This document discusses the history and development of nationalism. It defines nationalism as a movement where the nation-state is paramount for social, cultural, and economic aspirations of a group. Nationalism developed due to short-term causes like foreign domination and intellectual idealism, as well as long-term causes such as state centralization and the rise of vernacular languages and print culture. In the early 19th century, nationalism took on romantic, militant, and political forms and functions and was expressed through symbols like language, folk legends, and epics. Nationalism used concepts like religion, race, and ethnicity to imagine communities and help organize societies, even though these categories are artificial human constructs.