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Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. Early theories described light as a stream of particles or corpuscles (Lucretius, Newton) or as waves (Huygens). Young's experiments in the early 1800s supported the wave theory of light. Maxwell's equations in the 1860s showed that light is an electromagnetic wave. The photoelectric effect and Planck's quantum hypothesis provided evidence that light also behaves as discrete packets of energy called photons. Today, light is best described by quantum electrodynamics, which incorporates both wave and particle properties.
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lecture2.ppt
1. Particle and wave theories of light have evolved over time as new evidence and observations emerged.
2. Early theories viewed light as particles or corpuscles based on observations of reflection and dispersion.
3. Wave theories of light proposed by Huygens and others were later supported by Young's observations of interference and diffraction.
4. Maxwell's equations unified electricity, magnetism and light as electromagnetic waves propagating through space.
light lesson sfdgdfhhghggdwqeseqwwrewrre
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. Early theories viewed light as a stream of particles, while later wave theories described light as an electromagnetic wave. Modern physics reconciles both views by explaining that light consists of discrete packets of energy called photons that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photon's energy is directly proportional to the electromagnetic wave's frequency.
Module No. 43
Light has both wave-like and particle-like properties. Historically, there were two theories on the nature of light - Newton's corpuscular theory proposed that light consisted of particles, while Huygens' wave theory proposed that light consisted of waves. Experiments in the 19th century supported the wave theory, but phenomena like the photoelectric effect could only be explained by treating light as particles. Now it is understood that light behaves as waves under conditions like interference and diffraction, but as particles under conditions involving interactions with matter. Maxwell's theory showed that light is an electromagnetic wave.
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Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. b
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. B
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12. Isaac Newton
13. Christian Huygens
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02.Light-Lec2.pptx
Light can behave as both a wave and a particle. For centuries, scientists debated the nature of light, with some arguing it was a wave and others arguing it was a particle. Through experiments like the double slit experiment, it became clear that light exhibits properties of both waves and particles. The wave-particle duality of light is now described by quantum mechanics. Light acts as a wave when it travels and interferes, and as a particle, called a photon, when it is emitted, absorbed, or quantized. Both the wave and particle theories helped explain different observed phenomena but only the modern quantum mechanical theory of light fully describes its dual behavior.
chapter1deo3243jun14-170324112349.pdf
- In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens proposed different theories on the nature of light - Newton believed light consisted of particles while Huygens argued it was a wave.
- Experiments by Thomas Young and James Clerk Maxwell in the 18th-19th centuries provided evidence that light exhibits wave-like properties such as diffraction and interference.
- In the early 20th century, Max Planck and Albert Einstein put forth the idea that light also behaves as discrete packets of energy called photons, supporting both wave and particle descriptions of light.
Introduction to light
1. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens proposed different theories on the nature of light - Newton believed light consisted of particles while Huygens believed it was a wave.
2. Through experiments like the double slit experiment, it was shown that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.
3. Modern understanding is that light has a dual nature, it can behave as a particle called a photon as well as a wave. This is called the wave-particle duality of light.
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The document discusses wave-particle duality and the Davisson-Germer experiment that helped verify this phenomenon. The Davisson-Germer experiment from 1927 fired an electron beam at a nickel crystal and observed that electrons were diffracted at specific angles, providing evidence that electrons exhibit wave-like properties as predicted by de Broglie's hypothesis. This supported the idea in quantum mechanics that particles can behave as both particles and waves, and helped establish the field of quantum mechanics.
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lecture2.ppt
1. Particle and wave theories of light have evolved over time as new evidence and observations emerged.
2. Early theories viewed light as particles or corpuscles based on observations of reflection and dispersion.
3. Wave theories of light proposed by Huygens and others were later supported by Young's observations of interference and diffraction.
4. Maxwell's equations unified electricity, magnetism and light as electromagnetic waves propagating through space.
light lesson sfdgdfhhghggdwqeseqwwrewrre
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. Early theories viewed light as a stream of particles, while later wave theories described light as an electromagnetic wave. Modern physics reconciles both views by explaining that light consists of discrete packets of energy called photons that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photon's energy is directly proportional to the electromagnetic wave's frequency.
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Light has both wave-like and particle-like properties. Historically, there were two theories on the nature of light - Newton's corpuscular theory proposed that light consisted of particles, while Huygens' wave theory proposed that light consisted of waves. Experiments in the 19th century supported the wave theory, but phenomena like the photoelectric effect could only be explained by treating light as particles. Now it is understood that light behaves as waves under conditions like interference and diffraction, but as particles under conditions involving interactions with matter. Maxwell's theory showed that light is an electromagnetic wave.
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02.Light-Lec2.pptx
Light can behave as both a wave and a particle. For centuries, scientists debated the nature of light, with some arguing it was a wave and others arguing it was a particle. Through experiments like the double slit experiment, it became clear that light exhibits properties of both waves and particles. The wave-particle duality of light is now described by quantum mechanics. Light acts as a wave when it travels and interferes, and as a particle, called a photon, when it is emitted, absorbed, or quantized. Both the wave and particle theories helped explain different observed phenomena but only the modern quantum mechanical theory of light fully describes its dual behavior.
chapter1deo3243jun14-170324112349.pdf
- In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens proposed different theories on the nature of light - Newton believed light consisted of particles while Huygens argued it was a wave.
- Experiments by Thomas Young and James Clerk Maxwell in the 18th-19th centuries provided evidence that light exhibits wave-like properties such as diffraction and interference.
- In the early 20th century, Max Planck and Albert Einstein put forth the idea that light also behaves as discrete packets of energy called photons, supporting both wave and particle descriptions of light.
Introduction to light
1. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens proposed different theories on the nature of light - Newton believed light consisted of particles while Huygens believed it was a wave.
2. Through experiments like the double slit experiment, it was shown that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.
3. Modern understanding is that light has a dual nature, it can behave as a particle called a photon as well as a wave. This is called the wave-particle duality of light.
Dual nature of radiation
The document discusses wave-particle duality and the Davisson-Germer experiment that helped verify this phenomenon. The Davisson-Germer experiment from 1927 fired an electron beam at a nickel crystal and observed that electrons were diffracted at specific angles, providing evidence that electrons exhibit wave-like properties as predicted by de Broglie's hypothesis. This supported the idea in quantum mechanics that particles can behave as both particles and waves, and helped establish the field of quantum mechanics.
chapter1deo3243jun14-170324112349.pptx
The document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes how in the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens proposed different theories for the nature of light - with Newton believing light consisted of particles and Huygens believing it was waves. Later experiments by Thomas Young and James Clerk Maxwell provided evidence that light exhibits wave properties through interference and diffraction. Max Planck and Albert Einstein later showed light also behaves as quantized packets of energy called photons, exhibiting particle-like properties. Modern understanding is that light has both wave-like and particle-like properties, and is best described by the photon model and quantum mechanics and its wave-particle duality.
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This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes early theories that light was either a wave (wave theory) or particle (particle theory). Later, Max Planck and Albert Einstein provided evidence that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiment showed that light behaves as particles in some cases and waves in others, demonstrating its dual nature.
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Wave-particle duality postulates that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties under different experimental conditions. Historically, debates centered around whether light was a wave or particle. Key experiments and theorists helped establish the dual nature of light and matter, including:
- Einstein showing light has particle-like photons; Compton effect confirming this.
- De Broglie proposing electrons and matter have wave properties like wavelength and frequency. Davisson and Germer experimentally verified the wave nature of electrons.
- The double slit experiment demonstrated the wave behavior of electrons through an interference pattern, shocking as electrons were considered particles. This supported matter having wave-particle duality.
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This document discusses various topics related to the particle properties of waves, including:
- The photoelectric effect and how photons carry energy in quantized packets.
- Max Planck's quantum hypothesis which established that electromagnetic wave energy is quantized in units of hf.
- Wave-particle duality and how light exhibits both wave and particle behaviors.
- X-rays and how they are produced via the inverse photoelectric effect when electrons are accelerated and strike a metal target.
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Classical mechanics fails to explain several experimental observations such as:
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Quantum mechanics was developed to account for these phenomena by treating electrons as both particles and waves. Max Planck proposed quanta to explain black-body radiation, while Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr used quanta to explain the photoelectric effect and hydrogen spectrum respectively. Arthur Compton also explained Compton scattering using photons colliding with electrons.
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19_quantum [Autosaved].ppt
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
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1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
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disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
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absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
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1. Light was originally thought to be particles but experiments showed it exhibited wave-like properties. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by describing light as electromagnetic waves. Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing light into discrete "quanta" called photons, showing light has both wave and particle properties.
2. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiments further supported the dual nature of light. De Broglie hypothesized that if light acts as particles then particles should act as waves, which was confirmed. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle emerged from this understanding.
3. Lasers exploit stimulated emission to produce intense, coherent beams of light. Applications include microscopy, which uses lasers' tunability and focusing
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1. Light was originally thought to be particles but experiments showed it exhibited wave-like properties. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by describing light as electromagnetic waves. Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing light into discrete "quanta" called photons, showing light has both wave and particle properties.
2. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiments further supported the dual nature of light. De Broglie hypothesized that if light acts as particles then particles should act as waves, which was confirmed. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle emerged from this understanding.
3. Lasers exploit stimulated emission to produce intense, coherent beams of light. Applications include microscopy, which overcomes the diffraction limit using techniques like
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
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. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
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absolutelyopen to participation by all.
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1. Light was originally thought to be particles but experiments showed it exhibited wave-like properties. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by describing light as electromagnetic waves. Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing light into discrete "quanta" called photons, showing light has both wave and particle properties.
2. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiments further supported the dual nature of light. De Broglie hypothesized that if light acts as particles then particles should act as waves, which was confirmed. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle emerged from this understanding.
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1. Light was originally thought to be particles but experiments showed it exhibited wave-like properties. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by describing light as electromagnetic waves. Planck explained blackbody radiation by quantizing light into discrete "quanta" called photons, showing light has both wave and particle properties.
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of our understanding of the nature of light. It begins in the late 1600s when Newton proposed that light was made of particles. In the late 1600s and 1700s, Huygens and Young provided evidence that light behaves as waves through experiments demonstrating diffraction and interference. In the 1860s, Maxwell developed his theory of electromagnetism and showed that light is an electromagnetic wave. In the early 1900s, Planck and Einstein provided evidence that light also behaves as discrete packets of energy called photons. Later experiments demonstrated that light and other quantum objects exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, leading to the modern understanding of light in quantum mechanics.
The nature of light lec 2019
The document discusses the nature of light and modern theories of light. It covers the following key points:
1. Historical theories including Newton's corpuscular theory proposing light is particles and Huygens' wave theory proposing light is waves.
2. Modern theories including Maxwell's electromagnetic theory showing light is electromagnetic waves, Planck and Einstein's quantum theory proposing light consists of discrete quanta called photons, and de Broglie's wave-particle duality theory showing light has both wave and particle properties.
3. The document analyzes the successes and failures of each theory and how later theories built upon earlier understandings to more fully explain the nature of light.
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B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 1-atomic physics
1. Classical physics describes large, everyday objects but fails to describe phenomena at the atomic scale. Quantum physics was developed in the early 20th century to address these shortcomings.
2. Quantum physics is counterintuitive, but it is the most successful physical theory ever developed. It underlies our understanding of atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles.
3. Quantum physics recognizes that waves and particles are less distinct than previously thought. Key insights include that light can behave as particles called photons, and particles can behave as waves.
Light intro
Light exhibits properties of both particles and waves. Early theories proposed light as particles (Newton) or waves (Huygens), but the photoelectric effect showed light acting as particles, emitting electrons. Later, the dual nature of light was recognized, with wave-like behavior in interactions with other light and particle-like behavior in interactions with matter. Light can be described as either a particle (photon) or wave, depending on the situation.
13.1
1. The document discusses the photoelectric effect and how it contradicted classical physics predictions but aligned with Einstein's explanation using quantum theory.
2. Einstein proposed that light behaves as discrete packets of energy called photons, and that photons can eject electrons from a metal surface if they have sufficient energy to overcome the metal's work function.
3. Experiments validated Einstein's explanation by showing that photoelectrons are ejected instantly dependent on photon frequency, not intensity, and with a range of kinetic energies.
Quantum mechanics S5
1) Classical mechanics and Maxwell's equations can explain macroscopic phenomena but quantum mechanics is needed to explain microscopic phenomena such as atomic structure.
2) Quantum mechanics arose from the need to explain physical phenomena not accounted for by classical physics, including blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, atomic spectra, and specific heat of solids.
3) Experiments such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, diffraction of electrons demonstrated that particles have wave-like properties and waves have particle-like properties, showing the need for a new theoretical framework that incorporated wave-particle duality.
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lecture7.ppt
- 2. Why light is important I2
- 3. Seeing the messengers? Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham, ~1000 AD
- 4. Particle theory of light ‘Is light not a body?’ Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) “The light and heat of the sun; these are composed of minute atoms which, when they are shoved off, lose no time in shooting right across the interspace of air in the direction imparted by the shove.” Lucretius, ~50 BC
- 5. Corpuscular theory of light Reflection Dispersion
- 6. Corpuscular theory of light “Light does not bend into the shadow” Light moves in straight lines
- 7. Wave theories of light Christian Huygens (1629-1695) Each point on the existing wave-front can be considered to act as a source of waves (sometimes referred to as "secondary wavelets").
- 8. Wave theories of light
- 9. Wave theories of light refraction diffraction
- 10. New observations Thomas Young (1773-1829) Light is a wave!
- 11. What kind of wave? Light is an electromagnetic wave! “This velocity is so nearly that of light, that it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat, and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws.”
- 13. Experimental support "I do not think that the wireless waves I have discovered will have any practical application." Heinrich Hertz (1857 - 1894)
- 14. Light as waves = c
- 15. Light as waves 100 m 167 times as small as the diameter of a hair! 0.6 m 600 nm = 0.6 m
- 16. Light as waves Sodium vapor lamps are sometimes used for public lighting. They give off a yellowish light with wavelength of 589 nm. What is the frequency of this radiation?
- 17. Spectrum of EM radiation
- 18. Spectrum of EM radiation
- 19. Are we done? diffraction refraction dispersion reflection
- 20. Particle nature of light Photoelectric effect electrons are emitted: - only when is higher than certain value - below that , intensity doesn’t matter - instantaneously when light is applied One-to-one interaction of a light quantum (h) and the electron.
- 21. Atoms of light “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”, Einstein, 1905 Light is composed of light quanta Light is electromagnetic radiation “associated with singular points just like the occurrence of electrostatic fields according to the electron theory” “I therefore take the liberty of proposing for this hypothetical new atom, which is not light but plays an essential part in every process of radiation, the name photon”, Gilbert N. Lewis, 1926
- 22. Photons Electromagnetic radiation has a frequency and a wavelength: = c Frequency is related to the energy of a photon: E = h = hc Photons are bosons (s=1), many photons can have the same ‘state’: Etot = nh
- 23. Quantization of energy A mole of photons in the yellow/red visible region of the spectrum has an energy of 195 kJ/mol. Calculate the wavelength of the light. 1. Calculate the energy for 1 photon. 2. Find the wavelength.
- 24. Do photons have mass? Since photons have particle- like properties, they should have mass. The (relativistic) mass of photons can be calculated from Einstein’s equation for special relativity.
- 26. Where’s the photon? Single photon interference
- 27. What is the photon’s duration? If the frequency of the photon is well known, the duration of the photon is infinite!
- 28. Strange particles Photon ‘state’ is defined by: - momentum - Energy - polarization Position and time (duration) of the photon are not well-defined! - spin (s=1) “Nobody knows, and it’s best if you try not to think about it.” Richard Feynman “These days, every Tom, Dick and Harry thinks he knows what a photon is, but he is wrong”, Albert Einstein
- 29. Semi-classical theory Classical EM The propagation of light through vacuum can also be treated quantum mechanically: quantum electrodynamics
- 30. More light on the horizon….