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The document discusses the key discoveries in DNA structure and replication. Frederick Griffith and Oswald Avery discovered that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. Hershey and Chase showed that viruses inject DNA, not proteins, into bacteria. Chargaff determined DNA had equal ratios of bases and a double helix structure. Franklin discovered DNA was a helix, and Watson and Crick used this evidence to propose the double helix model of DNA structure. DNA consists of nucleotides with nitrogen bases that pair according to rules. Replication involves unwinding DNA with helicase, and polymerase adding nucleotides to copy the strands.
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DNA discovery & Structure 8.1 & 8.2
The document outlines the major discoveries in DNA research from 1910 to 1953. It begins with Thomas Morgan's confirmation in 1910 that chromosomes are the molecules of inheritance. Important early experiments were conducted by Griffith in 1928 and Avery in 1944 suggesting DNA was the molecule of inheritance. In 1950, Chargaff determined purine and pyrimidine amounts were equal in DNA strands. Franklin photographed DNA in 1952 providing evidence it was a double strand. Watson and Crick used this photo and Chargaff's rules to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA's structure.
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A Short History of DNA
Johann Friedrich Miescher first characterized DNA in 1869 after extracting it from cell nuclei where he called the substance "nuclein". Through the late 19th century, scientists determined DNA's components include sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous organic bases. In the early 20th century, models proposed DNA as made of repeating tetranucleotide units. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images and the work of Chargaff supported that DNA had a regular structure. Watson and Crick then used this evidence to propose their famous double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, with two intertwined strands held together by base pairing. This established DNA as the genetic material and explained its ability to self-replicate and
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The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
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1. In the early 1950s, scientists including Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick were working to determine the structure of DNA. Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos provided key evidence of a double helix structure.
2. In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper proposing that DNA consists of two intertwined strands coiled around each other in the shape of a double helix, with bases on the inside pairing according to Chargaff's rules. This successfully described DNA's structure and how it can replicate.
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Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that heat-killed bacteria contained a transforming factor that could change harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria. Oswald Avery and colleagues in 1944 determined that this transforming factor was DNA. Rosalind Franklin's x-ray crystallography work in 1952 provided evidence that DNA has a helical structure, which James Watson and Francis Crick used to propose their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953.
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The document outlines the major discoveries in DNA research from 1910 to 1953. It begins with Thomas Morgan's confirmation in 1910 that chromosomes are the molecules of inheritance. Important early experiments were conducted by Griffith in 1928 and Avery in 1944 suggesting DNA was the molecule of inheritance. In 1950, Chargaff determined purine and pyrimidine amounts were equal in DNA strands. Franklin photographed DNA in 1952 providing evidence it was a double strand. Watson and Crick used this photo and Chargaff's rules to develop their 1953 double helix model of DNA's structure.
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1. During DNA replication, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate and each strand serves as a template for assembling a new complementary strand. This process is semi-conservative, resulting in two double helices each with one original strand and one new strand.
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Johann Friedrich Miescher first characterized DNA in 1869 after extracting it from cell nuclei where he called the substance "nuclein". Through the late 19th century, scientists determined DNA's components include sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous organic bases. In the early 20th century, models proposed DNA as made of repeating tetranucleotide units. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images and the work of Chargaff supported that DNA had a regular structure. Watson and Crick then used this evidence to propose their famous double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, with two intertwined strands held together by base pairing. This established DNA as the genetic material and explained its ability to self-replicate and
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The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how DNA was discovered to be the genetic material through experiments in the 1800s and 1900s. Key figures like Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff contributed to determining DNA's double helix structure and the rules of base pairing between A-T and G-C. The structure forms a spiral with the bases on the inside and a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases.
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1. In the early 1950s, scientists including Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick were working to determine the structure of DNA. Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos provided key evidence of a double helix structure.
2. In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper proposing that DNA consists of two intertwined strands coiled around each other in the shape of a double helix, with bases on the inside pairing according to Chargaff's rules. This successfully described DNA's structure and how it can replicate.
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Fredrick Griffith discovered that heat-killed pneumonia bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into deadly disease-causing bacteria when mixed together and injected into mice. This led researchers like Oswald Avery to determine that DNA was the molecule responsible for transformation. Further experiments by Hershey and Chase showed that the genetic material of viruses that infect bacteria is DNA. Together, these findings established DNA as the genetic material that gets passed from parents to offspring and controls inheritance.
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The document summarizes key evidence and discoveries that led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material:
1) Chargaff's rule showed equal amounts of certain DNA base pairs and hinted at DNA's structure.
2) Franklin and Wilkins' X-ray crystallography provided clues to Watson and Crick, whose 1953 double helix model explained DNA's structure.
3) Griffith's experiment showed one type of bacteria could transform another through some "transforming principle," later shown by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty to be DNA. Hershey and Chase's experiment confirmed DNA is the genetic material of viruses.
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In 1958, Meselsohn and Stahl conducted an experiment showing that DNA replication is semi-conservative. They grew bacteria in a medium containing the heavy isotope nitrogen-15 (N15) and then replicated the bacteria's DNA either once or twice in the light isotope nitrogen-14 (N14). The results showed that after one replication, the parental N15 and new N14 strands remained together, supporting the semi-conservative model of DNA replication.
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The document summarizes the history of molecular genetics and DNA structure. It describes early discoveries like Friedrich Miescher extracting nuclein from cells in 1869, Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance in the 1800s, and Thomas Hunt Morgan's work with fruit flies in the early 1900s. It then covers later discoveries such as Frederick Griffith's work on bacterial transformation in 1928, Avery, McCarty and MacLeod's experiments in the 1940s showing DNA is the transforming principle, and Hershey and Chase's 1952 experiment proving DNA carries genetic information. It concludes with Watson and Crick determining the double helix structure of DNA using data from Franklin, Wilkins and Chargaff in 1953.
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Alfred Hershey
Alfred Hershey was born in 1908 in Michigan. He received his PhD in bacteriology in 1934 from Michigan State University. In the 1950s, Hershey partnered with Martha Chase to conduct experiments tracking the transfer of proteins and DNA between viruses and bacteria. Their famous blender experiments in 1952 used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not proteins, was transferred from the virus to the host bacterium, providing strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material. For this work, Hershey and Chase were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969. Hershey made many other contributions before his death in 1997 and is remembered as one of the pioneers of molecular genetics.
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Fredrick Griffith discovered that heat-killed pneumonia bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into deadly disease-causing bacteria when mixed together and injected into mice. This led researchers like Oswald Avery to determine that DNA was the molecule responsible for transformation. Further experiments by Hershey and Chase showed that the genetic material of viruses that infect bacteria is DNA. Together, these findings established DNA as the genetic material that gets passed from parents to offspring and controls inheritance.
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The document summarizes key evidence and discoveries that led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material:
1) Chargaff's rule showed equal amounts of certain DNA base pairs and hinted at DNA's structure.
2) Franklin and Wilkins' X-ray crystallography provided clues to Watson and Crick, whose 1953 double helix model explained DNA's structure.
3) Griffith's experiment showed one type of bacteria could transform another through some "transforming principle," later shown by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty to be DNA. Hershey and Chase's experiment confirmed DNA is the genetic material of viruses.
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1. Genetic inheritance refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genetic material. DNA was identified as the genetic material based on its ability to stably replicate and mutate over generations.
2. Experiments in the early 20th century identified DNA as the substance within chromosomes that determines inheritance. Key experiments included Avery, MacLeod and McCarty demonstrating transformation is caused by DNA.
3. The structure of DNA was elucidated in 1953 when Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model based on X-ray crystallography data from Franklin and Chargaff's rules regarding nucleotide base ratios. This established DNA as the molecule of heredity.
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3) DNA replication copies genetic information by unwinding the double helix and synthesizing new complementary strands according to base pairing rules, ensuring each daughter cell inherits the full genome. It occurs at replication forks in prok
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Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA molecules from different sources and introducing them into host cells. Key developments include the discovery that DNA carries genetic information (Avery, 1944), determining DNA's structure (Watson and Crick, 1953), developing techniques to cut and join DNA (restriction enzymes and ligase, 1970s), and creating the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining bacterial plasmid and phage DNA (Cohen and Boyer, 1973). These advances laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
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The document discusses Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the discovery of DNA's structure that were not properly credited. Franklin discovered the B-form of DNA and defined conditions for the transition between DNA's two states. Her x-ray photographs of DNA were secretly shown to Watson and Crick and were instrumental in their determination of DNA's double helix structure. Franklin was not awarded a Nobel Prize for her work, which helped reveal DNA's mechanism for genetic replication. The document argues Franklin deserved to be a co-winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her role in elucidating DNA's structure.
Nucleic acids
This document is a biochemistry assignment submitted by Nibedita Ayan, an MBBS student at Xiamen Medical College, China under the guidance of Dr. A. K. M. Arif Uddin Ahmed. The assignment discusses nucleic acids, their discovery, structure, roles, and impacts. It covers topics such as nucleic acids carrying hereditary information and acting as carriers of genes, DNA and RNA having different but important roles, the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis, DNA replication enabling species continuation, and various aberrations in nucleic acids like mutations, which can impact evolution, cancer development, and more.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
1. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store genetic information and act as information molecules. DNA contains the genetic code for synthesizing proteins.
2. DNA has a double helix structure with two anti-parallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases (A=T, C=G). RNA is similar but contains ribose and uracil instead of deoxyribose and thymine.
3. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey-Chase, and others established DNA as the genetic material, directing protein synthesis and transfer of traits from parent to offspring. The DNA double helix structure was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on X-ray crystallography
Retos de la Bioinformatica
The document discusses the history of discoveries related to DNA and genetics from 1859 to 1990. Some key events summarized are:
- In the 1850s-1900s, scientists like Darwin, Mendel, Miescher, and others made discoveries laying the foundations of genetics and heredity.
- In the 1920s-1950s, scientists including Griffith, Avery, Chargaff, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick contributed to understanding that DNA is the genetic material and determining its structure.
- In the 1950s-1960s, Nirenberg, Khorana and Ochoa helped decipher the genetic code by which DNA specifies proteins.
- In the 1970s,
BU5.1 DNA Structure & Function
1. DNA encodes genetic information and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands bonded together.
2. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using evidence from Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers showing the molecule consisted of two strands twisted around each other.
3. DNA has three main functions - storing genetic information through protein coding genes, duplicating itself through DNA replication, and transmitting genetic information between generations during cellular reproduction.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l1. introduction and historical background part i (1)
1. In 1972, Paul Berg constructed the first recombinant DNA molecule in vitro by combining DNA from different organisms, marking the birth of recombinant DNA technology.
2. In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer developed the first successful method of gene cloning by inserting the kanamycin resistance gene into a bacterial plasmid.
3. Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of organisms and has led to important discoveries such as the production of human insulin in bacteria in 1982.
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Basic concepts & scope of recombinant DNA technology
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Lectut btn-202-ppt-l1. introduction and historical background part i (1)
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l1. introduction and historical background part i (1)
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Bell quiz
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4 mechanisms for evolution 2012
The Grand Canyon separates two populations of squirrels, the Albert and Kaibab squirrels. The canyon acts as a geographic barrier that has led to allopatric speciation as the squirrel populations evolved independently on either side over time with limited gene flow between them.
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The document provides evidence from multiple sources supporting the theory of evolution by natural selection, including the fossil record, anatomical record, molecular record, and artificial selection. It describes how each line of evidence, such as homologous and vestigial structures, comparative embryology, DNA and protein comparisons, and examples of selective breeding, provides independent lines of confirmation that organisms are descended from common ancestors and have evolved over time.
Learning goal 2
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1840s to understand inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited in distinct units (now called genes) and that some traits (alleles) are dominant over others. Through his experiments with pea plants over multiple generations, Mendel discovered his Laws of Inheritance - the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws describe how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Learning goal 2
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1840s to understand inheritance of traits. He found that pea plants bred true for traits over generations, and that when he crossed plants with contrasting traits, one trait was dominant in the first generation offspring. In subsequent generations, the recessive trait re-emerged in a ratio of 1 in 4 offspring. His experiments led him to propose that factors (now called genes) are inherited independently and traits are inherited following rules of dominance and segregation.
Meiosis learning goal 1
Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction in most plants and animals. It results in the production of gametes or sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. This ensures that fertility can occur when gametes from two individuals fuse, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis involves two rounds of division that separate homologous chromosome pairs and then sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells from each original diploid cell.
Modeling meiosis
This document provides instructions for modeling the process of meiosis using yarn and index cards. Students will cut yarn into pieces to represent chromosomes and tape them to index cards to demonstrate the stages of meiosis. They will label each card and arrange them to show the full process, including genetic segregation and crossing over. After building the model, students will explain meiosis to a classmate and have their classmate do the same. They will then answer questions about the results of each meiotic division and how meiosis leads to genetic variation.
Meiosis learning goal 1
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces gametes necessary for sexual reproduction. It results in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. This is important as it ensures the zygote formed during fertilization is diploid. Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material before separating. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, separating sister chromatids. Meiosis occurs in the gonads, creating sperm and egg cells with half the normal chromosome number to restore diploidy upon fertilization.
Normal chicken stomach cell growth
The cell cycle of normal chicken stomach cells takes longer than cancerous chicken stomach cells, with interphase lasting 120 minutes for normal cells compared to 16 minutes for cancerous cells. Each phase of mitosis is also shortened for cancerous cells, such as prophase taking 60 minutes for normal cells and only 15 minutes for cancerous cells.
Pair share 9.3
The document provides a list of Latin prefixes and their definitions to be added to a vocabulary sheet. It then instructs students to match each prefix to its definition. As an assignment, students are asked to write a poem, song, or lyrics explaining how the prefixes relate to the stages of mitosis and the cell cycle. The prefixes are: inter (between), pro (earlier than), meta (later than), ana (upward or backward), and telo (ending).
Pair share chapter_9
The document provides a list of Latin prefixes - inter, pro, meta, ana, and telo - and their definitions. It then asks students to write a poem, song, or lyric explaining how these prefixes relate to the stages of mitosis and the cell cycle based on their meanings. Specifically, that "inter" refers to the time between cell division, "pro" refers to the early stage of mitosis, "meta" refers to the later stage of mitosis, "ana" refers to the sister chromatids pulling apart, and "telo" refers to the end of mitosis.
Mitosis ppt
The document discusses cell reproduction through mitosis and its stages. It describes the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. In prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. In metaphase, chromosomes align in the center. In anaphase, chromosomes separate. In telophase, new nuclear envelopes form around separated chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells.
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Learning goal 3
- 1. DNA Discovery that DNA, not Protein is Genetic Material Fredrick Griffith Oswald Avery Hershey and Chase Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick DNA Structure Nucleotides Nitrogen Bases Base-Pairing Rule DNA Replication Helicase DNA Polymerase Result
- 2. Unit IV Learning Goal 3 DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF DNA, ITS DISCOVERY, AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN DNA REPLICATION.
- 3. Discovery that DNA not Protein is Genetic Material Frederick Griffith (1928) Heat killed pneumonia bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into bacteria that caused pneumonia.
- 4. Avery’s World Pneumonia leading cause of death in America, early 1900’s. 50,000 deaths/year. During World War I called the “Captain of Death” in hospitals. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/index.html
- 5. Oswald Avery (1944) Discovered that nucleic acids were the only molecules that could transform bacteria. DNA not RNA was responsible for transformation because it still occurred when enzymes had destroyed the RNA.
- 6. Hershey and Chase (1952) Found viruses that attack bacteria did so by injecting their DNA not proteins.
- 7. Discovery of DNA Structure Erwin Chargaff (1949) Found that the DNA molecule was double- stranded. Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine
- 8. Rosalind Franklin Discovered that the DNA molecule is a helix (twisted) through X-ray diffraction research.
- 9. James Watson and Francis Crick Used the research of the others to figure out the exact structure of the DNA molecule.
- 10. DNA Structure Nucleotides – DNA is made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. Nitrogen Bases – The nitrogen bases are, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Base Pairing Rule – Nitrogen bases are bonded with hydrogen bonds according to the base-pairing rule: A – T and G - C
- 11. DNA Replication Helicase The enzyme helicase causes the DNA double helix to unwind and unzip down the middle. DNA Polymerase Loose nucleotides are then bonded to exposed nitrogen bases on both sides of the molecule by another enzyme called DNA polymerase. Result At the end of the process there are two copies of the original DNA molecule. This is called semiconservative replication because one strand of the original molecule is contained in each new molecule.
- 12. Pneumonia Today World Health Organization calls Pneumonia “ The Forgotten Killer of Children” http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9280640489_eng.pdf