This document discusses Sigmund Freud's revolutionary theories of psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind, as well as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It provides biographical details on Freud and Darwin, outlining Freud's stages of psychosexual development and concepts of the id, ego, and superego. It also explains Darwin's theory that evolution occurs through natural selection of inherited variations, resulting in changes across generations.

1. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
FREUDIAN AND DARWINIAN
By: GROUP #4
PRESENTATION

2. WHAT IS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund
Freud, especially his ideas about the way in which
people's hidden thoughts and feelings influence their behavior
especially with respect to the causes and treatment of neurotic and
psychopathic states, the interpretation of dreams, etc.
 relating to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of
psychoanalysis, especially with reference to the importance of
sexuality in human behavior.

3. WHO IS SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud
• Also considered to be the father of psychiatry.
• Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in
the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian
Empire.
• He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at
the University of Vienna.
• he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and
became an affiliated professor in 1902.
• Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up
his clinical practice there in 1886.
Freud was a one of a kind thinker. There can be little question that he was influenced by
earlier thinking regarding the human mind, especially the idea of there being activity within
the mind at a conscious and unconscious level yet his approach to these topics was largely
conceptual. His theoretical thoughts were as original as they were unique. It is a testament to
Freud’s mind to know that whether you agree, disagree, or are ambivalent about his theory, it
remains as a theoretical cornerstone in his field of expertise.

4. THE FREUDIAN THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
 Human Personality: The adult personality emerges as a composite of
early childhood experiences, based on how these experiences are
consciously and unconsciously processed within human
developmental stages, and how these experiences shape the
personality.
 Not every person completes the necessary tasks of every
developmental stage. When they don’t, the results can be a mental
condition requiring psychoanalysis to achieve proper functioning.

5. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Believing that most human suffering is determined during childhood
development, Freud placed emphasis on the five stages of psychosexual
development. As a child passes through these stages unresolved conflicts
between physical drives and social expectation may arise.
These stages are:
 Oral (0 – 1.5 years of age): Fixation on all things oral. If not satisfactorily met there
is the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or behaviors.
 Anal (1.5 to 3 years of age): As indicated this stage is primarily related to developing
healthy toilet training habits.
 Phallic (3 – 5 year of age): The development of healthy substitutes for the sexual
attraction boys and girls have toward a parent of the opposite gender.
 Latency (5 – 12 years of age): The development of healthy dormant sexual feelings
for the opposite sex.
 Genital (12 – adulthood): All tasks from the previous four stages are integrated into
the mind allowing for the onset of healthy sexual feelings and behaviors.

6. It is during these stages of development that the experiences are filtered through the three
levels of the human mind. It is from these structures and the inherent conflicts that arise in
the mind that personality is shaped. According to Freud while there is an interdependence
among these three levels, each level also serves a purpose in personality development.
Within this theory the ability of a person to resolve internal conflicts at specific stages of
their development determines future coping and functioning ability as a fully-mature adult.
Super ego
Each stage is processed through Freud’s concept of the human mind as a three tier system
consisting of the superego, the ego, and the id. The super ego functions at a conscious level.
It serves as a type of screening center for what is going on. It is at this level that society and
parental guidance is weighed against personal pleasure and gain as directed by ones id.
Obviously, this puts in motion situations ripe for conflict.
Ego
Much like a judge in a trial, once experiences are processed through the superego and the id
they fall into the ego to mediate a satisfactory outcome. Originally, Freud used the word
ego to mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as
judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense, synthesis of information,
intellectual functioning, and memory.
Id
The egocentric center of the human universe, Freud believed that within this one level, the
id is constantly fighting to have our way in everything we undertake.

7. WHAT IS DARWINIAN THEORY
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms
arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase
the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

8. WHAT IS A EVOLUTION
 Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over
successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level
of biological organization, including the levels of species, individual organisms,
and molecules.
 Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis),
and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth
are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including
shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share
a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological "tree of
life" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetic), using both existing species
and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from
early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular
organisms. Existing patterns

9. DARWINIANEVOLUTION

10. WHO IS CHARLES DARWIN
The publication in 1859 of The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin ushered in a new era in
the intellectual history of humanity. Darwin is deservedly given credit for the theory of
biological evolution: he accumulated evidence demonstrating that organisms evolve and
discovered the process, natural selection, by which they evolve. But the import of Darwin's
achievement is that it completed the Copernican revolution initiated three centuries earlier,
and thereby radically changed our conception of the universe and the place of humanity in it.
Charles Robert Darwin was an
English naturalist, geologist and biologist, be
st known for his contributions to the science
of evolution. He established that all species
of life have descended over time
from common ancestors and, in a joint
publication with Alfred Russell Wallace,
introduced his scientific theory that
this branching pattern of evolution resulted
from a process that he called natural
selection, in which the struggle for
existence has a similar effect to the artificial
selection involved in selective breeding.