introduction to the anatomy of the respiratory system

1. Hello
May 1, 2017
Plans for the week
• Monday – respiratory
notes, worksheet
• Tuesday – lung capacity lab;
catch up day
• Wednesday – circulatory
notes, worksheet
• Thursday and Friday – pulse
lab
Today you need
• Notebook
• Something to write with

2. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

3. Objective
1. Identify the structures of the respiratory system in a
diagram
2. Explain the role of those structures in the process of
respiration
3. Identify some diseases of the respiratory system

4. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
1.Exchange gases (O2 and CO2)
2.Produce vocal sounds
3.Sense of smell
4.Regulate blood pH

5. LUNG CAKE

6. Respiration - process of gas exchange
• Movement of air into lungs
 External respiration - between blood and air
• Gas transport in blood
 Internal respiration - between blood and body cells

7. Review: Why do we need oxygen?
Cellular respiration = cells use oxygen and sugars to create
energy in the form of ATP
*ATP is then used to power cellular processes
MITOCHONDRIO
N

8. Upper Respiratory Tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
Overview of the Respiratory System

10. The NOSE bones and cartilage support nose, two
openings (nostrils)
- hair filters large particles
Nasal Cavity – hollow
space behind the nose
Nasal septum – divides
the nose (bone)

11. * deviated septum – when the septum bends to one
side, results in the nose being crooked.
Plastic surgeons repair this by breaking and re-setting
the bone.

12. Mucus Membrane -
warms and moistens air,
also traps particles (dust)
*particles go to
stomach

13. Sinuses - spaces within
the bones
They are named after the
bones:
●maxillary
●frontal
●ethmoid
●sphenoid
reduce the weight of skull
and are resonant chambers
for voice.

14. Pharynx – aka the throat (space, not a structure)
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
oropharynx
https://www.tenor.co/view/milk-laugh-nose-gif-5522491

15. Larynx – houses vocal
cords
enlargement at the top
of the trachea
composed of muscles
and cartilages
-thyroid (Adam’s apple)

16. LARYNGITIS
Inflammation of the larynx that
makes the voice hoarse, or the
person loses their ability to
speak.
Caused by illness, allergies,
smoking, some medications.
If you have chronic laryngitis,
you might want to see an
OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
Laryngoscope

17. Trachea (windpipe) leads to the BRONCHIA
- flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and
keep it from collapsing

18. Trachea → Primary Bronchi
→ Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles

19. Bronchioles have air sacs called
alveoli (which are connected to the
circulatory system via capillaries)
This is where gas exchange occurs

20. LUNGS – main organ of respiratory
system

21. Right Lung
= 3 lobes
Left Lung
= 2 lobes
Cardiac notch -
space for heart
Serous fluid
lubricates lungs
during breathing

22. Quick Quiz
1. What specific bone divides the nasal cavity into two
sides?
2. The space at the back of the mouth is the________.
3. The spaces within the bones of the skull are called the
______________________
4. What structure is known as the windpipe? ______
5. In what structures does gas exchange occur?
6. During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from
entering the airway: ______________________

23. BREATHING MECHANISM

24. 1. Diaphragm moves down, forcing air into airways
2. Intercostals contract, enlarging cavity even more
3. Surface tension in alveoli and surfactant keep them from
collapsing
4. Other muscles can force a deeper breath
5. Relaxing the diaphragm causes elastic recoil(exhalation)
*The first breath in newborns is the hardest due to lack of
surfactant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JrON_sm5gc

26. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 760 Hg
Pressure is necessary for
breathing, which is why it is
difficult to breathe in high
altitudes and also why a
punctured lung can be
dangerous.
Pneumothorax
= collapsed lung
A hole in the pleural cavity
can cause the lung to
collapse or deflated.
Sometimes called a punctured
lung. It’s not the lung that is
punctured, it’s the pleural cavity.

27. Collapsed lung can be caused by
an injury to the lung such as a
gunshot or knife wound to the chest.
It can also occur due to changes in
atmosphere (scuba diving,
mountain climbing..)
Lung diseases can also increase
the chance of getting a collapsed
lung. These include:
Asthma
(COPD)
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis
Whooping cough

28. NON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS
Coughing, sneezing,
laughing, crying
Hiccup - spasm of the
diaphragm
Yawn - possibly causes by
low oxygen levels

29. What are some illnesses
related to the respiratory
system?

30. ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Cystic Fibrosis –
hereditary
mucus clogs the lungs making it
difficult to breathe and causing
infections
If both parents are
carriers, what is the
chance they will have a
child with the disease?
Ff x Ff

31. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is
an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic
bronchitis and/or emphysema.

32. SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON
CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA

33. Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages
to the lungs, irritated tissues produce mucus
Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic,
meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs.

34. Emphysema affects the alveoli

35. What is sleep apnea?
Pause or slowing of breathing during sleep
Video on Sleep Apnea

36. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer starts
when abnormal cells
grow out of control in
the lungs.
There usually are no
signs or early symptoms
of lung cancer.
As lung cancer stages
advance, lung cancer
symptoms may include
coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath, and
bloody mucus.

37. ALTITUDE SICKNESS
Acute mountain sickness
is brought on by reduced
air pressure and lower
oxygen concentrations.
Symptoms can range
from mild to life-
threatening, and can
affect the nervous
system, lungs, muscles,
and heart.
Pulmonary edema is an abnormal
buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the
lungs, which leads to shortness of breath
http://sometimes-interesting.com/2011/06/29/over-
200-dead-bodies-on-mount-everest/

38. Asthma
inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside
the tubes. People with asthma experience symptoms when the airways tighten, or fill with
mucus.
Common asthma symptoms include:
Coughing, especially at night
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

39. Bacteria / Viral Infections
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Rhinovirus

40. Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Causes serious coughing and gasping for breath,
dangerous for infants.

41. Should vaccinations be required for all children?

42. Career: Respiratory Therapist
2015 Median Pay
$57,790 per year
$27.78 per hour
Typical Entry-Level Education
Associate's degree or
Bachelor’s degree
Number of Jobs, 2015
120,700
Job Outlook
12% (Faster than average)
PROGRAM AT MJC

43. Image adapted from http://www.arthursclipart.org/

45. Respiratory Center – groups of
neurons in the brain that control
inspiration and expiration
- in the medulla and the pons
Breathing is involuntary, but
muscles are under
voluntary control
Control of Breathing

46. Dorsal Respiratory Group
(rhythm)
Ventral Respiratory Group
(forced)
Pneumotaxic Area (pons) -
inhibits respiration
Medulla Rhythmicity Area

47. Factors that can Affect Breathing
*Chemosensitive areas
– detect concentrations of chemicals like carbon dioxide and
hydrogen
1. Rise in CO2
2. Low blood oxygen
3. Emotional upset, fear and pain

48. Hyperventilation - increased breathing,
lower CO2 concentration
Breathing into a bag
can restore CO2
concentrations

49. Respiratory Membrane
Gas exchange occurs across a membrane -
a layer of simple squamous cells
Oxygen DIFFUSES into the bloodstream
Other substances (like alcohol can diffuse too)

50. Hypoxia is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen
content within the body's tissue and vital human organs
(specifically the brain).
Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest,
severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation,
strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which
oxygen supply is deprived from the body.
Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient
supply of oxygen to the body that arises from
being unable to breathe normally.
An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia
causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily
affects the tissues and organs.

51. Respiratory Air Volumes
Spirometry - measures the amount (volume) of air
moving in and out of the lungs
Respiratory Cycle - 1 inspiration and 1 expiration

52. Resting Tidal Volume =
amount of air that enters
the lungs during one cycle
*take a normal breath
Vital Capacity (lung capacity)
- the amount of air that can be
forced in or out by taking a deep
breath.
*In this lab, we use balloons to
estimate vital capacity.

53. This respirometer has a tub filled with water. When you
blow into the tube, the device raises and measures the
lung capacity by how much the middle compartment rises.
Take reading
here