This document provides an overview of industrial robot technology, including: 1) It outlines different robot coordinate systems (Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical) and robot types (SCARA, articulated). 2) It describes the different types of robot joints (prismatic and revolute) and wrist articulations (yaw, pitch, roll). 3) It discusses various drive mechanisms for robot motion including mechanical drives using ball screws or gears, and pneumatic, hydraulic, and electrical systems. It provides examples of speed reducers like harmonic drives and planetary gearheads.

1. Unit 121: Engineering
Industrial Robot Technology
Lecture (2)
Robot Design

2. Session Outline:
•Manipulator coordinate systems
•Wrist articulations
•Drive mechanisms
•Speed reducers/ gearheads

3. Manipulator coordinate systems
Cartesian
Cylindrical
Spherical
Selective Compliant Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA)
Articulated Robot

4. Joint Types
1- Prismatic joint where the pair of links makes
a translational displacement along a fixed axis. In
other words, one link slides on the other along a
straight line. Therefore, it is also called a sliding
joint.
2- Revolute joint where a pair of links rotates
about a fixed axis. This type of joint is often
referred to as a hinge, articulated, or rotational
joint.

5. Cartesian Coordinates
Cartesian coordinate robot has three
prismatic joints, corresponding to three
axes denoted x, y , and z.

6. Cylindrical Coordinates
The cylindrical robot consists of one revolute
joint and two prismatic joints, with r, Θ and z
representing the coordinates of the end-effecter.

7. Spherical Coordinates
the spherical robot has two revolute joints
denoted Θ and Φ and one prismatic joint
denoted r.

8. SCALAR Type Robot
SCALAR robot consisting of two revolute joints and one prismatic joint.
This robot structure is particularly desirable for assembly automation in
manufacturing systems, having a wide workspace in the horizontal
direction and an independent vertical axis appropriate for insertion of
parts.

9. Articulated Robot
Articulated robot or an elbow robot, consists of all three revolute joints,
like a human arm. This type of robot has a great degree of flexibility
and versatility, being the most standard structure of robot manipulators.

10. Wrist articulations
Yaw
Pitch
Roll
Degrees of freedom

11. Wrist articulations
Translation:
1- Moving up and down
2- Moving left and right
3- Moving forward and backward
Rotation:
4- Tilting forward and backward (pitching);
5- Turning left and right (yawing);
6- Tilting side to side (rolling)

12. Drive mechanisms
Mechanical (ball screws, chain/belt, gears)
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
Electrical

13. Mechanical (ball screws, chain/belt, gears)
A ball screw is a mechanical linear actuator that translates rotational
motion to linear motion with little friction. A threaded shaft provides a
helical raceway for ball bearings which act as a precision screw.
Vid. 1
Vid. 2

14. Pneumatic System
is a section of technology that deals with the study and application of
pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion.

15. Advantages of pneumatics
Simplicity of Design And Control
Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other components.
Reliability
Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little
maintenance.
Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock.
The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics
directly transfers force.
Storage
Compressed gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power
is lost.

16. Hydraulic System
A hydraulic drive system is a drive or transmission system that
uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to drive hydraulic machinery

17. Speed reducers/ gearheads
Harmonic
Cycloidal
parallel shaft spur gear
Planetary

18. Cycloidal Drive
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