English lesson-2

2.  Adjectives-Adverbs
 Comparative and superlative adjectives
 Simple Past vs. Present Perfect

3. What is an adjective?
 Adjectives are words that
 describe nouns
They live in a very _______ _______ house.
 go before nouns
There are _______ ______roses on the table.
big wooden
lovely red

4. What is an adjective?
Adjectives:
 give more information about the noun
Which book is yours?
-The ……………one.
 make your writing more interesting
In the phrase, "the black cat" the word black is an
adjective because it describes the cat.
red

5. Adjective type
 Opinion adjectives wonderful, good, etc describe
what we think of someone or something
Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives
It’s a beautiful silk skirt.
(opinion) > (fact)
 Fact adjectives long, light, round, etc describe
what someone or something
 really is

6. Order of adjectives
Opinion
adjective
Fact adjectives Noun
Opinion Size Weight Shape Color Material Noun
beautiful rectangular leather bag
ugly big black cat
small square wooden box
heavy brown table
wonderful tall glass building
Opinion-Fact (Size, Weight, Shape, Color, Material)

7. Opinion adjectives
brave
comfortable
fantastic
friendly
lovely beautiful flowers
wonderful
angry
bad

8. Adjectives of size
 big
 fat
 great
 huge fat man
 large
 small
 tiny
 slim
small car

9. Adjectives of weight
 heavy
 light
 underweight light as feather
 weighty
heavy

10. Adjectives of shape
 triangular
 rectangular
 round
 square
 broad
 wide

11. Adjectives of color
 red
 cream
 violet
 yellowish
 dark-green
 gray
 tanned
violet flower
tanned skin

12. Adjectives of material
 Glass
 Wooden
 Cotton
 Plastic
 Leather
 Ceramic
 Copper

13. Put in the right order
wooden dark table long
_____ _____ _____ _____
huge metal round bowl
_____ _____ _____ _____
sleeping small bag red
_____ _____ _____ _____
English silly man young
_____ _____ _____ _____
table
long dark wooden
bowl
huge round metal
bag
small red sleeping
man
silly young English

14. Comparative and superlative
adjectives
The comparative form of an
adjective is used for comparing two
people or things (e.g. he is taller than
me), while the superlative is used for
comparing one person or thing with
every other member of their group
(e.g. he was the tallest boy in the class).

15. Degrees Positive Comparatives Superlatives
One-syllable adjectives old older the oldest
new newer the newest
high higher the highest
Adjectives ending in -y dirty dirtier the dirtiest
noisy noisier the noisiest
heavy heavier the heaviest
Two or more syllable
adjectives
intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
expensive more expensive the most expensive
boring more boring the most boring
Irregular adjectives good better the best
bad worse the worst
far further the furthest

16. OCEANS
PACIFIC ATLANTIC INDIAN
155,557,000 sq km 76,762,000 sq km 68,556,000 sq km
Pacific ocean is of all
Atlantic ocean isn’t as as Pacific
ocean
Atlantic ocean is than Indian
ocean.

17. Expensive cities:
HONG KONG>TOKYO>LONDON
Hong Kong is of all.
London is not as as Tokyo.
Tokyo is than
London.

18. NBHN
DRY PLACES
Aswan, Egypt Luxor, Egypt Arica Desert,
Chile
0.02" 0.03" 0.04"
Aswan is than Luxor.
Arica Dessert isn’t of all.
Luxor isn’t as as Aswan .

19. Good
country
Sri Lanka Montenegro South Korea
Culture, off the
beaten track, value
for money
Activities, adventure,
off the beaten track
Activities, events, off
the beaten track
Sri Lanka is country to travel.
Montenegro is not as as South Korea
to travel.
Montenegro is than Skorea
to travel.

20. The longest rivers in the world
Nile river 6650km long
the longest
Amazon river 6400km long
longer
Yangtze river 6300km long
long

21. Write the sentences in the correct order:
taller / than / Gary / Rick / is. Gary is taller than Rick.
 1. airplanes / than / are / slower / trains
 ----------------------------------------------------------
 2. actress / Mary / the / was / popular / most
 --------------------------------------------
 3. father / is / your / than / stronger / mine
 -----------------------------------------------------------
 4. the / Carol / has / scarf / got / shortest
 ----------------------------------------------------
 5. the / student / he / tallest / is
 -------------------------------------------

22. The Giant Redwood is the _____
tree in the world. (tall)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the ________
cities in the world. (beautiful)
American Idol is the _________
TV show in America. (popular)

23. Thumbelina is the
world's _______ horse. (small)
The cheetah is the animal
______ in the world. (fast)
Bears are the _____
animals. (dangerous)

24. What is an adverb?
 An adverb can be one
word or a phrase. Adverb
shows manner (how),
place (where), time
(when), frequency (how
often).
 He drives carefully.
 (How does he drive? Carefully.-adverbs of
manner)
 Your coat is here.
 (Where is it? Here.-adverbs of place)
 He left for Italy yesterday.
 (When did he leave ? Yesterday.-adverbs of
time )
 He usually eats out.
 (How often does he eat out? Usually.-adverb of
frequency)

25. Adverbs
 Farmers wake up early
in the morning.
 They work hard all day.
 They go home late in the
evening.

26. Adverbs usually go after verb.
He walks slowly.
I always wake up early.
Children were playing happily.

27.  Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs and the
verbs to be, but before main verbs.
Example:
 He is always on time for appointments.
 He has never visited Paris.
 He always comes to work on time.

28. Formation of
adverbs
We usually form
an adverb by
adding –ly to the
adjective.
dangerous-dangerously
Quick-quickly
Nice-nicely
Sole-solely
Careful-carefully
Adjectives ending
in –le drop the –e
and take –y
gentle-gently
Regrettable-regrettably
Horrible-horribly
Adjectives ending
in –l take –ly.
wonderful-wonderfully
Beautiful-beautifully

29.  Some adjectives are not formed according to the above
rules. They have either a totally different form or same
form as the adjectives.
Adjective Adverb
good well
fast fast
hard hard
late late
early early

30. Order of adverbs
 When there are two or more adjectives in the same
sentences, they usually come in the following order:
 If there is a verb of movement (go, come. leave, etc.) in
the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following
order:
Manner
(how)
Place
(where)
Time
(when)
He was studying hard in his room last night
Place
(where)
Manner
(how)
Time
(when)
She came home by bus yesterday.

31. Simple Past
vs.
Present Perfect
When do we use each tense in English?

32. Present Perfect tense
Form: have / has + past participle
Affirmative: I have heard this song before.
She has heard this song before.
Interrogative: Have you heard this song before?
Has she heard this song before?
Negative: I haven’t heard this song before.
She hasn’t heard this song before.

33. Remember:
Grammar has meaning!
Different grammar tenses are used in
different situations or contexts and they
carry different meanings.
For example …

34. Use the simple
past for action
that happened in
the past and is:
over, done,
finished!
Use the present
perfect for action
that started in the
past, but . . .
is still true
today.

35. The simple past always refers to an
action or situation that is finished.
The present perfect connects the past
and the present. It is used to show that
an action or situation in the past:
-continues today, OR
-might happen again

36.  Use the simple past
with time words like:
 yesterday
 last Saturday, week,
month, year, etc.
 _______ ago
 when I was…
 in 1990 (past date)
 Use the present perfect
with time words like:
 recently/lately
 since …
 so far this
week, month, year, etc.

37. Additional notes about
present perfect:
We often use present perfect to say that
something happened sooner than
expected.
Example:
Jan: Don’t forget to mail that letter.
Tom: I’ve already mailed it.

38. We often use present perfect to express
personal experiences, there is not a
definite time given. The time
expressions ever and never are very
often used with this meaning.
Example:
I have never been to Japan.
Have you ever been there?

39. Practice!
Do these exercises with your class.
Choose the simple past or present perfect
and talk about why each is necessary.
1. When I was a child, I ________ (swim) a lot.
2. So far this week, we _________ (study) a lot.
3. Theo __________ (be) very sick recently.
4. I _________ (have) a terrible headache yesterday.
5. It ________ (rain) a lot lately. swim
6. They _______ (get) married ten years ago.
7. I ________ (go) to Balboa Park many times.
8. My family ________ (take) a vacation last year.

40. -Have you ever…(enjoy,see,stay in,visit,go on,experience)?
- …
- When ?
- …

41. Practice
1. Peter … (play) football yesterday.
2. They … (clean) the car. It looks new again.
3. Last year we … (go) to Italy.
4. John and Peggy … (just/read) the book. Now they can
watch the film.
5. I … (meet) my friend two days ago.
6. We … (never/visit) another country before.
7. She … (buy) a new car in 2011.
8. I'm sorry, but I …(forget) my homework.
9. … (win) the game of chess?
10. The girls … (not/eat) their lunch yet.

42. Thank U 4 your attention