Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs dramatically expand financing opportunities for o...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could dramatically expand future reserve-based debt financing opportunities in the global oil & gas industry.
Key take-aways:
- Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are new type of clean, green CO2-free nuclear energy source that has huge energy densities, vastly lower costs versus fission or fusion, and could enable truly sustainable economic growth.
- Development and utilization of LENR thermal sources for process heat could help reduce upstream and downstream costs for oil & gas producers and significantly decrease CO2 emission footprints for the entire oil & gas industry.
- Should be possible to develop green LENR fuels derived from aromatic fractions present in oil, coal, and biomass as well as C-aromatics produced from natural gas; these would be suitable for use in many applications that include stationary/portable power generation and vehicular propulsion.
- Oil & gas companies that successfully employ technology to produce LENR fuels for sale to customers can: (1) exploit a major strategic diversification opportunity to expand beyond their present product lines and (2) greatly enhance their capacity for RBL debt financing as a result of very substantial increases in net present economic value of their proven fossil fuel reserves.
- Existing crude oil refineries could be modified to add capabilities for production of LENR fuels in parallel with traditional industry products.
- Not competitive; LENRs are a strategic opportunity for oil & gas companies.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - Clive Irving publishes Daily Beast story implicating lit...Lewis Larsen
Clive Irving’s October 15, 2015 Daily Beast article is a truly excellent piece of investigative journalism and must-read for anyone interested in understanding the likely fate of the Boeing 777 aircraft in Malaysian Airline's ill-fated flight MH-370
Theory of the mysterious MH-370 event propounded in his article --- that (1) a fiery conflagration triggered by a Lithium-ion thermal runaway battery fire in Motorola cargo positioned in close proximity to the Boeing 777’s forward avionics bay; and (2) breached a nearby bulkhead which compromised the integrity of key aircraft equipment located in that bay; and that (3) toxic fumes and smoke from the fire subsequently incapacitated or killed the flight crew and passengers --- is fully consistent with the presently known collection of facts about this tragic incident
Irving and his technical experts theorize that --- a very hot Lithium-ion battery fire and perhaps explosion (1) could occur spontaneously and (2) release enough thermal energy to fuel a catastrophic cargo fire capable of (3) damaging the plane’s avionics bay and (4) ultimately incapacitating most if not all of the people on board MH-370 --- is fully consistent with Lattice’s predictions about the likely probabilities and dangerous heating behavior of spontaneous thermal runaways, especially those called “field-failures” that can occur in Lithium-based batteries
Conclusion: Lithium-based batteries in air cargo can pose very serious safety risks
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Electron capture in a fully ionized plasma - Sept 17 2014Lewis Larsen
Masterful riposte by Widom-Larsen theory coauthors (Widom & Srivastava) and Swain invalidates erroneous criticisms of Maiani et al. (2014) and reaffirms the correctness of our original 2006 EPJC estimates for many-body collective electroweak neutron production rates
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs dramatically expand financing opportunities for o...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could dramatically expand future reserve-based debt financing opportunities in the global oil & gas industry.
Key take-aways:
- Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are new type of clean, green CO2-free nuclear energy source that has huge energy densities, vastly lower costs versus fission or fusion, and could enable truly sustainable economic growth.
- Development and utilization of LENR thermal sources for process heat could help reduce upstream and downstream costs for oil & gas producers and significantly decrease CO2 emission footprints for the entire oil & gas industry.
- Should be possible to develop green LENR fuels derived from aromatic fractions present in oil, coal, and biomass as well as C-aromatics produced from natural gas; these would be suitable for use in many applications that include stationary/portable power generation and vehicular propulsion.
- Oil & gas companies that successfully employ technology to produce LENR fuels for sale to customers can: (1) exploit a major strategic diversification opportunity to expand beyond their present product lines and (2) greatly enhance their capacity for RBL debt financing as a result of very substantial increases in net present economic value of their proven fossil fuel reserves.
- Existing crude oil refineries could be modified to add capabilities for production of LENR fuels in parallel with traditional industry products.
- Not competitive; LENRs are a strategic opportunity for oil & gas companies.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - Clive Irving publishes Daily Beast story implicating lit...Lewis Larsen
Clive Irving’s October 15, 2015 Daily Beast article is a truly excellent piece of investigative journalism and must-read for anyone interested in understanding the likely fate of the Boeing 777 aircraft in Malaysian Airline's ill-fated flight MH-370
Theory of the mysterious MH-370 event propounded in his article --- that (1) a fiery conflagration triggered by a Lithium-ion thermal runaway battery fire in Motorola cargo positioned in close proximity to the Boeing 777’s forward avionics bay; and (2) breached a nearby bulkhead which compromised the integrity of key aircraft equipment located in that bay; and that (3) toxic fumes and smoke from the fire subsequently incapacitated or killed the flight crew and passengers --- is fully consistent with the presently known collection of facts about this tragic incident
Irving and his technical experts theorize that --- a very hot Lithium-ion battery fire and perhaps explosion (1) could occur spontaneously and (2) release enough thermal energy to fuel a catastrophic cargo fire capable of (3) damaging the plane’s avionics bay and (4) ultimately incapacitating most if not all of the people on board MH-370 --- is fully consistent with Lattice’s predictions about the likely probabilities and dangerous heating behavior of spontaneous thermal runaways, especially those called “field-failures” that can occur in Lithium-based batteries
Conclusion: Lithium-based batteries in air cargo can pose very serious safety risks
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Electron capture in a fully ionized plasma - Sept 17 2014Lewis Larsen
Masterful riposte by Widom-Larsen theory coauthors (Widom & Srivastava) and Swain invalidates erroneous criticisms of Maiani et al. (2014) and reaffirms the correctness of our original 2006 EPJC estimates for many-body collective electroweak neutron production rates
Lattice Energy LLC - Renewable lignin biomass aromatics convert into green ra...Lewis Larsen
Two of three major components in biomass - cellulose and hemicellulose - are polymerized sugars that can readily be chemically fermented to create renewable biofuels (this is now occurring commercially); the third, Lignin, is much more resistant to chemical degradation into smaller aromatic molecules. Until recently, Lignin was more-or-less ignored by industry and academic biotech researchers, being regarded more as just a waste product to be burned. Importantly, Lignin is only known major natural source of renewable aromatics. Out in Nature, Lignins are mainly broken-down by various fungi and bacteria. Biotechnologists are now beginning to focus on improving various chemical and enzymatic processes that reduce Lignin to smaller molecules, e.g. aromatics. In 2014, Larsen became aware of improvements in Lignin digestion methods. Advances in chemical processing of Lignin to yield basic aromatic molecules opens-up future possibility of creating revolutionary CO2-free LENR fuels from renewable biomass aromatics that would have 5,000x greater energy density than that of gasoline.
Energy-dense, CO2-free LENR fuels derived from aromatic polymers in biomass could potentially become an effectively inexhaustible new source of green energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology fits beautifully into Saudi Arabias Visi...Lewis Larsen
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are new type of clean, green CO2-free nuclear energy source that has huge energy densities, vastly lower costs versus fission or fusion, and could enable truly sustainable economic growth. Development and utilization of LENR thermal sources for process heat could help reduce upstream and downstream costs for Saudi Aramco and SABIC; also significantly decrease CO2 emission footprint for all of KSA’s industries. Research institutions K●A●CARE and KAUST would have key development roles. Should be possible to develop nanoparticulate LENR fuels derived from aromatic fractions present in oil as well as Carbon-aromatics produced from natural gas; would be suitable for use in huge array of customer applications that include stationary/portable power generation and vehicular propulsion. LENRs would enable development of extremely broad range of new types of high performance products that use low-cost, enormously versatile LENR power sources; these new products could be indigenously produced by Saudi companies and then exported to diverse customers located all over the world. Aramco’s existing crude oil refineries could be modified to add capability for future production of LENR fuels in parallel with traditional industry products. LENRs are a major strategic opportunity for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that fits beautifully into many key goals in the country’s very bold Vision 2030 plan.
Lattice Energy LLC - Connecting the Unconnected and Empowering the Powerless ...Lewis Larsen
LENRs: connecting the unconnected and empowering the powerless --- delivering rural electrification and the Internet revolution to more than 1.4 billion energy-poor people scattered around the world.
Cloud Operations and Analytics: Improving Distributed Systems Reliability usi...Jorge Cardoso
Lecture given at the Technical University of Munich, 12 December 2016, on Cloud Operations and Analytics: Improving Distributed Systems Reliability using Fault Injection.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
In February 2010, EPA finally nailed down it's analysis and implementation plan for the Renewable Fuels Standard, version 2.0. This presentation covers the main issues and highlights, and delves into some of the minutia before providing key resources for anyone wanting to learn more.
Oh yeah... and images of East Tennessee biofuel pumps (E85, B20, B6) are scattered throughout the presentation just to provide some ET flavor!
A Green New Deal 2018 - energy and jobs in the UKJeremy Leggett
Repairing economies requires major new investments in sustainable-energy jobs (that will more than pay themselves back), and the UK is a perfect example
Lattice Energy LLC- LENRs vs Nuclear Fission and Natural Gas for Power Genera...Lewis Larsen
• LENRs are a ‘green’, extremely energy-dense technology; strongly complements lower-density renewable sources such as wind and solar power
• Enable revolutionary portable nuclear power sources
• Are surprisingly synergistic with and useful to the oil and coal industries over the immediate future
• Could potentially enable cost-effective small-scale distributed generation worldwide; enhance stability of existing grids and help bring electricity to 1.6 billion people now living in rural areas without any power
• Number of large Japanese companies now involved in LENR R&D --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others --- somebody, somewhere will eventually succeed
• Conclusions: if commercialized, LENRs could be an extremely disruptive technology and affect many markets; grid-level LENR-based power plants could potentially be ~ 54 - 74% less costly vs. natural gas; possibility of retrofitting fossil plants with LENRs
"The Stone Age came to an end,
but not for a lack of stones,
and the oil age will end,
but not for a lack of oil.”
H.E. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani (2000)
Former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia
All the energy that humans use comes directly or indirectly from the sun. In the
beginning, humans used their own strength, which came from their food. That was the
only energy source for hundreds of thousands of years, until fire was discovered
350,000 years ago, burning wood as fuel. They had discovered the biomass as energy
source.
The Race of Our Lives: A summary of Jeremy Grantham’s seminal note to investo...Jeremy Leggett
A precis of the recently-updated 35 page classic note by the investment legend, aiming to be readable in minutes. Subject: climate change meets population meets soil meets agriculture, meets other problems .....and implications for both investors and the rest of us.
Solar Power vs Wind Power for Individuals - Henrik FrankHenrik Frank
Is it a better solution for “carbon neutral” homes to utilize on-site solar or wind power or should these be provided in commercial scale farms.
By Henrik Frank
Marine Power Systems (MPS) has published a report outlining the potential for wave power to contribute to 10% of global electricity demand by 2050.
The report titled Making Wave Power Work provides an analysis of the economic and environmental potential that wave power offers both the UK and the rest of the world.
It calls on industry and trade bodies to join up their communications around the 10% target, and businesses and governments to ramp up steady financial support and policy stability. (Source: http://tidalenergytoday.com/2017/06/28/mps-calls-for-10-wave-energy-target-by-2050/)
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs Could Enable a Moores Law for Energy - Nov 19 2014Lewis Larsen
Uniquely radiation-free LENRs could enable a Moore’s Law for Energy: exponential increases in our available energy supplies will be needed to meet future global demand arising from achieving universal electrification and Internet connectivity at reasonable societal cost, along with a concomitant drastic reduction of CO2 emissions.
This is the only entirely new type of primary energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that can potentially extend the lifetime of present fossil fuel reserves by transforming aromatic fractions of oil and coal into 21st century green CO2-free LENR fuels as well as providing the world economy with an extremely dense source of affordable green energy, connecting the unconnected, and empowering billions of presently powerless people.
Wind Europe - EcoEnergyBook is a professional tool for the Renewable Energy Industry. The tool provides industry insight, company profiles, contact information, media companies, events, resources and more.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Similar to Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation critical to national energy security - Feb 10 2017 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation critical to national energy security - Feb 10 2017
1. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 1
Contact: 1-312-861-0115 Chicago, Illinois USA
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
February 10, 2017
Adequate reasonably priced
dispatchable power generation is
critical for every country’s energy security
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total
national demand for power because they are intermittent
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 1
Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that
Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically
envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical
2. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 2February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 2
National energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability,
and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers
could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have
adequate dispatchable power generation capacity
Image credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim
Calm day at Barrow offshore
wind turbine farm located off
Walney Island in the Irish Sea
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy
sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission
power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out,
what will replace them?
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and
sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower
the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that
electricity will definitely be available in the future.”
Heiner Flassbeck, prominent German economist January 10, 2017
3. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 3
“The Great Smog of 1952. Sorry, 2017”
Credit: Toby Melville/Reuters
January 2017: days of fog and no wind caused London smog
Weather events like this reduce both solar and wind power generation
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 3
“A look at last week’s pollution provides some
clues – other factors were involved in London’s
atmospheric woes this winter. One couldn’t be
more simple: the weather. ‘Meteorological
conditions have been stagnant for several weeks,’
said Martyn Chipperfield, professor of
atmospheric chemistry at Leeds University. ‘There
has been a stable, blocking anticyclone resting
over Britain and that has trapped air over the
country. There has been nothing to blow the
pollution away. Worse, any winds that we have had
have come from the south east, from Europe
where the air is already polluted. Our prevailing
winds usually blow in from the Atlantic bringing in
fairly fresh air. Instead, all we have had is the odd
puff of already polluted air’.”
The Guardian on January 29, 2017
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/29/pollution-air-quality-london-environment
4. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 4
Contents
German weather in Dec. 2016 exposed weakness in Energiewende renewable strategy .… 5 - 18
Longer-duration weather events like Germany in Dec. 2016 have occurred elsewhere .…. 19 - 29
Grid-level electricity storage uneconomic for totally replacing dispatchable power ............. 30 - 32
Chemical battery technology is maturing and approaching its technological limits ........... 33 - 34
Wind/solar renewable energy densities orders-of-magnitude less than fossil fuels ............ 35 - 36
Dispatchable power generation synergistic with renewables and will always be needed ... 37 - 38
Nuclear power generation is dispatchable, CO2-free, and reduces fossil fuel use ……........ 39
Fission power generation is well-developed mature technology with many drawbacks ..…. 40 - 41
Nuclear fusion could replace fission; however, after 60 years still not commercialized …... 42 - 53
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) as alternative technology …….. 54 - 55
Major Japanese companies now developing LENRs: Mitsubishi, Toyota, and Nissan ……… 56 - 57
Japanese government has resumed funding of R&D in LENRs ……………….………………… 58 - 59
U.S. House Armed Services Committee requests briefing on LENRs from Defense Dept. … 60 - 62
NASA believes that LENRs are an “ideal energy solution” ……………………………………….. 63 - 64
Brief overview of LENRs, key role of applied nanotechnology, and development plan ……. 65 - 80
LENRs could ‘green’ fossil energy via Carbon transmutation rather than combustion ....…. 81 - 85
Adoption of LENR technology is strategic opportunity for oil & gas producers ……………... 86 - 90
Quote from Widom-Larsen theory paper published in Pramana - Journal of Physics ………. 91
Published papers and Lattice PowerPoints about Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs ……..….. 92
Scientists have been observing LENR phenomena for 100 years (mostly unknowingly) …… 93
Recent books about LENRs and Widom-Larsen theory …………….…………..…………………. 94
Working with Lattice …………………………………………………………………………………........95
5. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 5
Energiewende is German word for “energy transition”
Shift German energy system from fossil fuels and fission to renewbles
All coal-fired & fission power plants will close by 2040; 60% renewables by 2050
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/
Ambitious program aims to shift into renewable
energy sources in Germany’s electricity sector
Heavy emphasis on solar photovoltaic (PV) and
wind power for renewable energy technologies
Support for program was legislated back in 2010
After 2011 disaster with Fukushima reactors in
Japan, German government eliminated fission as
bridging technology in path to 80+% renewables
Shut-down 9 remaining fission reactors by 2022;
then phase-out all coal powered plants by 2040
Ultimate goal is 60% of electricity production via
renewables by 2050 and, in parallel, reduce total
greenhouse gas emissions from electricity sector
by 80 - 95% relative to earlier levels back in 1990
6. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 6
German primary energy consumption mix in calendar 2016
Renewable energy sources
7. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 7
German economist questions Energiewende assumptions
Dec. 2016: weather caused huge drop in wind & solar power generation
Flassbeck argues event shows that Energiewende won’t provide energy security
“The end of Energiewende”
Heiner Flassbeck
Energy Post on January 10, 2017 translated by Jeffrey Michel”
http://energypost.eu/end-energiewende/
“Stable high-pressure winter weather has resulted in a confrontation. An
Energiewende that relies mainly on wind and solar energy will not work in the long
run. One cannot forgo nuclear power, eliminate fossil fuels, and tell people that
electricity supplies will remain secure all the same.”
“This winter could go down in history as the event that proved the German energy
transition to be unsubstantiated and incapable of becoming a success story.
Electricity from wind and solar generation has been catastrophically low for
several weeks. December brought new declines. A persistent winter high-pressure
system with dense fog throughout Central Europe has been sufficient to unmask
the fairy tale of a successful energy transition, even for me as a lay person.”
“I … never expected to see large-scale solar arrays and wind turbines, including
those offshore, motionless for days on end … data compiled by Agora
Energiewende … have recorded the appalling results for sun and wind at the
beginning of December … from the 12th to 14th.”
8. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 8
German economist questions Energiewende assumptions
Dec. 2016: weather caused huge drop in wind & solar power generation
Flassbeck argues events show that Energiewende won’t provide energy security
Renewablesshortfall
Renewablesshortfall
“Such weather events can
persist for several days. The
first lull lasted about 100 hours,
the second about 50 hours.”
Two large shortfalls in renewables electricity production in one month
~65
GW
~60
GW
9. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 9
German economist questions Energiewende assumptions
Dec. 2016: weather caused huge drop in wind & solar power generation
Flassbeck argues event shows that Energiewende won’t provide energy security
“Of power demand totaling 69.0 gigawatts (GW) at 3 pm on the 12th, for instance,
just 0.7 GW was provided by solar energy, 1.0 by onshore wind power and 0.4
offshore. At noontime on the 14th of December, 70 GW were consumed, with 4
GW solar, 1 GW onshore and somewhat over 0.3 offshore wind. The Agora graphs
make apparent that such wide-ranging doldrums may persist for several days.”
“Let us suppose that today’s wind and solar potential could be tripled by 2030,
allowing almost all of the required energy to be obtained from these two sources
under normal weather conditions. This is an extremely optimistic scenario and
certainly not to be expected, because current policy is slowing down the
expansion of renewable energy sources rather than accelerating it.”
“If a comparable lull occurred in 2030 (stable winter high systems that recur
every few years), then three times the number of solar panels and wind turbines
(assuming current technologies) could logically produce only three times the
amount of electricity. The deficiency of prevailing winds and sunshine will affect
all of these installations, no matter how many there are. Even threefold wind and
solar generation would then fulfill just 20% of requirements – again very
optimistically – assuming that demand had not increased by 2030.”
Quoting from Heiner Flassbeck’s article:
10. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 10
German economist questions Energiewende assumptions
Dec. 2016: weather caused huge drop in wind & solar power generation
Flassbeck argues event shows that Energiewende won’t provide energy security
“However, precisely the opposite can be expected, namely a massive increase
in [electricity] consumption due to the substitution of fossil fuels by electrically
powered automobiles that require increased generation. The possibility of
saving so much energy in this short time, enabling overall consumption to be
decreased despite abandoning fossil fuels, can be confidently ignored.”
“Accordingly, Germany would end up with a catastrophic result 30 years after
the start of the Energiewende. With nuclear power no longer available, a
capacity of at least 50 gigawatts is required by other means, despite an
enormously expanded network of wind turbines and solar systems under
comparable weather conditions. Those other means according to current
knowledge will be provided by coal, oil and gas.”
“In other words, one cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind
and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants (for very good reasons),
significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that
electricity will definitely be available in the future. Exactly that, however, is
what politics largely does almost every day. It is quite irresponsible to persuade
citizens that from 2030 onwards only electrically-powered new cars may be
allowed, as has recently been propagated in the highest political circles.”
Quoting from Heiner Flassbeck’s article:
11. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 11
Power Generation and Demand, Germany - Jan. 1, 2013 through Feb. 23, 2013
Germany experienced prior large renewable power shortfalls
MSR Future tweeted weather shortfalls like Dec. 2016 not that uncommon
Shortfall
Shortfall
Each renewables power
shortfall lasted ~2 weeks
~65
GW
~65
GW
12. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 12
https://plus.google.com/117473380760864450437
Same time period in 2013 but with PV and wind power x4
Even with 4x wind + PV renewables still have shortfalls vs. consumption
Shortfall
~60
GW
Chart has been slightly
modified by Lattice
13. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 13
Energiewende 2050 scenarios: with/without nuclear power
Post explores investment costs needed to handle renewables shortfalls
http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2396941/wind-and-solar-energy-lulls-and-energy-storage-in-germany
“Wind and solar energy lulls:
energy storage in Germany”
Willem Post in The Energy Collective Jan. 24, 2017
If Germany’s Energiewende proceeds as presently planned, by 2050 present
coal-fired and nuclear fission power plants will all have been eliminated
To avoid blackouts in event of weather-related renewable electricity
production shortfalls, grid deficits relative to demand for power will have to
come from combination of electrical storage (batteries), dispatchable power
generation assets, and/or imports from other countries via grid interconnects
In thought provoking article, Willem Post explores future scenarios in 2050
concerning German capacity planning to handle weather-caused renewable
electricity production shortfalls very much like what happened in Dec. 2016
Using plausible set of assumptions and extrapolations, Post estimates capital
investment requirements for two cases: (1) shortfalls will be covered by much
greater amounts of storage and renewable power generation capacity; (2)
shortfalls covered by judicious combination of lesser amounts of renewable
sources and storage plus new 1,100 MW dispatchable nuclear power plants
14. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 14
Energiewende 2050 scenarios: with/without nuclear power
Post explores investment costs needed to handle renewables shortfalls
Finds utilization of nuclear power would reduce Germany’s cost by $ 4 trillion
“Germany aims to have almost all of its domestic electricity consumption from
renewable sources by 2050. The Energiewende targets are 35% RE by 2020,
50% by 2030, 65% by 2040, and 80% by 2050. Thus, about 20% of domestic
electricity consumption could continue to be from fossil fuels, such as natural
gas, in 2050 … In 2016, gross electricity generation was 652 TWh, of which 456
TWh was from conventional generators and 196 TWh was from renewables, i.e.,
about 30% of gross electricity generation was from renewable sources, such as
wind, solar, hydro, bio, etc. … On an annual basis, wind and solar (stochastic
sources) was 126/652 = 19.3% of electricity generation.”
“German household electric rates are the SECOND highest in Europe, about
28.69 eurocent/kWh in 2015; Denmark is the leader with about 30 eurocent/kWh.
Both are RE mavens. France, about 80% nuclear generation, has one of the
lowest.”
Lattice comment: depending on state, U.S. retail electricity rates in cents/kWh
(1 Eurocent ≃ 1 U.S. cent) range from 9.5 to 28.5 (Hawaii); national avg. = 12.75
http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2396941/wind-and-solar-energy-lulls-and-energy-storage-in-germany
Quoting from Willem Post’s article:
15. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 15
German retail electricity price is second highest in Europe
France uses ~75%* nuclear power: retail price is ~40% less than Germany
France
Germany
* Source of 75% is World Nuclear Association – February 8, 2017
16. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 16
Post extrapolates Dec. 2016 renewable shortfalls to 2050
Major assumptions are below; see Energy Collective article for details
“For this alternative, we assume Germany would:
• Consume the same quantity of energy in 2050, as in 2016,
i.e., increased due to population and gross product growth,
but reduced due to energy efficiency.
• Increase its electricity generation from 35% of all energy to
60% of all energy.
• Have 8 times the installed capacity, MW, of wind and solar
systems and associated transmission, in 2050.
• Experience the same wind and solar lulls in December 2050,
as in December 2016.”
“Alt. No. 1, Wind and Solar Lulls in December 2050: RE proponents claim
wind, solar, hydro, bio, etc., generate almost all electricity, and fossil fuel
and nuclear generators are not needed. However, if fossil fuel and nuclear
generators were closed down and wind and solar were minimal, hydro, bio,
etc., whether in Germany or abroad, would not be able to meet Germany’s
electrical demand without massive, bulk energy storage systems.”
http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2396941/wind-and-solar-energy-lulls-and-energy-storage-in-germany
Quoting from Willem Post’s article:
17. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 17
“Summary of capital costs of alternatives [in 2050]: below is a summary of
the capital costs of the two alternatives. The capital cost of the nuclear
alternative is less costly by about 6.71 - 2.68 = $4.03 trillion.”
http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2396941/wind-and-solar-energy-lulls-and-energy-storage-in-germany
Alternative No. 1, without nuclear Alternative No. 2, with nuclear
Post: nuclear power reduces Germany’s cost by ~$4 trillion
Use of dispatchable nuclear power generation much lower-cost strategy
Reduced cost is from smaller investments in renewables and storage capacity
Lattice comment: cost saving of $4 trillion
is ~ 10x cost of new nuclear power plants
18. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 18
http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2396941/wind-and-solar-energy-lulls-and-energy-storage-in-germany
Utilization of nuclear power cuts total capital requirements
Dispatchable nuclear power would also much improve grid resiliency
Can’t achieve Energiewende’s 2050 Carbon emissions cuts without nuclear
Quoting from Willem Post’s article:
“Germany may change its collective mind regarding nuclear energy, once the
people realize the cost and environmental impacts of the required wind, solar
and transmissions system build-outs by 2050, as shown in Alternative No. 1.”
“Germany policymakers are beginning to realize expensive, bulk energy
storage systems are not an economically viable option in the near future.”
“At a cost of about $0.45 trillion for nuclear plants (with almost no CO2
emissions), implementing the Energiewende would be about $4.03 trillion less
costly, plus the environmental adversities of wind turbines, solar panels and
associated transmission lines would be significantly less intrusive.”
[Under the nuclear power scenario] “German electricity generation would be
about 90% without CO2 emissions by 2050; bio-electricity has CO2 emissions).
There can be no hope of achieving that without nuclear plants, and with
continued operation of coal, oil and gas plants.”
19. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 19
Mystery wind drought hit the western U.S. during first half of 2015
Total wind-powered electrical output down 6% while capacity went up 9%
Ongoing climate change disrupts prior weather patterns
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 19
Renewable decreases akin to Germany’s in December 2016
have already occurred elsewhere in the world: far-western
U.S. experienced serious wind drought in first-half 2015
20. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 20
“2015 turned out to be a terrible year for wind power”
Total wind-powered electrical output down 6% while capacity went up 9%
Andrew Follett, energy and environmental reporter
Feb. 24, 2016
“Wind turbines are pretty useless when there’s not much wind. That’s what the
wind power industry learned in 2015 when lots of subsidized turbines were
installed, but there was less wind to generate electricity. Average wind speeds
were 20 percent below those of the previous year, and the trend appears set to
continue in 2016, according to a Monday report by New Scientist. As a result,
the amount of electricity produced by wind turbines dropped 6 percent even
though lots of new turbines were built, according to Energy Information
Administration (EIA) … Electricity from new wind farms is still three times more
expensive than power generated from existing conventional power plants
and four times more expensive than power from nuclear reactors. Wind power
has been heavily subsidized since the 1980s and still gets 69 times more in
subsidies than coal, oil, and natural gas per watt. Wind power still isn’t capable
of providing electricity at predictable times. The output of a wind power plant is
quite variable over time, but the times when wind power generates the most
electricity don’t coincide with the times when power is most needed. Peak
power demand also occurs in the evenings, when solar power is going offline.”
http://dailycaller.com/2016/02/24/2015-turned-out-to-be-a-terrible-year-for-wind-power/#ixzz41bsV92Ev
21. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 21
Major wind drought occurred in U.S. during first half 2015
DNV-GL operates in over 100 countries and employs 16,000 professionals
“During the first half of 2015, large swaths of the United States (U.S.) experienced
anomalously low winds, whose geographic extent and longevity eclipses any similar
event in recent history. Ebbs in windiness are of course commonplace, driven by
the passage of weather systems - some fair, some stormy - but rarely do so such
lulls last beyond a few days. A number of claims and hypotheses have been made
about the connection between the low winds and various climatic drivers - some are
highly speculative. Unfortunately, such claims greatly outnumber established
results. To help remedy this situation, this note attempts to illuminate the
characteristics of the anomalous winds and, through careful quantitative analysis,
offers one plausible explanation for their origin … wind speeds over much of the
U.S. ranged from 6% below the long term mean to a deficit as high as 20%. Over
California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, southeast Texas, and Florida,
these are the lowest observed wind speeds within the entire 1979-present record.
However, other regions were not nearly as affected, particularly the Great Plains
which has a large installed capacity of operating wind farms. By mid-year, the winds
returned to their more normal patterns of variability. It is natural to seek the root
causes of this event, and to determine whether we will ever witness a so long-lived
and so significant event in the future.”
https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-study-el-nino-not-cause-of-2015-wind-drought--57798
“Whither the winds in 2015? Analysis of the anomalously
low winds in the U.S.” Doc. #108917-RT-01-A Feb. 12, 2016
22. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 22
Fig. 2-1 in DNV-GL report “Whither the winds in 2015?”
Image shows departure from mean wind speeds for first half of 2015
Darkest shade of blue indicates greatest value for deviation from mean = ~21%
Data source: NASA (generated from MERRA)
Wind
drought
region
23. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 23
Wind power fluctuations spatially correlated over kilometers
Violates present industry assumptions: Bandi et al. publish key analysis
http://www.oist.jp/news-center/news/2016/3/3/re-thinking-renewable-energy-predictions
“Re-thinking renewable energy predictions”
By Rebecca Hofland, March 3, 2016 [excerpts are below]
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology news center
OIST Prof. Mahesh M. Bandi, whose team conducted the research, said, “A fluctuating
power source threatens the even distribution of power in the electrical grid. That
makes it difficult to balance the fluctuating power output with the fluctuating consumer
demand.” They “ … analysed data from the Irish grid wind farms and saw that power
outputs from the farms on the grid fluctuate in similar ways. This is different than
previously thought. “It’s generally assumed that geographically distributed wind farms
are independent. In other words, the fluctuations in power output from one wind farm
are different from that of another wind farm, say 50 km away,” Bandi said. Instead, the
data that Bandi and his team analysed showed that the wind farms on a grid no longer
function independently of one another in response to local wind speed conditions, but
instead become part of a larger geographic weather system that forces all the wind
farms to have similar or correlated outputs for a time span of up to one day … The
unpredictability of wind power supply, as well as working with a larger geographic
weather system can then create errors in forecasting power output … “This technique
or tool is not limited to wind power,” Bandi said. This means it can also be used across
other renewable energy sources to predict error, so long as they possess time-related
corresponding changes that have a statistical structure.
24. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 24
Wide-area wind droughts & spatially-correlated power output
“Variability adds a cost to renewable power … absent in conventional …”
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023015/pdf
“Grid-scale fluctuations and forecast error in wind
power” G. Bel, C. Connaighton, M. Toots, and M. Bandi
New Journal of Physics 18 pp. 023015 (2016)
“One normally assumes that geographically distant wind farms are independent and
that temporal correlations in the fluctuating wind power for each farm do not
translate into long-range spatial correlations … Using data from the Irish grid
operator EIRGRID as a representative example, we studied the temporal correlations
in the aggregate wind power entering the Irish grid. The Irish grid is fed by 224 wind
farms spread across the Republic of Ireland, a much larger number of farms than the
number in the aggregate power previously considered in Texas. We found that the
aggregate wind power entering the Irish grid exhibits temporally correlated
fluctuations with a self-similar structure. The persistence of correlations, despite an
order of magnitude increase in the number of wind farms (and their spatial
distribution), strongly points to the presence of long-range spatial correlations in the
atmospheric turbulence, which couples geographically distributed wind farms,
thereby rendering them non-independent … forecast models constitute essential
tools in estimating the magnitude of fluctuations beforehand and in planning for the
optimal operating reserves required on call. Yet, no standards for forecast accuracy
currently exist … Here, we suggest that the performance of wind power forecast
models (as well as the performance of any model for non-stationary processes)
should also account for the quality of the prediction against temporal correlations.”
25. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 25
Copper Mountain solar farm in Boulder City,
Nevada, produces 458 MW/yr. of electricity
for ~18,000 homes; uses ~1 million PV solar
panels and covers land area of 1.8 sq. km
Volcanic eruptions can reduce sunlight at Earth’s surface
Increases amount of sunlight reflected (albedo) - can affect large regions
Solar power production can also be greatly reduced for long times in desert areas
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 25
26. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 26
Mount St. Helens (Oregon, USA) eruption on May 18, 1980 - photo taken from a small aircraft
Photo credit: Richard Bowen (1980)
Volcanic eruptions can reduce sunlight at Earth’s surface
Increases amount of sunlight reflected (albedo) - can affect large regions
Ability to generate solar power can be substantially reduced for long time periods
27. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 27
Series of minor volcanic eruptions can reduce sunlight
Reduction can cause measurable decreases in solar power generation
"We were able to show that part of the cause of the recent lack of
temperature increase is the large number of minor volcanic
eruptions during the last 15 years. The ash and chemicals from
these eruptions caused less sunlight than usual to arrive at the
Earth's surface, temporarily reducing the amount of temperature
increase we measured at the surface and in the lower troposphere.
The most recent round of climate models studied for the IPCC
report did not adequately include the effects of these volcanoes,
making their predictions show too much warming. For climate
models to make accurate predictions, it is necessary that the input
data that is fed into the model is accurate. Examples of input data
include information about changes in greenhouse gases,
atmospheric particles and solar output."
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-
cent/2014/feb/25/global-warming-slowdown-volcanoes-contribute
“Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperatures”
B. Santer et al., Nature Geoscience 7 pp. 185 - 189 (2014)
https://dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/89054
28. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 28
Huge volcanic eruptions drastically impact Earth’s climate
Toba eruption 74,000 years ago reduced sunlight at surface for 10 years
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/shindell_12/
“Roughly 74,000 years ago, a ‘super-eruption’ took place in Indonesia, the
largest known eruption in the past 100,000 years. The Toba eruption was
enormous, throwing out roughly 1,000 times as much rock as the 1980
eruption of Mt. St. Helens. Dust trapped in polar ice cores shows that ejected
material spread around the globe, indicating that the eruption injected
substantial material into the stratosphere, where it can strongly affect
climate … Recently we used state-of-the-art climate models to examine this
question … Among the most interesting findings was that in response to the
reduced sunlight able to penetrate the think blanket of ash and particles in
the atmosphere, broadleaf evergreen trees and tropical deciduous trees
virtually disappeared for several years. However, the Earth's climate
returned to near-normal conditions within a decade in most simulations.”
29. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 29
Toba eruption 74,000 years ago hugely impacted climate
Researchers used climate models to simulate effects of this eruption
Fig. 2: response of global mean surface air temperature and albedo
(reflectivity) following the eruption of Toba (at year 0)
http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2009/2009_Robock_etal_1.pdf
“Did the Toba eruption of ~ 74 ka B.P. produce widespread glaciation?”
A. Robock et al., Journal of Geophysical Research 114 pp. D10107 (2009)
“ … a Toba-like eruption could certainly produce a decade-long volcanic
winter, with serious effects on plant and animal life … While our results show
that indeed the eruption could have produced great stress on humans and
their environment, it would have been quite concentrated in the few very dark,
cold, and dry years immediately following the eruption … it is probable that the
sudden dark, cold, and dry conditions that followed the super-eruption of Toba
about 74,000 years ago could have largely destroyed the food supplies of
humans and therefore caused a significant reduction in population sizes.”
30. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 30
Grid-level storage for wind/solar intermittency and shortfalls
Extremely large flow batteries touted as effective technological solution
Large present-era ‘dumb’ power grids
require continuous electricity production
that ideally matches demand on a second-
by-second basis; also need adequate power
generation capacity that can be dispatched
to increase power into grids on short notice
Wind and solar power sources are
inherently intermittent in electricity output;
modern wide-area grids could not function
at 99+ % availability if power generation was
only provided by renewable energy sources
Enter possibility of flow batteries that are
low-cost vs. Li-ion; can be volumetrically
scaled-up to grid-level storage capacities
Good technology within certain limitations,
largest being their intrinsically low energy
density: newly discovered quinone-based
chemistry only achieves ~50 Wh/kg versus
150 - 200 Wh/kg for commercial Lithium-ion
Conceptual schematic of a flow battery
Membrane separates charge-carrier liquids
31. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 31
Source of Table 1: “Introduction to Flow Batteries: Theory and
Applications,” Bhaskar Garg, Stanford University, March 22, 2012
Comparison: energy densities of flow batteries vs. other battery types
Issue: flow batteries have fraction of Lithium-ion chemistry’s energy density
Concept: huge battery farms store electricity produced by wind or solar
Flow batteries can buffer wind or solar generation shortfalls
32. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 32
Solar PV and Li-battery costs have been falling over time
Chart shows how experience curve effect cut costs from 1976 to 2014
Cost reductions eventually flatten-out for all technologies as they hit their limits
33. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 33
http://theenergycollective.com/onclimatechangepolicy/347491/making-low-carbon-future-better-well-cheaper
Source of chart:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
report
Battery cost reduction tied to increases in energy density
If energy density increases slow down then cost reductions will stagnate
Source of chart:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
report
34. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 34
Note: superimposed
orange S-curve and
dates added by Lattice
Batteries are maturing and approaching technological limits
Energy density increases and related cost reductions will slow down
1859
1899
Next 10 -15 years
http://www.estquality.com/technology
Adapted from original source by Lattice
1991
2016
1996
Lattice predicts
Battery costs will likely not drop low-enough to replace dispatchable power
35. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 35
Fossil fuels exhausted within ~ 150 - 200 years from today
Over 80% of total global energy demand now satisfied by fossil fuels
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 35
36. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 36
Fossil fuel reserves exhausted within < 200 years per BP
Solar PV/wind: energy density insufficient to 100% replace fossil fuels
World will always need dense energy sources for transportation & portable power
http://www.drexel.edu/~/media/Files/greatworks/pdf_sum10/WK8_Layton_EnergyDensities.ash
Petroleum energy density:
“A single gallon of gasoline
contains approximately forty (40)
megajoules of chemical energy.
Dividing energy by volume yields
an energy density of ten billion
joules per cubic meter. Gasoline is
ten quadrillion times more energy-
dense than solar radiation and one
billion times more energy-dense
than wind and water power.”
Reference: B.E. Layton, International Journal
of Green Energy 5 pp. 438 - 455 (2008)
Comparison of intrinsic energy densities
See: “BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016” this 65th edition was released in June 2016
Gasoline vastly more energy-dense
Batteries for energy storage: flow batteries + solar/wind cannot rival fossil energy densities
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf
37. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 37
World should reduce CO2 emissions from power generation
Dispatchable power generation is synergistic with renewable energy
While some harbor doubts about degree to which human activities contribute to
or exacerbate climate change, published data suggests that increases in
atmospheric CO2 levels are reasonably well-correlated with increases in mean
global temperatures. Consequently, attempting to combat climate change by
decreasing CO2 emissions from power generation is a desirable technological
goal as long as the long-term economic costs for society can be reasonable
Solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and wind generation
are CO2-–free; their output can be substituted for fossil-fueled dispatchable
power plants to cut CO2 emissions. However, renewable energy sources are
intermittent. This intrinsic vulnerability to vagaries of Nature was underscored
by an unexpected and mysterious U.S. wind drought in early 2015 which lasted
for 6 months before vanishing, as well as two large shortfalls in German wind
and solar power production that occurred in December 2016. During 6-month
U.S. wind drought, total electricity produced by wind in U.S. dropped over 15%
Uneconomic to install sufficient excess of wind and solar power generation
capacity and/or add huge amounts of grid battery storage capacity to handle
multi-month episodes of cloud cover and/or vastly reduced wind velocity that
could slash electricity production by wind turbines and solar PV. Fortunately,
dispatchable power generation can readily provide affordable electricity to fill
renewable supply shortfalls; it is thus an essential component of modern grids
38. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 38
Dispatchable power generation will always be needed
Nuclear power could be key component in long-term future of energy
Given the innate variability in power output of renewable green energy sources,
adequate amounts of crucial dispatchable power generation capacity are an
unavoidable necessity and key asset for maintaining modern high-availability
electricity grids that ideally provide customers with 99+ % uptime. This important
requirement would continue to exist even if --- sometime in the near future ---
distributed wind and/or solar renewables became substantially less expensive
sources than baseload nuclear fission or dispatchable fossil-fueled power plants
From just a risk management perspective, maintaining adequate dispatchable
generation capacity would be a cost-effective investment that could also help
prevent an unimaginable societal catastrophe in unlikely event of a very rare,
enormous “Black Swan” volcanic dust eruption that would sharply reduce both
sunlight and wind speeds on Earth’s surface for months or even several years
Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity is thus an invaluable
asset in maintaining 99+% reliable electricity grids and national energy security.
It would also be prudent to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation.
This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, BP
estimates that global fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in < 200 years
Nuclear power plants can be dispatchable and do not emit CO2. Like it or not,
major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable
and could be a key strategic component in the long-term future of green energy
39. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 39
Nuclear power is CO2-free could help reduce emissions
NEA/IEA report: nuclear should double by 2050 to curb global warming
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapNuclearEnergy.pdf
http://www.climatecentral.org/news/nuclear-power-needs-to-double-to-meet-warming-goal-18610
“Nuclear power needs to double to meet warming goal”
By Bobbie Magill, Climate Central, January 29, 2015
“International Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency suggest in a
report released Thursday that nuclear will have such a significant role to play
in climate strategy that nuclear power generation capacity will have to double
by 2050 in order for the world to meet the international 2°C (3.6°F) warming
goal … To accomplish the needed CO2 emissions cuts to keep warming no
greater than 2°C, the IEA says global nuclear power generation capacity
needs to increase to 930 gigawatts from 396 gigawatts by 2050.”
40. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 40
U235
nucleus
splits
apart
i.e.
fissions
U235
nucleus
deforms
U235 nucleus
captures
neutron
n
n
n
n
Emits multiple
MeV-energy
“fast” neutrons
Energetic
gamma photons
γ
γ
UC Davis Chemwiki graphic adapted by Lattice
Nuclear fission uses neutrons to explode heavy atoms
Uranium fission emits deadly energetic gamma and neutron radiation
Process also produces copious amounts of long-lived radioactive waste isotopes
Number of products produced during fission of Uranium-235 nucleus more
complex than shown in above graphic: many, many different isotopes are created
41. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 41
http://www.dw.com/en/opposition-to-nuclear-energy-grows-in-japan/a-36110302
Japanese and German public are opposed to fission power
Germany’s Energiewende plans to phase-out fission reactors by 2022
Japan now imports ~84% of its energy needs; if no fission what will they do?
Image credit: Reuters Credit: Reuters
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/fukushima-reactor-shows-highest-radiation-level-initial-meltdown-180962050/
“Scientists measure highest radiation levels yet inside Fukushima's damaged reactors”
“The latest measurements are over seven times the previously measured high --- enough
to fry a robot in two hours”
Jason Daley in Smithsonian.com on February 6, 2017
Latest estimates are
that clean-up of the
Fukushima site will
cost US$190 billion
and require up to 40
years to complete
42. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 42
Credit: SOHO -ESA & NASA
Could nuclear fusion potentially replace fission someday?
Fusion still not commercialized after 60 years with large R&D funding
Many scientists blithely assume success with fusion technology inevitable
Achieving controlled nuclear fusion
became the Holy Grail of energy science
because it could potentially provide mankind with a
cleaner, less expensive form of CO2-free nuclear power
compared to much less technically difficult but vastly more
problematic (accidents, proliferation) Uranium fission technology.
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 42
Many think that energy’s future will be renewables and fusion.
What happens if this common presumption turns-out to be wrong?
ITER D+T fusion reactor is now being built in Cadarache, France
43. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 43
Recent picture of ITER worksite in Cadarache, France
44. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 44
D+T fusion reaction: 2H+ + 3H+ 4He2+ + 1n + 17.6 MeV
Deuterium + Tritium (D+T) fusion reaction is utilized in ITER
D+T fusion reactor needs 100+ million degree star-like temperatures
Long-sought Holy Grail of government fusion research since mid-1950s
Produces dangerous energetic neutrons and high-energy gamma radiation
n
n
n
nn n
2H+
3H+
n
n n
Fusion of
charged particles
4He2+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
1n
Must overcome
Coulomb barrier
Total is
17.6 MeV
20% of D+T
reaction’s
energy
80% of D+T
reaction’s
energy
45. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 45
Conceptual graphic of D+T tokamak fusion reactor like ITER
D+T reactor needs 100+ million degree temperatures in fusion plasma
Commercial economics dictate that Tritium fuel must be produced in blanket
Price of Tritium fuel for D+T fusion reactors is presently at ~$30,000 per gram.
Current world production from CANDU fission reactors only ~ 20 kilograms/year.
Future D+T fusion reactors would each consume an estimated 100 - 200 kg/yr.
Viable D+T fusion reactors thus probably must produce more Tritium than they
consume as fuel to be cost-competitive for use in commercial power generation
46. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 46
~80% of D+T reactor’s energy output comprises energetic (14 MeV) neutrons that
escape magnetic fields; other ~20% ionized 4He2+ stays in plasma & helps heat it
Being uncharged energetic neutral particles unaffected by magnetic fields, 14
MeV neutrons are very damaging form of deeply penetrating nuclear radiation.
Consequently, D+T fusion reactors have mandatory requirements for ultra high
performance radiation shielding and materials. Some radiation shields must face
directly toward 100+ million degree fusion plasma; are designed to intercept and
fully absorb particle and photon radiation emitted by super-hot ionized plasma
Innermost shielding subsystems used in D+T fusion reactors called “blankets.”
Functionally designed and engineered to: (1) absorb and harvest energy from
large fluxes of high-energy neutrons emitted by fusion plasma; and (2) protect
reactor’s physical supporting structures from exposure to damaging neutrons
that could reduce mechanical strength of reactor structural materials over time
Blankets would have an additional functional requirement in commercial fusion
power reactors: (3) they must be able to produce (“breed”) more Tritium (3H) than
quantity of Tritium ‘burned’ during reactor operation; need minimum ratio of
~1.04x 3H fuel consumed. Blanket produces excess 3H by neutron captures on
Lithium (Li) isotopes embedded in Lithium (15%)/Lead (Pb) alloy material in liquid
phase above 325o C melting point of Li/Pb alloy; also spallation neutrons from Pb.
If self-producing Tritium is impossible, commercial reactors may be uneconomic
Deuterium + Tritium (D+T) tokamak fusion reactors like ITER
Tritium is $30,000/gram; fusion reactors must be able to self-produce fuel
47. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 47
Funded mostly by governments, research on fusion for use in nuclear weapons
and commercial power generation began in early 1950s and continues today
Over period of ~60 years, likely that $200 - 250 billion (constant $) was spent
worldwide to develop what many believe is ultimate energy source: controlled
use of nuclear fusion reactions similar to those that power stars out in Nature
Unfortunately, researchers have been forced to make technical compromises
to have any chance of achieving substantial rates of fusion for prolonged times
in experiments that can be practically conducted in terrestrial laboratories
Stars are physically large, heavy objects that readily use their extremely strong
gravitational fields to contain and confine super-hot ionized Hydrogen plasmas.
By contrast, out of necessity, vastly smaller Earthbound fusion machines are
compelled to use organized, very high local magnetic fields to achieve stable,
long duration confinement of their plasmas --- this is much trickier proposition
Plasma densities in stellar cores where fusion naturally occurs always greater
than 2 x 1011 atmospheres (atm.). In 2016 experiments, MIT’s Alcator C-Mod
fusion reactor achieved record-breaking plasma densities of only 2.05 atm.;
this is vastly lower than in stars. This causes a technical compromise in which
experimental fusion reactors must operate at significantly higher temperatures
than stars in order to achieve useful rates of fusion. This mandates injection of
greater initial input energy to heat plasmas to temperatures that support fusion
Selective overview of nuclear fusion research
48. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 48
Selective overview of nuclear fusion research
Anxious to minimize reactor engineering challenges, fusion researchers have
focused on Deuterium + Tritium (D+T) reaction because it offers the highest
reaction rates (cross-section) at lowest-possible temperatures and pressures
60 years of R&D by many thousands of scientists and enormous amounts of $ in
funding have culminated in ITER fusion reactor now under construction. At an
estimated final cost of ~$24 billion, ITER is ~3 times its initial program budget
and nearly 10 years behind original schedule. Number of immense D+T reactor
engineering obstacles were successfully overcome along the way. ITER’s first
experiments presently scheduled to begin in 2025 and be completed by 2035
If ITER’s present experimental program is successful as planned, all it will have
accomplished by 2035 is demonstrate that scientists can create fusion plasmas
in which total thermal energy released by D+T reactions in confined plasma
exceed input energy (externally supplied to plasma proper) that is used for
heating-up the plasma to temperatures that can support D+T fusion. “Fusion
power” is ratio of plasma heating power output to plasma heating power input
Note that “fusion power” by definition does not include any accounting for
certain additional input energy that is required for ITER to operate as fully
functional reactor system. Input energy that is omitted from this performance
metric includes what is used for energizing powerful magnetic fields that
confine its fusion plasma as well as power-hungry cooling systems associated
with operation of ITER’s array of immense superconducting magnets
49. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 49
Selective overview of nuclear fusion research
Testing of various alternative designs for Tritium-breeding blankets one of a
number of crucial to-do items in ITER’s research program. Purpose of blanket
testing is to determine: (1) best design; (2) whether enough Tritium can be
produced in blankets to cover Tritium that is consumed as fuel in ITER reactor
Next technological step after ITER program has completed would be design
and construction of demonstration reactors (DEMO). Unlike ITER, these future
experimental systems would be designed to operate at large multiples of true
net “breakeven” at reactor system-level (total energy output)/(total energy
input). DEMOs would also include energy conversion subsystems capable of
generating electricity; they would thus begin to resemble commercial reactors.
While DEMO reactor programs are still in embryonic phase, current thinking is
that individual countries would build these reactors, unlike ITER consortium
In series of articles published in New Energy Times, investigative science
journalist Steven Krivit revealed that ITER personnel and their supporters have
engaged in misleading characterization of reactor performance progress; see:
http://news.newenergytimes.net/2017/01/19/former-iter-spokesman-confirms-accuracy-of-new-energy-times-story/
http://news.newenergytimes.net/2017/01/12/the-selling-of-iter/
“The Selling of ITER” Jan. 12, 2017
“Former ITER Spokesman Confirms Accuracy of New Energy Times Story” Jan. 19, 2017
50. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 50
Technology readiness levels (TRL) show state of progress
Description below is used by European Commission to evaluate projects
51. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 51
Sagara et al. estimate TRLs of ITER and DEMO reactors
Presented at 2015 IAEA workshop; good discussion of technical issues
http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM49530/website/talks/May%2012%20Sessions/Sagara_A.pdf
52. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 52
Sagara et al. estimate that ITER program spans TRL 5 - 6
Lattice: ITER would be TRL-5 based on European Commission’s criteria
53. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 53
Built on 60 years of prior R&D and $200 - 250 billion in worldwide government
funding, if ITER program successful then Technology Readiness Level of D+T
fusion reactors will only have advanced to TRL-5 (use EC criteria). Successful
completion and extended operation of later DEMO reactors after 2035 would
advance readiness to ~TRL 6-7 (per European Commission’s EC TRL criteria)
As noted earlier, ITER was not designed to achieve system-level breakeven.
Considering ~10 year time-delay relative to ITER’s original development plan,
daunting array of still-unsolved technical obstacles, and lingering questions
about economic viability of fusion for power generation, it seems unlikely that
deployment of single bona fide fusion reactor could occur before 2050 at the
earliest. Unfortunately, given the prior 60-year history and apart from undying
optimism of fusion scientists, there are no guarantees that worldwide quest to
commercialize fusion will be successful within any reasonable time-frame
Consequently, and given that national body politics may not be willing to
tolerate vast expansion in use of fission reactors, prudence and sensible
national risk management would argue that fusion should not be any nation’s
sole bet on future dispatchable nuclear power systems. Countries’ present bets
on D+T fusion technology could be hedged with parallel investments in what
could potentially be a newer, even better type of future CO2-free nuclear
energy source: radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Unclear when commercial fusion plants might be available
Hedge bets on availability of fusion with parallel investments in LENRs
54. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 54
Comparison of LENRs to fission and fusion
Fission, fusion, and LENRs all involve controlled release of nuclear binding energy
(heat) for power generation: no CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs
(nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources
Heavy-element fission: involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding
energy; requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major
radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs; limited sources of fuel: today, almost entirely
Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development; heavy element U-235 (fissile
isotope fuel) + neutrons complex array of lower-mass fission products (some are very
long-lived radioisotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + heat
Fusion of light nuclei: involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear
binding energy; present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, other Tokamaks)
focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures
to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor radioactive waste clean-up $ costs vs. fission
Two key sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (both are heavy isotopes of Hydrogen)
Most likely to be developed commercial fusion reaction involves the following:
D + T He-4 (helium) + neutron + heat (total energy yield 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
distinguishing feature is neutron production
via electroweak reaction; neutron capture on fuel + gamma conversion to IR + decays [β- , α]
releases nuclear binding energy; early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron
or gamma radiation and no long-lived radioactive waste products; LENR systems would not
require massive, expensive radiation shielding or containment structures much lower $$$
cost; many possible fuels --- any element/isotope that can capture LENR neutrons; involves
neutron-catalyzed transmutation of fuels into heavier stable elements; process creates heat
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs):
Fusion of light nuclei:
Heavy element fission:
55. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 55
While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear
binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels,
they are radically different from U and Th fission reactors that require criticality
to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain
reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively
accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs
D+T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by
harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they
require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and
unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given
that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of
17.6 MeV for the D+T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic
argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR
technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we will outline herein
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that
could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable
LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical
batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones
LENRs are superior to fission and fusion technologies
Why build huge D+T fusion reactors if LENRs can be commercialized?
Greenness of LENRs could enable revolutionary portable nuclear power sources
56. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 56
Major Japanese companies are now developing LENRs
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan have R&D programs
Won’t admit it publicly but their goal is to replace the internal combustion engine
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota have been quietly funding R&D in LENRs
out of their own budgets since 1989 with minimal funding from their government
Keiretsu - Japanese term that describes a loose association of different
companies that share one or more common interests and work closely together to
achieve mutually agreed-upon key business and technological objectives. They
may or may not have some degree of mutual ownership and are tied to banks.
Mitsubishi and Toyota are members of respective keiretsu; Toyota is presently
considered the largest vertical conglomeration in today’s Japan
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota have been conducting and reporting
important experimental basic science results on LENR transmutation
measurements for many years. Heretofore, they did not focus on trying to produce
substantial amounts of excess heat to generate power. Nissan Motor Company
recently initiated a basic research program on LENRs without any public fanfare
In 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal
of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries had first published back in 2002. Mitsubishi’s patented Hydrogen
permeation method is capable of triggering clean, radiation-free LENR nuclear
transmutation reactions under relatively modest temperatures and pressures
57. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 57
Mitsubishi pushing to increase LENR transmutation rates
Unknowingly followed guidelines detailed in W-L rate theory paper (2007)
http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/04/0628.pdf
“Transmutation reaction induced by Deuterium permeation through
nanostructured multi-layer thin film” reproduced Fig.6
Y. Iwamura et al., Current Science 108 No. 4 pp. 628 - 632 (February 2015)
Changing MHI’s
older permeation
method from 2002
that always used
gaseous D2 and a
pressure gradient
to current-driven
electrochemical
D2O cells clearly
increased LENR
transmutation
product yields by
nearly 3 orders of
magnitude in just
about three years
Switching to a very
different permeation
method increased
LENR transmutation
product yields in MHI
reactors because
there are much higher
densities of e-*d+
pairs on device’s
LENR-active working
Palladium surface
and the fact that a
much larger quantity
of input energy (in
form of a several Volt
DC electrical current)
is being injected into
experimental system
3years
58. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 58
New Energy Times reported NEDO issued RFP on LENRs
NEDO: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Association
Arm of Government of Japan - its mission is to develop new energy technologies
http://news.newenergytimes.net/2015/08/24/japanese-government-will-fund-lenr-research-again/
Selected excerpts quoted directly from Steven Krivit’s August 24, 2015 news story:
For the first time in two decades, the Japanese government has issued a request for proposals
[RFP] for low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) research, according to information recently obtained
by New Energy Times.The request for proposals was published by the New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO), a national research and development agency.
The request for proposals, "Energy and the Environment New Leading Technology Program," was
released in July. The line item for the LENR research is on PDF Page 16, item D4. The item translates
to "Metal which becomes new energy source and analysis and control of the technology of heat
reactions between metals and hydrogen."
In a response to an e-mail from New Energy Times, long-time LENR researcher Tadahiko Mizuno
confirmed that item D4 is for LENRs. Some Japanese LENR researchers, according to Mizuno, are
filing a joint application to NEDO, with the assistance of Akito Takahashi, a former professor at
Osaka University.
In 1994, the Japanese government, through the Ministry of Trade and Industry [MITI], sponsored an
earlier research program called the New Hydrogen Energy Agency. It ran for several years at a cost
of several million dollars. It terminated after researchers reported lackluster results.
59. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 59
Japan, Inc. hedges its bets on utilizing fission and fusion
Government of Japan has now resumed official funding of R&D in LENRs
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/
Mode of operation – graphic is copied from home page of NEDO website
60. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 60
Congressional committee requests briefing about LENRs
U.S. House Armed Services Committee
requests briefing from the U.S. Department of Defense
on national security implications of
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Congressional request appears on page #87 of the 707 page
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
Report released on May 4, 2016
“The committee is aware of recent positive developments
in developing low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR), which
produce ultraclean, low-cost renewable energy that have
strong national security implications. For example,
according to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), if
LENR works it will be a ‘disruptive technology that could
revolutionize energy production and storage’.’’
61. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 61
Screenshot: U.S. Congressional request for LENR briefing
URL to pdf copy of Report is provided below
http://www.congress.gov/114/crpt/hrpt537/CRPT-114hrpt537.pdf
62. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 62
Screenshot: cover page of Armed Services Committee report
63. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 63
2014 document revealed they are studying possible use of LENRs
to power future advanced green subsonic aircraft
http://nari.arc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/17WELLS_ABSTRACT.pdf
Two screenshots of 1-page pdf Abstract (continues on next slide)
NASA believes that LENRs are an “ideal energy solution”
64. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 64
http://nari.arc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/17WELLS_ABSTRACT.pdf
Studying possible use of LENRs to power future green aircraft
NASA believes that LENRs are an “ideal energy solution”
65. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 65
Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
Laura 13
Revolutionary ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Radiation-free LENRs transmute stable elements to other stable elements
Fission and fusion Safe green LENRsEvolution of nuclear technology
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 65
66. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 66
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
LENRs: alternative technology hedge for dispatchable nuclear power
LENRs involve production of neutrons from
protons and electrons via an electroweak
reaction followed by neutron capture on
target fuels such as Carbon and Lithium.
This releases nuclear binding energy from
fuels which creates usable process heat in
integrated energy conversion systems that
can generate electrical or motive power
Many-body collective LENRs are very different from few-body fusion and fission
67. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 67
Electroweak reaction in Widom-Larsen theory is simple
Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons
Need input energy source such as electricity to drive LENR neutron production
EnergyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe
Collective many-body quantum effects:
many electrons each transfer little bits
of energy to a much smaller number of
electrons also bathed in the very same
extremely high local electric field
Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number of
electrons that absorb energy directly from local electric
field will increase their effective masses (m = E/c2)
above key thresholds β0 where they can react directly
with a proton (or deuteron) neutron and neutrino
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive particles that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons capture on nearby atoms
Input energy creates electric fields > 2.5 x1011 V/m Heavy-mass e-* electrons react directly with protons
electrons + protons (Hydrogen) g neutrons + neutrinos (benign particles, fly into space)
Require source(s) of input energy Many-body collective electroweak neutron production
68. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 68
Production with weak e + p reaction creates safe low energy neutrons
Ultralow energy LENR neutrons captured locally and will not escape reactors
LENRs create ultralow energy neutrons in condensed matter
ITER: D+T fusion reactor LENR device
Person
Length-scale: millions of miles
Length-scale: hundreds of feet
Length-scale: inches
All these nuclear fusion and LENR reactions below create neutrons (n):
These are bio-safeDeadly energetic 14 MeV neutrons
Fusion reactions in Red Giant star
Temperatures: millions of degrees
Temperatures: millions of degrees
Temperatures: only
thousands of
degrees in tiny
microscopic sites
Energetic MeV-energy neutrons
69. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 69
LENRs are green: no energetic radiation or radwastes
Lack of hard radiation obviates need for shielding and containment
Major opportunity to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources
Fission reactors need 1 foot of steel and 3 feet
of concrete to protect humans from hard
radiation and wastes emitted by reactor; makes
systems intrinsically large and heavy
LENRs enable devices something
like this: small, portable battery-like
power sources that are safe and
disposable
Much larger LENR devices based on
dusty plasma embodiments can
potentially scale-up to megawatts;
akin to today’s power plants
Fission and fusion processes both emit deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation
Revolution in green
nuclear technology
70. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 70
Widom-Larsen provides crucial model of LENR active sites
Infrared video of tiny LENR hotspots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUVmOQXBS68
that form spontaneously on Pd cathode
surfaces in aqueous electrochemical cells
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
Size of such active sites ranges from 2 nanometers up to ~100+ microns
Active sites can be designed & fabricated by leveraging existing nanotechnology
50 μ LENR active site crater in Pd cathode
LENR electrochemical cell
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
LENR active site crater
LENR electrochemical cell
50 μ dia.
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR (1994)Pd cathode surface
71. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 71
Lithium fuel can release more energy than ITER’s D+T fusion reaction
Incredible variety of LENR fuels for many applications
Widom & Larsen’s European
Physical Journal C paper (2006)
shows following LENR target fuel
cycle using ordinary Lithium:
Lithium-6 + 2 ULM neutrons g 2
Helium-4 + beta particle + 2
neutrinos + Q-value = 26.9 MeV
Deuterium-Tritium (D+T) fusion
reaction Q-value = 17.6 MeV creates
dangerous high-energy neutrons
LENR Lithium fuel releases greater
amounts of process heat and does
not emit any deadly gamma radiation
Any element that captures neutrons could serve as LENR fuel; Carbon also good
LENR heat production using Lithium fuel already demonstrated in laboratory
72. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 72
Lithium-fuel LENR thermal sources can scale to megawatts
As there are ~ 1014 of these 26.9 MeV energy releases taking place per second
on the 1.0 cm2 LENR device, the total energy release is 4.28 x 10-12 J/cm2/sec x
1014 = 428 J/cm2/sec. This represents 428 W/cm2, a large device-level power
density. At a lesser ULE neutron production rate of 1 x 1012 cm2/sec, overall
energy production rate would drop down to 4.28 J/cm2/sec or 4.28 W/cm2. At
ULE neutron production rate of 1 x 1011 cm2/sec, rate of heat production would
drop down to 0.428 J/cm2/sec or 0.428 W/cm2 (4.28 x 103 W/m2): value ~same as
excess heat outputs observed in a somewhat limited subset of electrolytic
LENR experiments researchers have deemed successful at making excess heat
In this particular example, a heat generating rate of 428 W/cm2 means 0.428
kWh/cm2 produced in an hour for a Lithium-6-fueled 1 cm2 LENR device,
without releasing any CO2. In comparison to minuscule nanogram (10-9 g)
quantities of LENR reactants consumed, the complete combustion of 1 US
gallon of gasoline (weighing 2.7 kg) with O2 generates ~33.56 kWh of heat
energy and releases ~8.8 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere. Scaling-up surface
area of the idealized LENR device 1,000 fold could generate 428 kWh, while a
1 m2 device would create a 4.28 Megawatt eco-green nuclear power source
Scale-up system power output by increasing total working surface area
Neutron flux of ~1 x 1012 cm2/sec matches heating observed in some lab devices
73. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 73
Power densities of primitive experimental LENR devices
Device power densities of 4.28 x 103 W/m2 same as thermal power plants
Source: “Do We Have the Energy for the Next Transition?” R. A. Kerr in Science 329, pp. 781 (2010)
LENR system areas small: no shielding and fuel energy density > 5,000x gasoline
LENRs
today
Figure adapted by Lattice
74. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 74
Energiewende could integrate LENR systems for dispatchable power
LENR dusty plasma systems should scale-up to MWs
LENRs can be triggered on target fuel nanoparticles
injected into dusty plasmas; should readily scale-up
volumetrically to megawatt (MW) total thermal outputs
LENR thermal sources could likely produce neutron
fluxes of 1 x 1014 cm2/sec that can then create thermal
power fluxes of ~428 W/cm2 using Lithium fuel targets
Total thermal fluxes created at focus receivers of
concentrated solar power (CSP - see right) systems can
reach values on the order of roughly 200 - 400 W/cm2 ;
this ~ matches LENR heat fluxes estimated above
Could potentially adapt Brayton cycle CSP systems for
use in large LENR-based dusty plasma reactors
Could also develop hybrid wind or solar + LENR power
generation systems; renewable electricity used as input
power for LENRs g amplify input power by 5x to 10x
Dish CSP system
Tower CSP system
Ivanpah - California, USA
Receiver
Receiver
Use solar/wind electricity as input power for LENR systems: power amplification
75. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 75
At system power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed
power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP)
could potentially satisfy the requirements of a majority of urban and rural
households and smaller businesses worldwide, including rural powerless
At system power outputs of just 50 - 200 kwh, LENR-based systems could
begin to power steam or electric vehicles, breaking oil’s stranglehold on
transportation; also provide high-quality heat for many industrial processes
Although they could very likely be designed and built, megawatt LENR power
plants are not mandatory to change the world of energy for the better
If widespread deployment of small-scale distributed generation could be
achieved, nowhere near as many new, large fossil-fueled and/or fission
power plants would have to be built to reliably supply low-cost electricity to
regional grids that enjoy 99+% uptime availability. In the future, grid-based
centralized power generation could gradually be displaced by vast numbers
of smaller, distributed CO2-free renewable and LENR-based power systems
LENRs and future of CO2-free global power generation
5 -10 kwh LENR-based power systems revolutionize power generation
Systems with total output measured in megawatts not needed to accomplish this
76. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 76
Large length scales
Huge array of new
technological possibilities
and opportunities open-up
at micron to nanometer
length-scales
Nuclear-strength electric fields in μ-sized LENR active sites enable e + p reaction
What was formerly thought impossible becomes possible
by utilizing Widom-Larsen and applying nanotechnology
Applied nanotechnology required to commercialize LENRs
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 76
77. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 77
Guided by physics of the Widom-Larsen theory,
an opportunity to commercialize LENRs as truly
green CO2-free nuclear energy source has been
enabled by a unique juxtaposition of very recent
parallel advances in certain very vibrant areas
of nanotechnology (esp. plasmonics), quantum
entanglement, new innovations in nanoparticle
fabrication techniques, as well as an array of
new discoveries in advanced materials science.
Widom-Larsen enables commercialization of LENRs
Applied nanotechnology and LENRs are mutually joined at the hip
Development risks can be reasonable thanks to Widom-Larsen and nanotech
Visualization of surface plasmon electric field strength (Volts/meter) - highest fields are dark red
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 77
78. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 78
Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs
D+T fusion technology at TRL-5 if ITER successful; LENRs now at TRL-3
LENRs
ITER
Over past 28 years, cumulative worldwide investment in
R&D on LENRs was ~ US$200 - 250 million or ~1,000x less
total funding than fusion; still, LENRs advanced to TRL-3
Thanks to Widom-Larsen theory, LENR device physics are
now well-understood. By leveraging nanotech, funding of
US$100 - 150 million and 3 - 5 years of R&D should be able
to advance LENRs to TRL-4 (European Commission). If on-
schedule at that point, additional funding of US$150 - 200
million should advance LENR development to reach TRL-7.
Unless totally unforeseen new technical obstacles are then
encountered beyond TRL-7, likely that array of commercial
LENR products could be introduced into the marketplace
before year 2030 with cumulative funding of <US$2 billion
In CY 2014 global oil & gas industry collectively spent US$
670 billion in searching for and developing new fossil fuel
resources. Investment risk capital that is required to fully
commercialize LENR technology is well-within financing
capabilities of major oil & gas producers; large funding by
national governments along with private sector is optional
LENRs
2030
79. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 79
Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs
Microscopic reproducibility of active sites is key to commercialization
In successfully fabricated primitive laboratory devices typical of today, LENRs
can presently reach temperatures of 4,000 - 6,000o K in relatively small numbers
of microscopic LENR active sites located on device surfaces. Evidence for the
existence of such extremely hot localized sites is provided in post-experiment
SEM images of working surfaces wherein distinctive crater-like structures are
visible; these features are produced by rapid heat releases in LENR active sites
that briefly create local high temperature flash-boiling of metals like Palladium
At present stage of LENR technology (TRL-3), trying to fabricate cm-scale and
larger devices that can reliably and controllably produce macroscopically large
fluxes of excess heat - “boiling a cup of tea” - is putting the cart before the horse
Lattice plans to use proprietary knowledge of LENR devices and key operating
parameters (e.g., achieving and maintaining very high local surface electric
fields) to first get key LENR effects --- namely excess heat, transmutations ---
working well microscopically. That is, to be able to reproducibly create rationally
designed nanoparticulate structures with their dimensions ranging from
nanometers to microns that are fabricated using certain existing, off-the-shelf
nanotechnology techniques/methods and then emplaced, along with suitable
target fuel nuclei (e.g., Lithium, Carbon, transition metals) in close proximity, at
what will become LENR active sites on the surfaces of appropriate substrates
80. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 80
(3) Select and integrate energy conversion subsystems suitable for specific applications
Lattice’s LENR engineering plan has three key stages:
(2) Scale-up heat output by increasing # of active sites per unit area/volume
Once microscopic reproducibility of active sites is achieved, output of
LENR heat sources could be readily scaled-up, either by (1) fabricating
larger area-densities of affixed nanostructures that facilitate formation of
LENR active hot spot sites on device surfaces, or by (2) injecting larger
quantities of specially designed target fuel host nanoparticles into
volumetrically larger reaction chambers containing turbulent dusty
plasmas, with or without spatially organized magnetic fields present
Variety of off-the-shelf energy conversion subsystems could potentially be
integrated with commercial versions of LENR-based heat sources. These
include: thermophotovoltaic; thermoelectric; steam engines; Rankine
cycle steam turbines; Brayton cycle gas turbines, simple boilers, etc.
Other more speculative possibilities involve new types of direct energy
conversion technologies that are still in very early stages of development
Lattice’s nanocentric approach to R&D is unique by being interdisciplinary
and directly guided by various proprietary insights enabled by Widom-
Larsen theory of LENRs and related relevant knowledge borrowed from
advanced materials science, plasmonics, nanotechnology, and chemistry
(1) Reproducible fabrication of well-performing LENR active sites
81. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 81
Fossil Carbon could be converted into green LENR fuels
New breakthroughs in physics and nanotechnology make this possible
Bitumen, heavy oil, and coal may be much more valuable as CO2-free LENR fuels
Canadian natural bitumen Heavy viscous oils found in many fields Various grades of coal
These fossil hydrocarbons contain aromatic ring molecules on which LENRs can be triggered
Able to understand LENR experiments that were conducted at Hokkaido
University (Japan, 2008), by 2009, Larsen had figured-out how aromatic
molecules could potentially be extracted, processed, and converted into
green LENR fuels from which there would be no hard radiation emissions, no
production of hazardous long-lived radioactive wastes or emission of
gaseous CO2 into atmosphere. Would be able to release > 5,000 times more
thermal energy versus combustion of Carbon-based molecules with Oxygen
82. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 82
Convert ring Hydrogen atoms (protons) into safe neutrons
Neutrons are captured by ring Carbon atoms that are then transmuted
Carbon atom is transmuted into Nitrogen by LENR process in this example
Process does not emit any deadly radiation or produce troublesome radwastes
83. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 83
Heavy oil and coal could be processed to produce CO2-free LENR fuels
Carbon atoms found on aromatic rings good fuel for radiation-free transmutation
Neutrons + target fuel atoms heavier elements + decay products +
+
Catalytic
neutron ‘match’
Neutrons are readily absorbed by
LENR fuels such as inexpensive
Nickel, Titanium, Lithium, or
Carbon atoms
Direct conversion of neutron
capture and decay-related
gammas to IR and beta/alpha
particles create heat
n0
Carbon
Hard radiation-free LENR transmutation
Process does not emit any deadly radiation or produce troublesome radwastes
Fossil Carbon can be transmuted rather than combusted
capture on target fuel atoms produces heat
BTUs
Absorbed
by fuel
atoms
84. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 84
Credit:
Panoptik
LENR transmutations go left-to-right along rows of Table
C N O
Transmutation of Carbon to O2 releases 5,000x > heat than combustion
Any element in Periodic Table can serve as LENR fuel - some better than others
Periodic Table
of chemical elements
February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 84
85. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 85
Many moieties contain or are convertible into aromatics
Variety of simple and
complex aromatic
molecules
Examples:
Green
CO2-free
LENR
fuels
5,000x
greater
energy
density
Process into
Heavy oils
and natural
bitumen
Coal
Contain aromatic
molecules
Examples:
CH4 natural gas
Lignin from
renewable
biomass
Extract
Extract
Digest
Mo catalyst
Chemical
process
Chemical
processing
plus
nanotech
Benzene
Phenanthrene
CO2 C nanofibers
Enormous gain in energy
density makes processing
conversions $$$ economic
Bottom line: just about any
Carbon-based moiety can
be converted into aromatic
ring-structure molecules
using a chemical process
Processing
LENR fuels can be created from many different types of Carbon sources
Nanoparticulate fuelsBase feedstock Aromatic molecules
LNG
86. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 86
BTU values of LENR fuels derived from aromatics ~5,000x combustion
From Carbon combustion to LENR Carbon transmutation
$$$ economic values of derived LENR fuels could increase to > 500x combustion
Credit: Frank Boenigk (2009)
1x $ > 500x $
Today: barrel of
crude oil priced
at ~US$ 50 - 55
Future: LENR
products made from
same barrel of oil
could be worth
US$ 25,000
Adoption of LENR technology
Value if combusted
500x
Value if transmuted
87. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 87
Transmutation of fossil Carbon much better than combustion
LENR technology could enable sustainable growth at reasonable cost
Successful commercialization and broad deployment of green LENR Carbon
transmutation in power generation applications could increase the effective
economic BTU $$$ value of remaining in-ground fossil Carbon resources by at
least 500x by releasing thermal energy from Carbon atoms via CO2-emission-
free nuclear transmutation process rather than by continuing to rely on today’s
age-old chemical combustion technology used by man for 350,000 years
So-called “stranded asset” fossil Carbon financial risk issues would disappear
Carbon transmutation could substantially extend the effective economic
lifetime of present in-ground fossil fuel resources from an estimated <200 years
per British Petroleum out to at least another 25,000 years further into the future
LENRs are therefore truly synergistic rather than being directly competitive
with fossil fuels: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-
compelling-economics-of-transmutation-vs-combustion-of-carbonaceous-
energy-sources-jan-14-2015
Rather than totally replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy
sources over time, LENR technology would instead allow oil, gas, and coal
producers to convert fossil Carbon into vastly more valuable forms of green
LENR fuels. Fossil fuel producers, energy consumers, and Earth would all win
88. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 88
LENRs could enable ‘green’ dispatchable nuclear power generation that
would be vastly safer and much less costly versus nuclear fission or fusion
Development and utilization of LENR thermal sources for process heat could
help reduce upstream and downstream costs for oil & gas producers and
significantly decrease CO2 emission footprints for entire oil & gas industry
Should be possible to develop green LENR fuels derived from aromatic
fractions present in oil, coal, and biomass as well as aromatics produced
from natural gas; these would be suitable for use in many applications that
include stationary/portable power generation and vehicular propulsion
Oil & gas producers that successfully utilize this technology to produce LENR
fuels for sale to customers will: (1) exploit a major strategic diversification
opportunity to expand beyond their present product lines and (2) greatly
enhance their capacity for RBL debt financing as a result of very substantial
increases in net present economic value of their proven fossil fuel reserves
Existing crude oil refineries could be modified to add capabilities for
production of LENR fuels in parallel with traditional industry products
Not competitive; LENRs are a strategic opportunity for oil & gas producers
LENRs are strategic opportunity for oil & gas producers
89. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 89
Nanoparticulate LENR fuels could be used in many systems
Huge energy density advantages vs. fossil fuels & chemical batteries
Energy densities of LENR fuels could be > 5,000x larger than gasoline
LENR fuels would be inert and benign and could use existing package delivery systems
for resupply; typical gasoline or diesel tanker truck carries ~5,000 - 12,000 US Gallons of
liquid fuel; LENR fuels producing same # of BTUs could be shipped in 1 - 2 FedEx boxes
Consequence: an automobile powered by LENRs could travel around the entire
world on a quantity of nanoparticulate fuel that fits into just a single FedEx box
90. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 90
Major increases in product performance with LENR fuels
Enhancements in product range and endurance if LENR technology was commercialized
Note: roughly 730 hours in a month - 8,760 hours in year; average U.S. car’s IC engine runs for ~5,000 hrs over lifetime
Product Name
Present capabilities with today’s
power sources
Range (endurance)
Vastly enhanced capabilities with
future LENR-based power sources
10x chemical 100x chemical
GreenWing e430 180 miles (~3 hours @ 60 mph) 1,800 (30) 18,000 (300)
Airbus E-Fan 2.0 99 miles (1 hour @ 99 mph) 990 (10) 9,900 (100)
Predator MQ-1 1,800 miles (24 hours @ 75 mph) 18,000 (240) 180,000 (2,400)
Super Heron est. ~ 4,000 miles (45 hours @ 89
mph?)
40,000 (450+) 400,000 (4,500)
Springtail 184 miles (2.2+ hours @ 94 mph ) 1,840 (200+) 18,400 (2,000+)
Crazyflie Speed not measured (3 - 10 minutes) ? (30 - 100 min.) ? (maybe 5 - 17 hrs.)
InstantEye est. ~ 8 miles (18 - 20 min @ 25 mph) est. 80 (3.2 hrs.) 800 (32 hrs.)
Tesla Model S car ~ 294 miles (4 - 5 hours @ 70 mph) 3,000 (40 - 50) 30,000 (400 - 500)
Shkval Russian
navy torpedo
6.8 - 9.3 miles (1.8 - 2.4 min @230
mph)
68 - 93 (18 - 24
min)
680 - 930 (3 - 4 hrs)
Exoskeletons and
autonomous robots
Require tether cables connected to
some type of external power source
Duration of autonomous activity might be
extended up to weeks or even months
Variousaircraft
Paradigm-shifting new energy technology
Commercial LENR power systems could likely achieve 10x to 100x chemical
91. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 91
Key conclusion of theoretical paper published in Pramana
Journal is peer-reviewed publication of Indian Academy of Sciences
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
“The analysis presented in this paper leads us to
conclude that realistic possibilities exist for designing
LENR devices capable of producing ‘green energy’, that
is, production of excess heat at low cost without lethal
nuclear waste, dangerous γ-rays or unwanted neutrons.
The necessary tools and the essential theoretical know-
how to manufacture such devices appear to be well
within the reach of the technology available now.
Vigorous efforts must now be made to develop such
devices whose functionality requires all three
interactions of the Standard Model acting in concert.”
92. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 92
Publications about the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Index provides comprehensive guide to available online information
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-
catalyzed-lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-for-
electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
Cornell physics preprint arXiv:nucl-th/0608059v2 12 pages (2007)
http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059v2.pdf
“Index to key concepts and documents” all hyperlinks in document are live
v. #21 updated and revised through Sept. 7, 2015
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [133 slides] download is enabled
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-hyperlinked-index-to-
documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-and-lenrs-september-7-2015
93. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 93
Scientists have observed LENR phenomena for 100 years
Data was mostly dismissed and ignored because it was not understood
Steven Krivit’s new book “Lost History” describes some of this long-ignored data
Various manifestations of LENR phenomena have been episodically observed
and reported in scientific journals for 100 years. However, prior to publication
of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs (2005) these very intriguing, anomalous
experimental data were generally ignored by mainstream science. This body of
data was commonly dismissed as resulting from prosaic measurement errors;
or, were acknowledged as valid observations that were not reproducible; or,
were believable results that simply could not be understood theoretically
Another contributing factor to decades of dismissal and confusion about the
reality of this rather large body of published data was simple fact that LENR
transmutation processes do not produce large, easily detectible emissions of
dangerous MeV-energy neutron or gamma radiation. Absent such well-known
signatures of nuclear fission and fusion reactions, no one imagined that the
observed anomalies were actually being created by a more benign nuclear
process that is radiation-free and really quite different from fission and fusion
Thanks to insights provided by Widom-Larsen theory it is now apparent that
LENRs appear to occur naturally at extremely low rates in surprising numbers
of familiar settings that include atmospheric lightning discharges, commercial
Lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical cells, and vehicular catalytic converters
94. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 94
Recent books about LENRs and the Widom-Larsen theory
Three volumes in series titled “Explorations in Nuclear Research”
Provides overview of entire field at level of Scientific American article
“Fusion Fiasco” (Volume 2)
Steven B. Krivit
Pacific Oaks Press, San Rafael, CA, November 11, 2016 (531 pages)
Paperback US$16.00; hardcover US$48.00; Kindle US$3.99
“Lost History” (Volume 3)
Steven B. Krivit
Pacific Oaks Press, San Rafael, CA, November 11, 2016 (380 pages)
Paperback US$16.00; hardcover US$48.00; Kindle US$3.99
PowerPoint synopsis of book with additional commentary:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0996886419
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0996886451
“Hacking the Atom” (Volume 1)
Steven B. Krivit
Pacific Oaks Press, San Rafael, CA, September 11, 2016 (484 pages)
Paperback US$16.00; hardcover US$48.00; Kindle US$3.99
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0976054523
http://tinyurl.com/z6fsbn2
95. February 10, 2017 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2017 All rights reserved 95
Partnering on commercialization and consulting on certain subjects
Working with Lattice Energy LLC
We believe Lattice is the world-leader in proprietary knowledge about
LENR device engineering required to develop high-performance, long
lived, scalable power sources. Our published peer-reviewed theoretical
papers rigorously explain the breakthrough device physics of LENR
processes, including the absence of dangerous energetic neutron or
gamma radiation and lack of long-lived radioactive waste production
Lattice welcomes inquiries from large, established organizations that
have an interest in discussing the possibility of becoming Lattice’s
strategic capital and/or technology development partner
Lewis Larsen also independently engages in fee-based consulting on a
variety of subject areas that include Lithium-ion battery safety issues
and evaluating potential future impact of LENRs from a long-term
investment risk perspective for pending large CAPEX projects in the oil
& gas, petrochemicals, transportation, utility, and aerospace industries
1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
L. Larsen c.v.: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lewis-g-larsen-cv-june-2013