Lecture 1 introduction
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This document provides an overview of pathology and the normal cell structure. It discusses that a normal cell is composed of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. The nucleus contains chromosomes and nucleolus, and is responsible for the cell's genetic makeup. The cytoplasm contains organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. The document then provides further details on mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. It defines pathology, disease, and discusses different types and causes of diseases. Finally, it outlines various fields of pathology like histopathology, clinical pathology, and immunopathology.
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a combining form meaning “cell,” used in the formation of compound words:
cytoplasm.
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ORIGIN OF CYTO-
1
<Greek kyto-, combining form of kýtos container, receptacle, body
Also cyte-; especially before a vowel, cyt-.
WORDS NEARBY CYTO-
CythereaCythereancytidinecytidine monophosphatecytidylic acidcyto-cytoanalyzercytochemistrycytochromecytochrome reductasecytocidal
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WORDS THAT USE CYTO-
What does cyto- mean?
Cyto- is a combining form used like a prefix meaning “cell.” It is used in many scientific terms, especially in medicine and biology.
Cyto- comes from the Greek kýtos, meaning “container,” “receptacle,” “body.”
What are variants of cyto-?
When combined with words or word ea combining form meaning “cell,” used in the formation of compound words:
cytoplasm.
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Which is a synonym for GRAMMAR?
principles
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ORIGIN OF CYTO-
1
<Greek kyto-, combining form of kýtos container, receptacle, body
Also cyte-; especially before a vowel, cyt-.
WORDS NEARBY CYTO-
CythereaCythereancyt
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1 to 30 General Pathology lectures
This document contains the topics and contents for pathology lectures for dental students at Aliraqia University. It includes a dedication by Professor Khalil Hassan Aljeboori to his third-year dental students. The document then lists the topics to be covered in the first and second term lectures, which include diseases of various organ systems like the cardiovascular, respiratory, alimentary and lymphatic systems. It provides brief introductory descriptions for each lecture topic, with the lectures covering areas like inflammation, necrosis, tumors, genetic diseases and more.
Immunopathology
This document discusses immune regulation and the complement system. It covers normal immune regulation factors like antigen availability and cytokines. It also discusses altered regulation and failures in self-tolerance that can lead to autoimmune diseases. The document then describes the complement system in detail, including the classical and alternative pathways that activate the C3 convertase and the final lytic pathway's role in destroying pathogens.
Lecture 30 hematopathology
This document discusses various hematopathological conditions including:
1. Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic leukocytosis associated with bacterial infections, allergies, parasites, and other conditions.
2. Diseases of the leukopoietic system including deficiencies, reactive proliferations due to infections, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, and agranulocytosis.
3. The various forms of leukemia arising from lymphoid and myeloid cells or histiocytes, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of leukopoietic tissue.
Lecture 29 hematopathology
The document discusses different types of anemia and hematological disorders. It covers deficiency anemias resulting from iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies. It also discusses hypopoietic anemias including aplastic anemia and myelophthisic anemia caused by bone marrow replacement. The main types of hemolytic anemia described are acute hemolytic anemia caused by blood transfusion incompatibility or toxins, and chronic hemolytic anemias like sickle cell anemia, Mediterranean anemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis caused by Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus. The document also briefly mentions polycythemia and purpura.
Lecture 28 pathology of lymphoid system
The document discusses reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes and diseases of the lymphoid system, including lymphadenitis. It covers the pathology of lymph nodes in acute and chronic lymphadenitis, including follicular hyperplasia, parafollicular hyperplasia, and sinus histiocytosis. The document also discusses classifications of lymphoma, including Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Within these classifications it outlines specific types like nodular lymphocytic predominant HL and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Lecture 27 pathology of lymphoid system
The document discusses diseases of the lymphoid system, specifically the spleen and thymus. It describes various types of splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) that can be infectious, such as from chronic myeloid leukemia, or non-infectious, like those seen in hereditary spherocytosis. The document also discusses thymic hyperplasia and different types of thymoma, from benign to malignant variants. Malignant thymoma is further broken down into types I and II (thymic carcinoma). Microscopically, thymomas contain a mixture of epithelial cells and lymphocytes.
Lecture 26 diseases of liver and pancreas
This document discusses diseases of the liver and pancreas. It begins by describing cholecystitis, which is inflammation of the gallbladder that can be acute or chronic. It then discusses other gallbladder and bile duct diseases like cholesterolosis and cholelithiasis (gallstones). The document also covers jaundice, diseases of the pancreas like acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, and conditions like diabetes mellitus. In summary, it provides an overview of common pathological conditions that affect the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.
Lecture 25 diseases of liver and pancreas
This document discusses diseases of the liver and pancreas. It describes various liver conditions including chronic venous congestion, cirrhosis, infections, and neoplasms. Cirrhosis is classified based on its etiology, morphology, and functional impacts. The most common types of cirrhosis discussed are portal and postnecrotic cirrhosis. Liver infections covered include pyogenic abscesses, tuberculosis, amebic abscesses, and more. Benign and malignant liver tumors are also mentioned.
Lecture 24 diseases of alimentary system
This document discusses diseases of the alimentary system, including ascites, peritonitis, hemorrhoids, anal fistula, and malabsorption syndrome. Ascites can be a transudate or exudate caused by conditions like heart failure or portal hypertension. Peritonitis can be acute from infections or perforations, or chronic in tuberculosis. Malabsorption syndrome results in deficiencies from inability to absorb fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals due to conditions like celiac disease, tropical sprue, or Whipple's disease.
Lecture 23 diseases of alimentary system
This document discusses diseases of the alimentary system, including the small and large intestines. It covers various topics such as congenital malformations, diverticula, inflammation/ulceration, tumors, and obstruction. Specific conditions that are discussed in detail include Meckel's diverticulum, appendicitis, cholera, typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, intestinal amebiasis, and intestinal bilharziasis. Malignant tumors like carcinomas are also addressed. The document provides pathological descriptions and microscopic features of these various intestinal diseases.
Lecture 22 diseases of alimentary system
This document provides a summary of diseases that can affect the alimentary system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and other organs. It describes various congenital anomalies, infections, inflammations and tumors that can occur. For the stomach specifically, it discusses conditions like chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric polyps and cancers. It compares benign versus malignant gastric ulcers and provides details on the gross and microscopic features of gastric carcinoma. In summary, this document outlines many of the diseases and pathological conditions that can impact the alimentary tract.
Lecture 21 diseases of respiratory system
The document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including different types of emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis from inhaling different types of dust, tumors of the lungs and mediastinum, pleurisy, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions. It also covers causes of hemoptysis and describes coin lesions seen on chest radiography that could indicate conditions like tuberculosis or tumors.
Lecture 20 diseases of respiratory system
The document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including different types of pneumonia like lobar pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia. It also discusses other conditions like lung abscesses, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary bilharziasis, bronchial obstruction, and atelectasis. It provides details on the causes, characteristics, pathological features, and complications of these various respiratory diseases.
Lecture 19 diseases of respiratory system
This document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, larynx, bronchi, and lungs. It covers inflammatory conditions like rhinitis and sinusitis, as well as infections caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Benign and malignant tumors of the nose and larynx are also mentioned. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract discussed include bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pulmonary edema, congestion, infarction, thrombosis, and embolism. The document provides an overview of pathological conditions that can affect different parts of the respiratory system.
Lecture 18 cardiovascular system
This document summarizes various cardiovascular conditions including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and pericardial diseases. It describes the pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerosis leading to decreased blood supply and angina. Myocardial infarction results from coronary thrombosis and presents as areas of necrosis. Hypertension can be primary/benign or malignant, causing hypertrophy and damage to organs over time. Pericarditis commonly results from infection, rheumatic fever or myocardial infarction, and tuberculous pericarditis can lead to constrictive pericarditis.
Lecture 17 cardiovascular system
This document discusses cardiovascular pathology and includes sections on diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system. It describes various congenital heart defects, acquired valvular diseases such as rheumatic heart disease, infections of the heart (endocarditis), and tumors that can affect the cardiovascular system. The key topics covered are the structure and common abnormalities of the heart, acquisition and manifestations of rheumatic heart disease, characteristics of different types of endocarditis, and how tumors may cause cardiac abnormalities.
Lecture 16 cardiovascular system
The document discusses diseases of the cardiovascular system, focusing on diseases of arteries and veins. It describes atherosclerosis as a hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup. Other artery diseases discussed include arteriosclerosis, medial sclerosis, endarteritis obliterans, and arteritis. Aneurysms, which are local artery dilations, are also covered. Finally, the document touches on varicose veins, phlebitis, and venous thrombosis as common diseases of veins.
Dental ِِِAnatomy
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and terminology. It defines dental anatomy as the study of tooth development, structure, and relationship within and between dental arches. Key terms are introduced, such as maxillary, mandibular, midline, anterior, posterior, and quadrants. The deciduous and permanent dentitions are described, including tooth numbers and surfaces. Common dental notation systems including Palmer, universal, and FDI are also summarized.
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Lecture 1 introduction
- 2. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. 1- Nucleus. 2- Cytoplasm. 3- Cell membrane. The normal cell: composed mainly
- 3. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. The nucleus: contain chromosomes a carriers for genes and nucleolus. It’s is the heart of cell maintaining the genetic constitution of cell, namely chromosome network responsible for hereditary characters cell production and proliferation . The cytoplasm: contain organelles mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. The dominant constituents of nucleus and cytoplasm the ribose nucleic acid (RNA) in the mitochondria and in nucleolus and deoxyribose nucleic acid in nucleus particular in chromosomes. The cell membrane: regulate internal environment of cells determine what is goes in and what is come out it is surface structure consisted of lipid, polysaccharides and small amount of protein. The normal cell: composed mainly
- 4. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. Mitochondria: main power plant of cell have different enzymes utilize molecular oxygen and distribute energy yielding component to other organelles and responsible for cell respiration. Endoplasmic reticulum: series of vesicles, canals responsible for protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus: remove cell products to outside. Pathology: is the science which deal with disease causes, nature of disease together with anatomical and functional changes induced by disease. Disease: is any departure of a state of health.
- 5. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. bacteria and parasite, fungi, viruses, chemical, toxins, heat, cold, light, electricity, irradiation, foreign body, trauma, immunological, disorders. Nature of disease: 1. Congenital. 2. Inflammation. 3. Degeneration. 4. Physical disturbances circulatory, trauma, obstruction of hollow organs foreign body, hernia, thermal disturbances, light electricity, irradiation, chemical. 5. Tumors. Etiology of disease:
- 6. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. Pathogenesis: the development of disease. Prognosis: result of an attack of disease. Complication of disease: new disorders occurred after usual course of disease. Symptoms: functional evidence of the disease, Example; pain. Signs: objective evidence of the disease. Syndrome: a set of symptoms occur together.
- 7. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori. 1. Histopathology: concerned with investigation and diagnosis of disease by tissue examination. 2. Gross pathology: refers to changes in organs or tissue in disease by naked eye (morbid anatomy) or (post mortem pathology) 3. Clinical pathology: is concerned with analysis of disease itself using laboratory methods or techniques. 4. Cytopathology: concerned with examination of cells to reach diagnosis of disease. 5. Hematology study: the blood and blood forming tissue. 6. Comparative pathology: is the study disease of lower animal comparable to human disease. 7. Physiological pathology: study changes in physiology in disease. 8. Experimental pathology: study the disease experimentally in animal model. 9. Immunopathology: study the disturbances affecting defenses mechanism of body related of disease process. 10. Chemical pathology: study the disease and diagnosis from chemical changes. 11. Toxicology: study the effects of poisons in the body. 12. Genetics: study abnormal chromosomal alteration and genes related to disease process. 13. Forensic pathology: application of pathology to legal purposes i.e. investigation of death in suspected circumstances. Field of pathology:
- 8. Presentation Ends Copyrights © 2017 l Aliraqia University l Dentistry l Pathology l Prof.Dr. Khalil Hassan Zenad Aljeboori. THANKS FOR LISTENING