Benito Mussolini ruled Italy from 1922 to 1940 as Il Duce. He was inspired by the Roman Empire and consolidated power by controlling the media like newspapers, radio, and television. Mussolini modernized Italy through infrastructure projects but also instituted fascist laws that abolished civil liberties and democratic processes. He allied with Hitler in the 1930s and enacted racial laws against Jews. Mussolini's fascist regime was overthrown in 1943 when the Grand Council of Fascism voted to remove power from him and restore it to the king.