that report took about respiratory system , it's structures and it's diseases... I hope you like it ..

1. Report about respiratory system
By: Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim
First stage , Group - B –
Ibn Sina
Supervised by : Dr.khaldoun

2. INTRODUCTION
The respiratory system is all the air passages from
the nose to the pulmonary alveoli in the lungs. It is
divided into an upper respiratory tract and a lower
respiratory tract.
-The upper respiratory tract is made up of the
paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, nose, and pharynx.
-The lower respiratory tract is made up of the larynx,
lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The
respiratory system allows us to inhale oxygen (O2)
and exhale carbon dioxide (CO2). Oxygen is a gas
needed by our cells, and carbon dioxide is a gaseous
metabolic waste that needs to be eliminated.

3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
The respiratory system begins with the
paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and lose
and then descends to the pharvnx,
larvnx, and trachea. Inferior to the
trachea, the system splits into the right
and left side. This inferior portion
consists of the bronchi and bronchioles
that branch in the lungs, and the tiny air
sacs called alveoli. A dome-shaped
muscle important for breathing, called
the diaphragm, is located at the base of
the lungs.

4. The Larynx and Trachea
The larynx, or voice box, is the organ that produces sound.
Located between the pharynx and trachea, it is made up of
cartilages and elastic membranes that house the vocal
cords (vocal folds) and the muscles that control them. Air
enters the larynx through a slit-like opening called the
glottis. A flap of cartilage known as the epiglottis protects
the glottis during swallowing to prevent food or liquids
from entering the respiratory tract. As air flows over the
vocal cords, they vibrate to produce sound.
The Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity (which houses the lungs) from the lower
abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is a major muscle used
in breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves
inferiorly, the chest expands, and inhalation (inspiration or
breathing in) occurs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it
moves superiorly, the chest contracts, and exhalation
(expiration or breathing out) occurs. Two adjectives that
mean the same thing and are used to describe the
diaphragm,

5. The Pharynx and Tonsils
The pharynx, also known as the throat, has three
divisions: the nasopharynx, oropharnyx, and
laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is posterior to the
nasal cavity, the oropharynx is the middle portion located
posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), and the
laryngopharynx is the lower portion posterior to the
larynx.
The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
Air enters the nose through openings called nostrils. The
nose is lined with small hair that trap particles and prevent
them from entering the respiratory tract. Air then passes
into the nasal cavity, a space on either side of a wall called
the nasal septum that divides the nose into left and right
halves. Here, the air is warmed and moistened. Mucus, a
clear sticky secretion, coats the lining of the nasal cavity to
filter out particles. The paranasal sinuses are air- filed
cavities in the bones of the face that are connected to the
nasal cavity. These sinuses include the frontal, ethmoidal,
maxillary, and sphenoidal.

6. Respiratory system diseases
Respiratory illness is a common problem in the world
. Many times, people are genetically more likely to get
respiratory conditions, but your work place or
environmental exposures could also play a big role.
One thing is for sure, smoking is the most common
cause of respiratory disease. Respiratory diseases, or
lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the
organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in
air-breathing.
*Ex:
-Asthma
-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
-Chronic Bronchitis.
-Emphysema.
-Lung Cancer.
-Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis.
-Pneumonia
-Pleural Effusion