Artifical Intelligence

1. Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 1
Dr. Ali Arshad

3. Course learning Outcome
1. Understand basic concepts of artificial
intelligence
2. Apply basic concepts to solve AI problems
3. Design and implement algorithms to solve
real world problems.

4. Course Assessment
• Assignment 10%
• Quiz 10%
• OHT (1 and 2) / Midterm 30%
• Final 50%

5. Text Book
• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, by
Stuart Jonathan Russell, Peter Norvig, John F.
Canny, 3nd Edition, Prentice Hall.

6. Contents
1 Introduction to AI, Intelligent Agents
2 Problem-solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching, Informed Search and Exploration
4 Constraint Satisfaction Problems, Adversarial Search.
5 Knowledge and reasoning
6 Logical Agents, First-Order Logic, Inference in First-Order Logic
7 Knowledge Representation. Planning and Acting in the Real World.
8 Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
9 Uncertainty, Probabilistic Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning over Time
10 Making Simple Decisions, Making Complex Decisions
11 Learning from Observations
12 Knowledge in Learning; Learning Method
13 Reinforcement Learning
14 Decision Tree
15 Artificial Neural Network
16 Communicating, perceiving, and acting
17 Communication, Probabilistic Language Processing, Perception and Robotics

7. INTRODUCTION
Unit 1

8. Purpose of This Class
• To teach you the basics of Artificial
Intelligence
• To excite you!

9. The Science of AI
• AI is one of the newest sciences.
• It build intelligent entities rather than just to
understand
• Work started in earnest soon after World War-II,
named in 1956 (ALAN TUNING).
• At that time AI “Field I would most Like to be in”
• AI currently encompasses a huge variety of
subfields, ranging from general-purpose areas,
such as learning and perception to such specific
tasks as playing chess, proving mathematical
theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing
diseases.

10. The Science of AI Contd…
• We want to make the machine who work, think like human
and make intelligent system.
• Example:
• Smart phones: we have Siri or Google Assistant. We don't
have to write just speaking and converting into by using
NLP and not only converting but also finding the answer
this is all based on backend AI Algorithms.
• Smart Cars: Tesla Company has made the cars, we just sit in
the car and put the destination, and car will analyze how to
go when to push break and in which to drive, this is all done
by Artificial Intelligence
• We want the machine to Learn, Precept and on these basis
make decision. We just want the machine to make decision
rather than it is good or bad.
• Artificial Intelligence is used to fill the barrier between
human and robot

11. The Science of AI Contd…
• Many algorithms are working behind like
Searching , Sorting, reasoning algorithm.
• Example Youtube or Netflex
• Expert System:
• Human Behavior
1. Reasoning
2. Learning
3. Problem solving
4. Perception

12. What is AI?

15. 15
Intelligence
• Are the things shown below, Intelligent?

16. 16
Ex-1: Searching a path …
Different mice might follow different paths based to their intelligence
In other words: The problem can be solved in many ways
Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence

17. 17
Ex-2: Next number in the
sequence …
• Consider the following sequence …
1,3,7,13,21,__
–What is the next number ?
• Key: Adding the next EVEN number …
1+2 = 3; 3+4 = 7; 7+6 = 13; 13+8 =21; 21+10 = 31
1,3,7,13,21,31
Ability to solve problems demonstrates
Intelligence

18. 18
Intelligent Machines
• Ability to solve problems
• Ability to plan and schedule
• Ability to memorize and process information
• Ability to answer fuzzy questions
• Ability to learn
• Ability to recognize
• Ability to understand
• Ability to perceive
• And many more …

19. What is AI?

20. AI Defined

21. Act Like Humans
• The Turing Test approach- 1950
• The computer passes the test if a human interrogator,
after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether
the written responses come from a person or not.
• The computer would need to possess the
following capabilities:
1. Natural Language Processing
2. knowledge representation
3. automated reasoning
4. machine learning

22. Think Like Humans
• The cognitive modeling approach get inside the actual
workings of human minds.
• Cognitive science (The interdisciplinary scientific
investigation of the mind and intelligence. It
encompasses the ideas and methods of psychology,
linguistics, philosophy, computer science, artificial
intelligence, neuroscience)
• If the program's input/output and timing behaviors
match corresponding human behaviors, that is
evidence that some of the program's mechanisms
could also be operating in humans.

23. Think Rational
• The "laws of thought" approach Greek philosopher
Aristotle - "right thinking”
• His syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures
that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct
premises-
• for example, “Imran is a man; all men are mortal; therefore,
Imran is mortal."
• These laws of thought were supposed to govern the
operation of the mind; their study initiated the field called
logic.
• logics tradition within artificial intelligence hopes to build
on such programs to create intelligent systems.

24. Act Rational
• The rational agent approach
• An agent is just something that acts
• Computer agents : operating under autonomous
control, perceiving their environment, persisting over
a prolonged time period, adapting to change, and
being capable of taking on another's goals.
• A RATIONAL AGENT is one that acts so as to achieve
the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the
best expected outcome.

25. The Foundations of AI
PHILOSOPHY
MATHEMATICS
ECONOMICS
NEUROSCIENCE
PHSYCHOLOGY
COMPUTER ENGINERING
CONTROL THEORY AND CIBERNETICS
LINGUISTICS

26. Foundation of Artificial Intelligence

29. State of the Art

30. State of the art – What AI can do?
• Which of the following can be done at present?
♦ Play a decent game of table tennis
♦ Drive safely along a curving mountain road
♦ Drive safely along Expressway
♦ Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web
♦ Buy a week’s worth of groceries at “HyperStar”
♦ Win against any human at chess
♦ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
♦ Grab a particular cup and put it on a shelf
♦ Write an intentionally funny story
♦ Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time
♦ Converse successfully with another person for an hour
♦ Perform a complex surgical operation
♦ Unload any dishwasher and put everything away

31. • AI has successfully been used in
– Finance
– Robotics
– Games
– Medicine
– Web