The document discusses plate tectonics and earthquakes. It describes how tectonic plates will move in the future, changing the positions of continents and oceans. Rocks under stress from tectonic forces can fold or fault. There are three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Earthquakes are caused by sudden slip along faults and produce seismic waves. The Richter scale is used to measure earthquake magnitude, with each increase of one representing a tenfold increase in wave amplitude but a 32-fold increase in energy release. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released 1.99 x 10^18 Joules of energy.

1. Earthquakes

3. Global Seismicity

4. Continental Drift Animation based on paleomaps from University of Texas Arlington

5. Plate tectonics: predicting the future

7. Global Seismicity

11. Types of folds syncline anticline overturned anticline

12. Types of Faults Tension Compression Shear Stretching Shortening Twisting

16. 3 Types of Faults

17. 3 Types of Faults Divergent Plate Boundaries

18. 3 Types of Faults Convergent Plate Boundaries

19. 3 Types of Faults Transform Plate Boundaries

22. Seismometer

23. Seismogram

24. Richter Scale Scale is exponential For every increase of 1 in the Richter scale, the wave amplitude increases x10 Exponential decay Exponential growth y = y 0 e -kx y = e kx

25. a = 10 M Where M is Richter magnitude, and a is wave amplitude M = log 10 (a) Which is the same as Richter Scale Scale is exponential For every increase of 1 in the Richter scale, the wave amplitude increases x10

26. But wave amplitude is not the same as energy released . (see pg 408 in Strahler) E = 10 (4.8+1.5M) = 10 4.8 ·10 1.5M Where M is Richter magnitude, and E is energy released So for every increase of 1 in the Richter magnitude, energy increases x 32 Richter Scale