This document provides a summary of events from 1648 to the present related to the history of Western civilization. It covers several major topics: decolonization and ideology in the post-World War 2 period; the wave of resistance and social movements in 1968 focused on civil rights, gender equality, and ending wars; the end of the Cold War era marked by reforms under Gorbachev and the fall of communist governments in 1989; and the ultimate disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.

1. HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION:
1648 TO PRESENT
What Is a Civil Rights Movement?:
Independence, Gender, and Sexuality

2. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
A.
The United Nations
“Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption
of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a
country is incompatible with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations.”
(UN Declaration Granting Independence to
Colonial Countries and People 1960)

3. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
A.
The United Nations
B.
Warfare
1.
Proxy Wars
2.
The Korean War (1950-3)
3.
First Vietnam War (19461954)
4.
Suez Crisis (1956)
a.
5.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
b.
Universal-International News, 5/21/56
Pan-Arabism
Algerian War (1956-1962)
a.
FLN
b.
Fifth Republic
Universal-International News, 1/12/59

4. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
A.
The United Nations
B.
Warfare
C.
Africa
D.
Consequences
1.
Ideology
2.
Finance

5. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
1.
Counterculture
2.
Media
3.
Cold War
4.
Imperialism
5.
Ideology
6.
Civil Rights
Herbert Marcuse, Original caption: 7/10/1968-San Diego, CA- Dr. Herbert Marcuse, professor of
philosophy at the University of California at San Diego, reports getting threatening letters after it was
reported that German revolutionary Rudi Dutschke might enroll for graduate work at USCD. The FBI
said July 3rd that it was looking into the matter. He is shown in a close-up here. © Bettmann/CORBIS,

6. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
1.
Writer’s Union Congress
2.
Václav Havel (1936- )
3.
Alexander Dubček (1921-1992)
4.
“Socialism with a human face”
Leonid Brezhnev
Alexander Dubček

7. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
1.
Writer’s Union Congress
2.
Václav Havel (1936- )
3.
Alexander Dubček (1921-1992)
4.
“Socialism with a human face”
Wenceslas Square, Aug. 20 1968

8. Youth Climbs on Tank as Smoke Fills Air
Original caption: 8/25/1968-Prague, Czechoslovakia- Black smoke fills the street as a
Czech youth climbs aboard a Russian tank during demonstration near the Prague radio
station August 21st. Photo, taken by a Czech photographer, arrived in the West August 24.

9. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
C.
Brezhnev Doctrine
The peoples of the socialist countries and
Communist parties certainly do have and
should have freedom for determining the
ways of advance of their respective
countries. However, none of their
decisions should damage either socialism
in their country or the fundamental
interests of other socialist countries . . . .

10. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
C.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Jan Zajic
(1950-1969)
Jan Palach
(1948-1969)
Evzen Plocek
(1929-1969)

11. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
C.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Plastic People of the Universe

12. I.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
II.
Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of Resistance
A.
The “New Left”
B.
The Prague Spring
C.
Brezhnev Doctrine
D.
Paris
Police evacuate the Sorbonne University,
occupied by striking students. May 3, 1968

13. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a. Feminism
Women Protesters with Large Signs,
August 26, 1970 (Original caption:
Signs of the times are shown here, as
about 150 women marched through
downtown St. Louis and visited the
Mayor's office as part of women's
liberation demonstration on the 15th
anniversary of ratification of the
Nineteenth Amendment, giving women
the right to vote on August 26th. The
women carried signs supporting
legalized abortions, children's day care
centers, revolution, and passage of
equal rights amendment by Congress).
Bettmann/CORBIS

14. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a.
Feminism
b.
Sexual Revolution
Stonewall Riots, The New York Daily News
on Sunday, June 29, 1969

15. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a. Feminism
b. Sexual Revolution
Gay Liberation, 1970

16. I.
The End of the Cold War
A.
The 1970s
1.
Consequences of 1968
a.
Feminism
b.
Sexual Revolution
Gay Freedom 1970: A Commemorative Pictorial Essay
of the First Anniversary of the Gay Liberation
Movement. By the Editors of QQ Magazine. New York:
Queen's Quarterly Publishing Co., 1970.

17. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a. Feminism
b. Sexual Revolution
•
The American Psychiatric Association changes
its position on homosexuality (sort of), saying
that homosexuality is not a mental disorder in
1973.

18. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a. Feminism
b. Sexual Revolution
c. Anti-nuclear groups
Jean Guichard ,
“Campaign for
Nuclear
Disarmament
Protest in London,
October 22, 1983

19. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
a. Feminism
b. Sexual Revolution
c. Anti-nuclear groups
d. Environmental Movement
James Lovelock in front of Gaia
Statue, 1990 (www.comby.org )

20. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
2. Economics
a. OPEC and the oil embargo
b. The “floating” dollar
c. International competition

21. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
1. Consequences of 1968
2. Economics
3. Social and Political Consequences
a. Tensions
b. Right wing
Roger Law, Margaret Thatcher Puppet
from Spitting Image, ca. 1980s

22. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
1. Helsinki Conference (1975)
2. Human Rights
3. 1979
a. Iran
b. Afghanistan
Ismael Ansary , “Mounted Islamic Rebels Prepare for Raid,” January 25, 1980 (Original caption:
1/25/1980- Doab Valley, Afghanistan- Leaving motorcycles behind because of rough terrain,
members of Islamic Afghan resistance forces set out on horseback on a raid against Soviet-held
positions near Herat, Afghanistan, January 11. Photographer Ismael Ansary accompanied the band
of Afghan rebels as they crossed from Iran into Afghanistan on a three-day raid through the Doab
Valley. Bettmann/CORBIS)

23. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
1. Helsinki Conference (1975)
2. Human Rights
3. 1979
4. Poland and
Solidarity
WALESA SPEAKS TO WORKERS DURING A STRIKE AT THE GDANSK SHIPYARD IN 1980
(Reuters/CORBIS)

24. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
1. Helsinki Conference (1975)
2. Human Rights
3. 1979
4. Poland and Solidarity
5. Gorbachev
a. Glasnost -- “openness”
Igor Kostin, “Chernobyl - The Aftermath.” September 1986. The majority
of liquidators are reservists, aged 35-40, who were called up to
assist with the clean-up operations or those carrying out military
service in chemical protection units. The army did not have
adequate uniforms adapted for use in radioative conditions, so
those enlisted to carry out work on the roof and other highly toxic
zones were obliged to cobble together their own clothing, made
from lead sheets, measuring 2-4 mm thick. These sheets were cut
to size to make aprons to be worn under cotton work-wear
designed to cover their bodies in front and behind, especially to
protect the spine and bone marrow.

25. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
1. Helsinki Conference (1975)
2. Human Rights
3. 1979
4. Poland and Solidarity
5. Gorbachev
a. Glasnost -- “openness”
b. Perestroika -- “restructuring”

26. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
C. 1989
1. Decolonization
2. Tiananmen Square
“Goddess of Democracy” in Tiananmen
Square, June 1989

27. I.
Review of The People’s
Century: Freedom Now
II. Decolonization and Ideology
III. 1968: The Year of
Resistance
IV. The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
C. 1989
1. Decolonization
2. Tiananmen Square
a. BBC Report
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/vide
o/otdvideo/89/06/04/nb/7653_0406-89_4x3_nb.ram)
b. Frontline, The
Tank Man
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fr
http://www.cnn.com/resources/video.almanac/1989/index2.html
ontline/tankman/view/)

28. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
C. 1989
1. Decolonization
2. Tiananmen Square
3. Eastern Europe
a. Berlin Wall
b. Velvet Revolution
http://www.cnn.com/resources/video.almanac/1989/index3.html#berlin.wall

29. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Review of The People’s Century: Freedom Now
Decolonization and Ideology
1968: The Year of Resistance
The End of the Cold War
A. The 1970s
B. Détente to Glasnost
C. 1989
D. Disintegration of the U.S.S.R.
1. Economy
2. Coup attempt
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/video/otdvideo/91/08/19/nb/1871_19-08-91_4x3_nb.ram )
3. Nationalism