Unicode is a character encoding standard that aims to support all languages of the world. It evolved from limitations of earlier standards like ASCII that could only represent English characters. Unicode uses 16-bit or 32-bit encodings to represent over 1 million characters, as opposed to ASCII's 128 characters. Popular Unicode encodings include UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. The widespread adoption of Unicode has allowed globalization of text and the internet by supporting the simultaneous use of different languages.

1. ASCII and Unicode

2. Learning Outcomes

3. Terms

4. Outline
• ASCII Code
• Unicode system
– Discuss the Unicode’s main objective within
computer processing
• Computer processing before development of
Unicode
• Unicode vs. ASCII
• Different kinds of Unicode encodings
• Significance of Unicode in the modern world

5. From Bit & Bytes to ASCII
• Bytes can represent any
collection of items using a
“look-up table” approach
• ASCII is used to represent
characters
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

6. ASCII
• It is an acronym for the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
• It is a standard seven-bit code that was first
proposed by the American National Standards
Institute or ANSI in 1963, and finalized in 1968 as
ANSI Standard X3.4.
• The purpose of ASCII was to provide a standard to
code various symbols ( visible and invisible symbols)

7. ASCII
• In the ASCII character set, each binary value
between 0 and 127 represents a specific
character.
• Most computers extend the ASCII character
set to use the full range of 256 characters
available in a byte. The upper 128 characters
handle special things like accented characters
from common foreign languages.

8. • In general, ASCII works by assigning standard
numeric values to letters, numbers,
punctuation marks and other characters such
as control codes.
• An uppercase "A," for example, is represented
by the decimal number 65."

9. Bytes: ASCII
• By looking at the ASCII table, you can clearly see a
one-to-one correspondence between each character
and the ASCII code used.
• For example, 32 is the ASCII code for a space.
• We could expand these decimal numbers out to
binary numbers (so 32 = 00100000), if we wanted to
be technically correct -- that is how the computer
really deals with things.

10. Bytes: ASCII
• Computers store text documents, both on disk and in
memory, using these ASCII codes.
• For example, if you use Notepad in Windows XP/2000 to
create a text file containing the words, "Four score and seven
years ago," Notepad would use 1 byte of memory per
character (including 1 byte for each space character between
the words -- ASCII character 32).
• When Notepad stores the sentence in a file on disk, the file
will also contain 1 byte per character and per space.
• Binary number is usually displayed as Hexadecimal to save
display space.

11. • Take a look at a file size now.
• Take a look at the space of your p drive

12. Bytes: ASCII
• If you were to look at the file as a computer
looks at it, you would find that each byte
contains not a letter but a number -- the
number is the ASCII code corresponding to the
character (see below). So on disk, the numbers
for the file look like this:
• F o u r a n d s e v e n
• 70 111 117 114 32 97 110 100 32 115 101 118
101 110

13. • Externally, it appears that human beings will use
natural languages symbols to communicate with
computer.
• But internally, computer will convert everything into
binary data.
• Then process all information in binary world.
• Finally, computer will convert binary information to
human understandable languages.

14. • When you type the letter A, the hardware
logic built into the keyboard automatically
translates that character into the ASCII code
65, which is then sent to the computer.
Similarly, when the computer sends the ASCII
code 65 to the screen, the letter A appears.

15. ascii
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
First published on October 6, 1960
ASCII is a type of binary data

16. Ascii part 2
ASCII is a character encoding scheme that
encodes 128 different characters into 7 bit
integers
Computers can only read numbers, so ASCII is
a numerical representation of special
characters
Ex: ‘%’ ‘!’ ‘?’

17. Ascii part 3
 ASCII code assigns a number
for each English character
 Each letter is assigned a
number from 0-127
 Ex: An uppercase ‘m’ has
the ASCII code of 77
 By 2007, ASCII was the most
commonly used character
encoding program on the
internet

18. (This is a funny picture)
• 01010100 01101000 01101001 01110011 00100000 01101001 01110011 00100000 01100001 00100000 01100110
01110101 01101110 01101110 01111001 00100000 01110000 01101001 01100011 01110100 01110101 01110010
01100101

19. Large files
Large files can contain several megabytes
1,000,000 bytes are equivalent to one megabyte
Some applications on a computer may even
take up several thousand megabytes of data

20. revisit “char” data type
• In C, single characters are represented using
the data type char, which is one of the most
important scalar data types.
char achar;
achar=‘A’;
achar=65;

21. Character and integer
• A character and an integer (actually a small
integer spanning only 8 bits) are actually
indistinguishable on their own. If you want to
use it as a char, it will be a char, if you want to
use it as an integer, it will be an integer, as
long as you know how to use proper C++
statements to express your intentions.

22. • General Understanding of the Unicode System
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot3VKnP4
Mz0

23. What is Unicode?
• A worldwide character-encoding standard
• Its main objective is to enable a single,
unique character set that is capable of
supporting all characters from all scripts, as
well as symbols, that are commonly utilized
for computer processing throughout the
globe
• Fun fact: Unicode is capable of encoding
about at least 1,110,000 characters!

24. Before Unicode Began…
• During the 1960s, each letter or character was
represented by a number assigned from multiple
different encoding schemes used by the ASCII Code
• Such schemes included code pages that held as many
as 256 characters, with each character requiring about
eight bits of storage!
• Made it insufficient to manage character sets consisting
of thousands of characters such as Chinese and
Japanese characters
• Basically, character encoding was very limited in
how much it was capable of containing
• Also did not enable character sets of various languages
to integrate

25. The ASCII Code
• Acronym for the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• A computer processing code that represents English characters as
numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127
– For instance, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77
• The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bits for each character
• Some larger character sets in ASCII code incorporate 8 bits, which
allow 128 additional characters used to represent non-English
characters, graphics symbols, and mathematical symbols
• ASCII vs Unicode

26. This depicts how Unicode is capable of
encoding characters from virtually
every kind of language
This indicates how
different characters
are organized into
representing a
unique character
set
This shows
how Unicode
can manipulate
the style and
size of each
character
This compares
what ASCII
and Unicode
are able to
encode

27. Various Unicode Encodings
Name UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE UTF-32 UTF-32BE UTF-32LE
Smallest
code
point
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Largest
code
point
10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF 10FFFF
Code unit
size
8 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 32 bits 32 bits 32 bits
Byte
order
N/A <BOM>
big-
endian
little-
endian
<BOM>
big-
endian
little-
endian
Fewest
bytes per
character
1 2 2 2 4 4 4
Most
bytes per
character
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
http://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html

28. http://emergent.unpythonic.net/01360162755
Unicode’s Growth Over Time
This graph shows the
number of defined code
points in Unicode from
its first release in 1991
to the present

29. ASCII vs Unicode
-Has 128 code
points, 0 through
127
-Can only encode
characters in 7 bits
-Can only encode
characters from
the English
language
-Has about
1,114,112 code
positions
-Can encode
characters in 16-
bits and more
-Can encode
characters from
virtually all kinds of
languages
-It is a superset of
ASCII
-Both
are
charact
er
codes
-The
128 first
code
position
s of
Unicod
e mean
the
same
as
ASCII

30. Method of Encoding
• Unicode Transformation Format (UTF)
– An algorithmic mapping from virtually every Unicode code point to
a unique byte sequence
– Each UTF is reversible, thus every UTF supports lossless round
tripping: mapping from any Unicode coded character sequence S to
a sequence of bytes and back will produce S again
– Most texts in documents and webpages is encoded using some of
the various UTF encodings
– The conversions between all UTF encodings are algorithmically
based, fast and lossless
• Makes it easy to support data input or output in multiple formats,
while using a particular UTF for internal storage or processing

31. Unicode Transformation
Format Encodings
• UTF-7
– Uses 7 bits for each character. It was designed to represent ASCII
characters in email messages that required Unicode encoding
– Not really used as often
• UTF-8
– The most popular type of Unicode encoding
– It uses one byte for standard English letters and symbols, two bytes
for additional Latin and Middle Eastern characters, and three bytes for
Asian characters
– Any additional characters can be represented using four bytes
– UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII, since the first 128
characters are mapped to the same values

32. UTF Encodings (Cont…)
• UTF-16
– An extension of the "UCS-2" Unicode encoding, which uses at least two
bytes to represent about 65,536 characters
– Used by operating systems such as Java and Qualcomm BREW
• UTF-32
– A multi-byte encoding that represents each character with 4 bytes
• Makes it space inefficient
– Main use is in internal APIs where the data is single code points or glyphs,
rather than strings of characters
– Used on Unix systems sometimes for storage of information

33. What
can
Unicod
e be
Used
For?
Encode text for creation of
passwords
Encode characters used in
email settings
Encodes characters to display in all webpages
Modify characters used
in documents

34. Why is Unicode Important?
• By providing a unique set for each character, this systemized standard
creates a simple, yet efficient and faster way of handling tasks involving
computer processing
• Makes it possible for a single software product or a single website to be
designed for multiple countries, platforms, and languages
– Can reduce the cost over using legacy character sets
– No need for re-engineering!
• Unicode data can be utilized through a wide range of systems without the
risk of data corruption
• Unicode serves as a common point in the conversion of between other
character encoding schemes
– It is a superset of all of the other common character encoding schemes
• Therefore, it is possible to convert from one encoding scheme to
Unicode, and then from Unicode to the other encoding scheme.

35. Unicode in the Future…
• Unicode may be capable of encoding characters from
every language across the globe
• Can become the most dominant and resourceful tool in
encoding every kind of character and symbol
• Integrates all kinds of character encoding schemes into
its operations

36. Summary
Unicode’s ability to create a standard in which virtually
every character is represented through its complicated
operations has revolutionized the way computer processing is
handled today. It has emerged as an effective tool for processing
characters within computers, replacing old versions of character
encodings, such as the ASCII. Unicode’s capacity has
substantially grown since its development, and continues to
expand on its capability of encoding all kinds of characters and
symbols from every language across the globe. It will become a
necessary component of the technological advances that we will
inevitably continue to produce in the near future, potentially
creating new ways of encoding characters.

37. Pop Quiz!
1. What is the main purpose of the Unicode system?
-To enable a single, unique character set that is
capable of supporting all characters from all scripts and
symbols
2. How many code points is Unicode capable of
encoding?
-About 1,114,112 code points

38. References
• Cavalleri, Beshar Bahjat & Igor. Unicode 101: An Introduction to the Unicode Standard. 2014. Web. 17 09
2014. <http://www.interproinc.com/articles/unicode-101-introduction-unicode-standard>.
• Constable, Peter. Understanding Unicode. 13 06 2001. Web. 17 09 2014.
<http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=IWS-Chapter04a>.
• "UTF." Teach Terms. N.p., 20 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techterms.com%2Fdefinition%2Futf>.
• "UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM." FAQ. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html>.