securing information that
is otherwise unavailable
Avoiding participant
filtering/ forgetting
Securing environmental
context
Optimizing naturalness
Reducing obtrusiveness
Weaknesses
Enduring long periods
Incurring higher
expenses
Having lower reliability of
inferences
Quantifying data
Keeping large records
Being limited on
knowledge of cognitive
processes