In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Generating Thermo-electricity using Graphit and Aluminum moduleCharith Suriyakula
This presentation is on the research work I have conducted in generating thermo-electricity. The work was published to the WinC (Wayamba International Conference) in 2014
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Thermal Barrier Coating For Gas Turbine EnginesNelsonkandulna
This presentation describes the thermal barrier coating process, its anatomy, types, material selection, failure, and characterization. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced to protect the external surface of gas turbine engine components from thermal resistance and thereby decrease the temperature of the metal surfaces. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most popular and widely used TBC materials as it provides the best performance in high-temperature zones such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The columnar microstructure of YSZ coating provides excellent strain tolerance and adhesion to the coating. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and tanks.
Lattice Energy LLC-Minuscule Cumulative Investment in LENRs vs Nuclear Weapon...Lewis Larsen
Factoid: Fareed Zakaria, CNN – journalist and host of GPS show that aired on August 11, 2013, he stated that, “Between 1945 and the 1990s, we produced more than 70,000 total warheads and spent at least $8 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons development.”
Key take-aways from this presentation: perhaps more major corporations/governments should increase R&D spending on LENRs:
- R&D investments by governments and corporations have disproportionately favored nuclear fission and fusion technologies, especially weapons-related work, for 71 years
- Virtually everyone agrees that development of lower-risk, ecologically ‘clean’, low cost sources of energy is crucial to future world economic growth and overall quality of life, especially for people now living in rural areas without any electricity
- Over the past 63 years, enormous financial investments have been made in D-T fusion technology, yet today there are still no operating commercial power plants
- During last 24 years, tens of billions of dollars, euros, rubles, yuan, yen, and rupees were spent on fusion R&D; by contrast, less than ~US$200 million has gone into LENRs during that time; vast majority of that money came from the private sector
- Maybe it’s time for both corporations and governments to start making greater parallel R&D investments in LENRs in addition to fusion and fission technologies
- By pursuing multiple synergistic paths toward the same common goal we could, collectively all “hedge our bets” on the development of new, non-polluting, inexpensive energy sources that can ultimately supplant fossil fuels
Today, in the industry of aluminum, the D. C. casting of billets and slabs is playing the major role. The producers of these slabs and billets are many. The end users of the product are OEMs. The degassing technology for producing these aluminum slabs and billets is provided by very few. There are two types of degassing methods currently in use. One of these, vacuum degassing, is used primarily in the steel industry and thus not generally used in the aluminum industry. The second method, generally employed in the aluminum industry, is rotary degassing, which uses finely dispersed argon, chlorine, fluorine to remove dissolved hydrogen and various salts from melt. The challenges associated with producing aluminum are reducing porosity due to hydrogen precipitation during casting through degassing processes; which generates detrimental effects on mechanical properties of alloy castings and removing impurities like; the Ca, Mg salts etc. from the molten metal. Looking at the degassing systems provided by these players, are going to be obsolete as the environment norms will become stricter in the next decade, because of the use of Fluorine and Chlorine for removing the Ca, Mg, etc. impurities from the molten metal as the ozone layer is getting depleted and process becomes more cumbersome and hazardous. So, the innovation in the technology is needed; which leads research interest on development of the ultrasonic degassing as a better option. During this research authors would be using ultrasonic technology over existing technology to compare the results of conventional degasser units available in the market such as LARSTM, SNIFTM, STASTM - ACDTM, AlpurTM, MDUTM etc., and would be finding out the better operating parameters of ultrasonic equipment for the process for replacement of Fluorine and Chlorine based old technology with Ultrasonic Technology. This research paper should underpin improvement in the process and hence improved hardness of material by elimination of the fluorine and chlorine usage by replacing it with ultrasonic technology with suitable mechanical design, metallurgical criteria and thermal analysis consideration. During the entire research and development authors had carried out various operations like Research on thermal and metallurgical behavior of the molten metal and alloys, Comparison of results achieved using ultrasonic technique over existing technique, Formulation of conclusion; making ultrasonic technique a proven technology, and Identifying the further scope of research and development. With the experiments carried out, authors found significant improvement in hardness of the material produced by ultrasonic degassing as compared with the hardness of material produced by conventional degassing.
Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling in Die Sink Electric Discharge Mach...IJERA Editor
Integration of Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling with EDM process results in a newer process called as the Cryogenically Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (CEDM) process. It is one of very recent developments for the enhancement of process capabilities of EDM. In this technique, either the tool or the workpiece, or tool and workpiece both, may be, cryogenically treated down to sub zero temperatures or the EDM tool is cryogenically cooled with an objective to modify their properties. The modifications in properties result in the reduction of tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) and to increase material removal rate (MRR). An experimental set up for both the variants of CEDM has been discussed in the presented paper
Similar to Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct 31 2013 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct 31 2013
1. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1
Lattice Energy LLC
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
October 31, 2013
Contact: 1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/presentations
Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation results Successfully transmuted stable Cesium into stable Praseodymium Used previous experimental method of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Only modest temperatures/pressures/time required to produce results
“For the truth of the conclusions of physical science, observation is the supreme Court of Appeal.”
Sir Arthur Eddington (1939)
Cesium
Cs
Praseodymium
Pr
LENR transmutation
LENR transmutation
Inputs: pressure,
temperature,
time
Widom-Larsen theory: neutron production/captures, product decays
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs explains all of this experimental data
2. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
Lattice Energy LLC
Welcome to the New World of the future of energy
Clean green low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) offer great potential
Fossil fuels + fission + fusion
LENRs + renewables
From older problematic energy sources
To a greener less expensive tomorrow
Evolution of nuclear technology
3. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
Lattice Energy LLC
Contents
Key take-aways …………………………..……………………………………….……………… 4 - 5
Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002 …….…………………………..……. 6 - 10
Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs …………………………………....…... 11 - 55
Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data ……….…………………………… 56 - 65
Oct. 2013: Toyota published data in peer-reviewed JJAP ……………………………..... 66 - 68
Discussion of Toyota paper published in JJAP ……………………..………………...….. 69 - 77
Mitsubishi confirmed Nagaoka’s 1925 experiments ……………………………………... 78 - 93
Additional reading for the technically inclined ………………………………………….... 94 - 96
A tribute to scientists and companies of Japan ………………………………………….. 97 - 98
Final quote: H.E. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani (2000) ……………………………………. 99 - 100
4. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4
Lattice Energy LLC
Transmutations produced under mild conditions
Key take-aways
Cesium (Cs)
Praseodymium (Pr)
5. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5
Lattice Energy LLC
Key take-aways
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs)
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding
At an American Nuclear Society meeting in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine
6. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
Lattice Energy LLC
Reported various transmutations with this method Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002
Cesium (Cs)
Praseodymium (Pr)
7. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7
Lattice Energy LLC
In July 2002, Iwamura and colleagues at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
(Japan) first reported expensive, carefully executed experiments
clearly showing nuclear transmutation of selected stable implanted
target elements to other stable elements as detected via XPS analysis
Experiments involved permeation of D2 gas under 1 atm. pressure
gradient at 343o K through a Pd:Pd/CaO thin-film heterostructure with
Cs and Sr target elements placed on outermost Pd surface; electric
current was not used to load Deuterium into Pd, only applied
pressure differential, some heating, and time produced these results
Results: Cs target is transmuted to Pr and Sr target transmuted to Mo
Invoked Iwamura et al.’s EINR theory model (1998) to explain this data
“Elemental analyses of Pd complexes:
effects of D2 gas permeation”
Y. Iwamura et al.
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
41 pp. 4642 - 4650 (2002)
Central results were as follows:
Cs goes down
Pr goes up
Note: Iwamura et al. make an interesting qualitative observation on
pp. 4648 in the above paper, “…more permeating time is necessary
to convert Sr into Mo than Cs experiments. In other words, Cs is
easier to change than Sr.”
Comment: this observation is consistent with W-L theory neutron
catalyzed transmutation; this result would be expected because Cs-
133’s neutron capture cross-section of 29 barns at thermal energies
is vastly higher than Sr-88 ‘s at 5.8 millibarns. Ceteris paribus, Cs
transmutes faster simply because it captures neutrons more readily
Isotopes on
samples’ surfaces
analyzed in roughly
real- time during
the course of the
experiments using
XPS technique
88 96
38 42 Sr Mo
133 141
55 59 Cs Pr
Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002
Involves forced diffusion (permeation) of D2/H2 through Pd thin-film
Target elements implanted onto/into Pd film transmuted under mild conditions
Source for an author’s copy: http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYelementalaa.pdf
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Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002
Concept behind method presented in MHI slide from ICCF-18 (2013)
Source: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/36792/RecentAdvancesDeuteriumPermeationPresentation.pdf?sequence=1
MHI slide from ICCF-18 (2013)
Lattice added purple arrows: Widom-Larsen LENR transmutation processes occur at or near surface
Cesium (Cs), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), and Tungsten (W) target elements are implanted onto or into Palladium (Pd) thin-film substrate layer
Lattice modified original slide
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Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002
MHI compares their gas permeation method to electrochemical cells
Source: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/36792/RecentAdvancesDeuteriumPermeationPresentation.pdf?sequence=1
MHI slide from ICCF-18 (2013)
Lattice added purple arrows: Widom-Larsen LENR transmutation processes occur at or near surface
Cesium (Cs), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), and Tungsten (W) target elements are implanted onto or into Palladium (Pd) thin-film substrate layer
Lattice modified original slide
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Mitsubishi’s experimental method used since 2002
2013: MHI summarized LENR transmutation of targets reported to date
Source: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/36792/RecentAdvancesDeuteriumPermeationPresentation.pdf?sequence=1
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs explains all of these varied experimental results
Confirmed by Toyota: JJAP (Oct. 2013)
Confirmed H. Nagaoka: Nature (1925)
MHI slide from ICCF-18 (2013)
Target elements
Lattice modified original slide
Cesium (Cs), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), and Tungsten (W) target elements are implanted onto or into Palladium (Pd) thin-film substrate layer
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Many-body collective effects produce neutrons
Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Cesium
Praseodymium
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Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Hidden in plain sight for 100 years because no hard radiation emitted
Many-body collective QM effects enable nuclear reactions under mild conditions
Revolution in nuclear technology
Low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) are a uniquely green nuclear technology: no deadly energetic gamma or neutron radiation and no production of long-lived radioactive wastes; enable development of bio-safe, very compact power systems
LENRs are neither fission nor fusion but something rather different
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Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
LENR processes were effectively hidden in plain sight for 100 years
Fusion (1929) and fission (1938) mainly rely on strong interaction and emit readily detectable fluxes of deadly MeV-energy gamma or energetic neutron radiation; consequently, those two types of nuclear processes were discovered experimentally and well-accepted by the physics and astronomy communities long before most recent public controversy about scientists claiming to have observed LENR transmutations in a prosaic electrolytic chemical cell (1989)
In fact, observations of what we now know were actually LENRs have been episodically reported and published by experimentalists for nearly 100 years; however, given an absence of obvious hard radiation signatures, they had no Idea they were encountering a very green, energetic nuclear process that occurs on microscopic length-scales in condensed matter systems under a very particular set of conditions that only rarely line-up perfectly in Nature
No radiological health risks are known to be associated with LENRs because they don’t emit hard radiation and typically don’t produce biologically significant amounts of environmentally hazardous, long-lived radioactive isotopes. That being the case, very subtle telltale signs of LENR activity can only be readily detected and measured through the use of extraordinarily sensitive, modern mass spectroscopy techniques on stable isotopes. Such powerful analytical tools have only been readily affordable and reasonably easy-to-use by a broad range of scientists in different disciplines for less than two decades. Consequently, LENR processes have effectively been hidden in plain sight and unappreciated by the vast majority of the world scientific community for the better part of the last 100 years
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Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Major paradigm shift in thinking about nucleosynthesis of elements
Collective many-body and quantum ‘aikido’ physics enable non-stellar process
LENRs are an amazing neutron-catalyzed, hard radiation-free, star-like nucleosynthetic process that can operate at substantial rates in condensed matter systems at moderate macroscopic temperatures and under relatively low pressures; this is a major paradigm shift in the physics of nucleosynthesis
Condensed matter LENRs’ neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis similar to both the s- and r-process that astrophysicists believe are responsible for creating elements heavier than Iron (Fe, A=56) in blazing-hot stars and in supernovae; unlike the s-/r-processes, however, experiments show LENRs can operate all the way from hydrogen up to the heaviest elements; yet another paradigm shift
Nucleosynthesis of elements in Periodic Table is thus possible way outside super-hot stellar cores and violently exploding stars; this is a profound paradigm shift from what astrophysicists previously believed was possible
Non-stellar nucleosynthesis in otherwise comparatively benign physical environments is enabled by Widom-Larsen physics aikido explained herein
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Summarizes astrophysicists’ present beliefs re nucleosynthesis
Atomic Mass (A)
Note: number of protons in nucleus determine + charge and the element’s atomic number (Z)
Hydrogen (H) 1
Iron (Fe) 56
Bismuth (Bi) 209
Lawrencium (Lw) 262
Uranium (U) 235
Unstable to α- decay and fission; also rare decays of other types of particles Fission and α-decay processes recycle heavy elements back into lighter ones (lower values of A)
Charged-particle fusion reactions in stellar cores (A1+A2)
Different elements all have different atomic numbers (Z); a given element may have >1 stable and unstable isotopes that differ in A (total number of neutrons + protons = A). Today, there are 112 recognized elements (heaviest is Copernicium: Z = 112, A = 277, H.L. = 29 sec) and over 3,000 known stable and unstable isotopes
Neutron-capture (A+1n): r-process operates from A~56 up to ???
β- decays
Copernicium (Cn) 277
Cosmic nucleosynthetic cycle in values of A
proton p+ and e-
Involves fusion up to Fe and neutron capture processes to reach superheavies
Neutron-capture (A+1n): s- process leads to heavier unstable isotopes
A> 277 Superheavies
Beta-decay: unstable, neutron-rich isotopes generally decay via the beta- minus (β-) decay process; converts a neutron (n) into a charged proton; atomic number increases by +1 which creates a stable or unstable isotope of a different element; value of A = ~same
Fusion reactions: deep in cores of stars
s-process: thought to occur in outer envelopes of late-stage red giant stars
r-process: as of today, while most believe it occurs only in supernova explosions, nobody is 100% certain that idea is true
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Brief history of theory’s publication timeline and present status
Fusion and fission both occur in Nature
Green LENRs
Revolution
Taekwando is Hot
Few-body; strong interaction
Gigantic stars Man-made systems Aikido is Cool Collective many-body weak interaction
Can occur under much more moderate conditions in condensed matter
1896: Becquerel discovered radioactivity (France)
2001: Lattice received seed funding from private investors and began operating in Chicago, IL
2005: Cornell arXiv preprint provided first truly rigorous theory of LENRs with key features based on weak interaction and many-body collective effects under umbrella of Standard Model; no “new physics” found anywhere in Widom-Larsen theory publications
2006: core elements of our theory explained in paper by Widom & Larsen published in the peer-reviewed European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields
2010: paper summarizing entire sweep of W-L theory was published in Pramana - Journal of Physics
2013: basic science and proprietary aspects of device physics have finally been worked-out; LENRs are now ready for device engineering and commercialization
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Key papers published in peer-reviewed academic physics journals
Paper Subject matter
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen, European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
Author’s copy: note - first uploaded to the arXiv in May 2005
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-catalyzed-lenrs-on-metallic-hydride- surfacesepjc-march-2006
Except for gamma suppression, all core concepts of W-L theory and key details of its weak interaction physics found in this refereed paper; includes upward mass- shifting of SP electrons, B-O breakdown, etc.; gamma conversion in Sept. 2005
“Absorption of nuclear gamma radiation by heavy electrons on metallic hydride surfaces”
A.Widom and L. Larsen (Sept 2005) http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0509/0509269v1.pdf
Covers W-L theory of hard gamma photon absorption and conversion to infrared in condensed matter LENRs
“Nuclear abundances in metallic hydride electrodes of electrolytic chemical cells”
A.Widom and L. Larsen (Feb 2006) http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0602/0602472v1.pdf
Explains Miley transmutation data with Widom-Larsen optical model of ULM neutron absorption in condensed matter
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen (v2. Sep 2006)
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/nucl-th/pdf/0608/0608059v2.pdf
Theoretical calculations of W-L ULM neutron production rates; agrees well with best available experimental measurements
“Energetic electrons and nuclear transmutations in exploding wires”
A.Widom, Y. N. Srivastava and L. Larsen (Sept 2007) http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0709/0709.1222v1.pdf
W-L theory of weak interactions applied to high-current exploding wires; explains Wendt-Irion experimental data (1922)
“Errors in the quantum electrodynamic mass analysis of Hagelstein and Chaudhary”
A.Widom, Y.N. Srivastava and L. Larsen (Feb 2008) http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0802/0802.0466v2.pdf
Hagelstein & Chaudhary published their criticism of W-L theory; our response clearly refuted all of their arguments
“High energy particles in the Solar corona” (April 2008)
A. Widom, Y.N. Srivastava and L. Larsen
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0804/0804.2647v1.pdf
Applies many-body collective, magnetically dominated W-L theory explain the anomalous heating of the solar corona
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. N. Srivastava, A. Widom and L. Larsen, Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010) http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf
Summarizes all of the W-L theoretical concepts found in previous 6 papers at slightly lower levels of mathematical detail
Note: initial versions of all these papers are available online at the Cornell physics preprint arXiv
Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Operates from the microcosm to the astrophysical macrocosm
Characteristic LENR length scales range from nm to μ in condensed matter
Solves several
unexplained
astronomical mysteries
Energetic particles (GeVs),
gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
and ultra-high energy
cosmic rays (TeVs)
Active galactic
nuclei in vicinity
of compact,
massive objects
(black holes)
Up to
several AU
(distance
from earth
to sun)
Solves mysteries of
heating of solar corona
and radioactive isotopes
in stellar atmospheres
Transmutations, large
fluxes of energetic
particles (to GeVs), limited
gamma shielding, X-rays
Dusty plasmas: high
mega-currents and
very large-scale, highly
organized magnetic
fields
Outer layers and
atmospheres of
stars (flux tubes)
Many
Meters to
Kilometers
This regime is useful for
large-scale commercial
power generation
Transmutations, ‘leakier’
gamma shielding, heat; X-rays
up to 10 keV, larger
energetic particle fluxes
Dusty plasmas: mixed
high-current and high
local magnetic fields
Exploding wires,
planetary
lightning
Microns to
Many
Meters
This regime is useful for
small-scale commercial
power generation
Transmutations, high level
gamma shielding, heat,
some energetic particles
Very high, short-range
electric fields on solid
substrates
Hydrogen
isotopes on
metallic surfaces
Microns
Obtain unavailable trace
elements; survive deadly
gamma/X-ray radiation
Transmutations, high
level gamma shielding
Very short-range
electric or magnetic
fields
Certain earthly
bacteria and
fungi
Submicron
Comment
Collective LENR
Phenomena
Electromagnetic
Regime
Type
of System
Length
Scale
Note: mass renormalization of electrons by high local E-fields not a key factor in magnetically dominated regimes at large length scales
Green nuclear regime
Magnetically
dominated regime
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Increasing neutron and charged particle energies
Short-Range Collective Electric Field Effects Dominate
Longer-Range Collective Magnetic Field Effects Begin to Dominate
Long-Range Collective Magnetic Field Effects Dominate
W-L mixed regime: high energy particle reactions and/or LENRs on dust
Scales-up to very large length scales
Wide range of magnetic field strengths
High currents: electrons and/or ions
• Stars: additional nuclear reactions occur in photospheres, flares, and further out in coronas
• Dusty, hydrogen-rich nebular plasma clouds exposed to stellar photon and particle radiation
• Magnetars/active galactic nuclei: W-L mechanism can in theory create UHE TeV cosmic rays W-L: e* + p+ 1 neutron + neutrino or e* + d+ 2 neutrons + neutrino Neutron production and capture release energy, create transmutation products
• Microorganisms - biological transmutations by some types of earthly bacteria and fungi
• Pressure gradients across membranes - e.g., Iwamura, Arata (Japan); Li (China); gas phase
• Current-driven P&F-type chemical cells - liquid phase; glow discharge cells - gas phase
• Laser-triggered chemical cells - e.g., Letts & Cravens; Violante, Barmina; liquid/gas phase
• RF-triggered dusty plasmas - e.g., Mills (USA); Univ. of Florida in 1960s (USA); gas phase
• Current-driven dusty plasmas; gaseous phase only (literature mainly within last 15 years)
• Vacuum diodes - e.g., Proton-21 (Ukraine); Sandia N.L. (USA) in mid-1970s; gas phase only
• Exploding wires - e.g., Wendt & Irion 1922 (USA); Z-pinch at Sandia N.L. (USA); gas phase
• Magnetic flux compression generators - e.g., Los Alamos N.L. (USA); institutes in Russia
• Lightning (terrestrial, planetary, nebular), especially in dusty environments - e.g., Dwyer
• ULMN-catalyzed subcritical fission reactors (<<< nuclear waste) - reprocess stored wastes
Higher fluxes of neutrons
~0 eV Ultra low momentum neutrons …. MeV neutrons …GeV neutrons ….TeVs
Magnetic effects dominate large length-scale plasmas: e- + p+ g lepton + X
Regime of mostly very low energy neutron reactions: LENRs dominate
Mega-scale currents
Low to medium electric and/or ion currents
Higher fluxes of neutrons
>>>> fluxes
Collective nuclear aikido
Many-body collective magnetic taekwondo
Higher fluxes of neutrons
>>>> fluxes
Operates from the microcosm to the astrophysical macrocosm
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Explains why LENRs are an intrinsically green nuclear process
Prerequisite basic underlying science is now well-understood and published
In 1989, small group of researchers thought LENRs were form of “cold fusion”
These researchers were dead wrong: thanks to Widom-Larsen theory (WLT) we now know that unique features of LENRs instead involve the weak interaction, not strong interaction fusion (hot, cold, warm, or otherwise) or nuclear fission
WLT explains exactly how LENRs are clean and environmentally green, i.e., why there are no deadly emissions of MeV-energy gamma photon radiation, fluxes of dangerous energetic neutrons, or production of large quantities of long-lived radioactive isotopes --- no shielding or containment are required
As of today, we have published the non-proprietary, basic physics of LENR devices in two mainstream peer-reviewed physics journals (2006, 2010)
While vast majority of competitors may still be struggling to understand basic science issues in LENRs, after 12 years of effort Lattice is now ready to apply its proprietary knowledge of LENRs and begin a device engineering program to build ultra-high performance portable and stationary clean power generators
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Overview of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Synopsis and comparison of four key types of energy technologies
Combustion of fossil fuels (strictly chemical processes involving outer valence electrons of nuclei):
Comments: emits copious quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas; comprises vast majority of mankind’s energy production today
Scale of energy release: eVs (chemical regime)
Alternate natural sources of fuel: primarily oil, coal, and biomass; basic reaction: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
Controlled release of nuclear binding energy (fission and fusion; mainly involve strong interaction):
Comments: no CO2 emission; emit dangerous energetic radiation (γ, neutron); today <10% of global energy production
Scale of energy release: MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x all chemical energy sources
Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major rad-waste clean-up
Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development
Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy
Fusion of light nuclei: (involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor rad-waste clean-up $ vs. fission
Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen)
Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs - key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak interaction; neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy):
Comments: early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR systems do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures much lower $ cost
Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture LE neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy
Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on seed nuclei then proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
LENRs intrinsically greener than fission or fusion processes
Good news about CO2-free Uranium and Plutonium fission reactions is that they have Qv values of ~190+ MeV, releasing most of their energy on a time scale of ~10-19 seconds in the form of prompt neutron and gamma radiation as well as fast moving, neutron-rich, asymmetric fission fragments comprising unstable products that undergo further decays; bad news is they produce large fluxes of deadly MeV neutron and gamma radiation as well as long-lived radioactive wastes; massive shielding/containment is mandatory for reactors
Good news about cleaner (vs. fission) CO2-free D-T fusion reactions in commercial power reactors is Qv of ~17.6 MeV; bad news is that most of the binding energy released is in the form of hard-to-manage 14.1 MeV neutrons along with gamma rays and neutron-induced radioactivity in apparatus; huge temps, ‘fast’ neutrons create major engineering problems
Good news about CO2-free LENR transmutation processes is that they do not produce biologically significant quantities of deadly gamma or neutron radiation or hazardous long-lived radioactive isotopes; in contrast to fission or fusion - no bad news for LENRs
Many scientists mistakenly believe that weak interactions are weak energetically; that view is incorrect. In a Carbon-target LENR transmutation network, neutron-rich Nitrogen-17 and Nitrogen-18 beta- decays release 22.8 and 23.8 MeV, respectively; this is comparable to nuclear fusion reactions but without any need for enormous temperatures or pressures. Little or no shielding, containment, or clean-up would be needed for LENR power systems
Absence of shielding and containment issues enables portable nuclear power
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Some LENRs energetically comparable to fusion reactions
Fission and fusion are few-body taekwondo; LENRs are many-body aikido
Reaction Type Typical “Average” Energy Release Relative Index of
Energy Release
U-235 Conventional Fission
H+H Fusion in Stars
D+T Fusion Reactors
Light and Heavy Water LENRs
Blacklight Power’s “Hydrinos”
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Combustion of Gasoline
220 MeV 1000
27 MeV
17. 6 MeV
~ 0.1 MeV (low side)
~ 22 MeV (high side)
max 0.02 MeV
0.0001 MeV
0.0002 MeV
123
80
91
0.45
0.09
0.0001
0.00005
Nuclear:
Strong Interaction
Nuclear:
Weak Interaction
?
Chemical
Less Energy
Per Reaction
(1938)
(1939)
(1950s)
(1989)
(1838)
(1876)
(1991)
Taekwondo
Aikido
Chemical
Evolution of nuclear technology
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Collective LENR processes utilize energy from many SP electrons
SP electron mass-renormalization by absorbing E-M energy directly from a local electric field allows portion of the SP electrons situated in a tiny LENR-active patch to access enough additional mass-energy (>0.78 MeV) from field to cross energetic threshold for reacting directly with local coherent protons or deuterons to make neutrons and neutrinos; electrons do not have to be at high macroscopic temps to do this = aikido physics
Comparatively cool, collective many-body aikido field-energy process in condensed matter LENRs contrasts sharply with few-body taekwondo kinetic processes that occur in stellar, tokamak, Z-pinch, and ICF fuel target fusion plasmas where charged particles, e.g. d + and t +, are heated to enormous temperatures so that a small subset (high-energy tail of Maxwellian distribution of particle energies) of them that strike each other exactly head-on have enough kinetic energy to surmount the Coulomb energetic barrier (like charges repel each other) to nuclear fusion reactions
Many-body collective nuclear reactions do not require super-hot temperatures
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Nuclear-strength local E-fields needed to shift electron masses
Ultra low momentum (ULM) neutron production can begin in given many-body patch of protons sometime after local E-field strengths exceed ~2 x 1011 V/m (i.e., e-* mass renormalization ratio β is now greater than minimum threshold ratio β0) and adequate numbers of mass-renormalized e-* electrons have been created (enabled by local breakdown of Born- Oppenheimer approximation in ~temporal conjunction with nonequilibrium energy inputs)
Key e-* + p+ or e-* + d+ weak reactions must necessarily occur during many-body, collectively oscillating protons’ brief moments of quantum coherence (i.e., effective entanglement within a patch); duration of such proton coherence times are on the order of attoseconds (~10-18 sec); these times have been measured by Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, 2005, cited in Slide #44 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewpahs-and-lenrsnov-25-2009
After the e-* mass renormalization set-up process has completed and heavy e-* electrons and p+ protons are heavy-enough to react (i.e., β now > β0), subsequent weak reactions that follow only require ~10-19 to 10-22 sec to finish. Thus, while flickering proton coherence times are relatively short, weak e-* + p+ reactions that produce ULM neutrons operate on much faster nuclear time-scales; this allows collective neutron production to proceed at substantial rates
When collectively produced neutrons are ULM, local neutron capture processes occur over time-horizons on the order of picoseconds (10-18 sec); not enough time for them to thermalize
Local quantum entanglement of patch SP electrons and protons is crucial
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Input energy is required: to create non-equilibrium conditions that enable nuclear-strength local E-fields which produce populations of heavy-mass e-* electrons that react with many-body surface patches of p+, d+, or t+ to produce neutrons via e-* + p+ 1 n or e-* + d+ 2 n, etc. (cost = 0.78 MeV/neutron for H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can be combined):
Electrical currents - i.e., an electron beam of one sort or another can serve as input source
Ion currents - across the interface on which SP electrons reside (i.e., an ion beam that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or other types of charged ions); one method used to input energy is ion flux caused by imposing a pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)
Incoherent and coherent E-M photon fluxes - can be incoherent E-M radiation found in resonant electromagnetic cavities; with proper coupling, SP electrons can also be directly energized with coherent laser beams emitting photons at appropriate resonant wavelengths
Organized magnetic fields with cylindrical geometries - mainly at very high electron currents; includes organized, non-ideal so-called dusty plasmas --- scales way-up to stellar flux tubes
Key feature of complex multi-step LENR transmutation networks: large numbers of viable network pathways can release more net nuclear binding energy that arises from a combination of neutron captures (with direct conversion of resulting prompt and delayed gammas into IR per W- L theory) and nuclear decays (e.g., α, β, etc.) vs. input energy that is required to produce total numbers of neutrons required for network pathway(s) to operate
Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Appropriate forms of input energy required to produce neutrons
Electron or ion currents, incoherent or laser photon fluxes, and magnetic fields
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Following conditions required to energize and sustain LENRs
Substantial quantities of Hydrogen isotopes must be brought into intimate contact with fully-loaded metallic hydride- forming metals (or non-metals like Se); e.g., Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium, Nickel, Titanium, Tungsten, etc. Please note that collectively oscillating, 2-D surface plasmon (SP) electrons are intrinsically present and cover the surfaces of such metals. At full loading of H, many-body, collectively oscillating island-like patches of protons (p+), deuterons (d+), or tritons (t+) will form spontaneously at random locations scattered across such surfaces
Or, delocalized collectively oscillating π electrons that comprise the outer covering surfaces of fullerenes, graphene, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules behave very similarly to SPs; when such molecules are hydrogenated, they can create many-body, collectively oscillating, entangled quantum systems that, per W-L theory, are functionally equivalent analogues of loaded metallic hydrides (trigger LENRs on aromatic rings)
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in tiny surface patches of contiguous collections of collectively oscillating p+, d+, and/or t+ ions; enables E-M coupling between nearby SP or π electrons and hydrogen ions at these locations; creates nuclear-strength local electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m; effective masses of electrons in that field are then increased to a multiple of an electron at rest (e → e*) - determined by required ~simultaneous energy input(s)
System must be subjected to external non-equilibrium fluxes of charged particles or E-M photons that are able to transfer input energy directly to many-body SP or π electron surface films. Examples of such external energy sources include (they may be used in combination): electric currents (i.e., electron beams); E-M photons (e.g., emitted from lasers, IR-resonant E-M cavity walls, etc.); pressure gradients of p+, d+, and/or t+ ions imposed across surfaces; currents of other ions crossing the SP electron surface in either direction (ion beams); etc. Such sources can provide additional input energy required to surpass certain minimum H-isotope-specific electron-mass thresholds that allow production of ULM neutron fluxes via e* + p+, e* + d+, or e* + t+ weak interactions
N.B.: please note again that surface plasmon electrons are collective, many-body electronic phenomena closely associated with interfaces. For example, they can exist at gas/metal interfaces or metal/oxide interfaces. Thus, surface plasmon oscillations will almost certainly also be present at contact points between purely metallic surfaces and adsorbed target nanoparticles composed of metallic oxides, e.g., PdO, NiO, or TiO2, etc., or vice-versa
All of these requirements must be fulfilled to trigger neutron production
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Overview of W-L and LENR processes in condensed matter systems
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Heating effects caused by gamma conversion and charged particles
Conceptually, LENR neutrons act like catalytic matches that are used to ‘light the logs’ of target fuel nuclei. A neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation network operates to release nuclear binding energy that has been stored and locked away in target fuel elements since they were originally produced in nucleosynthetic processes of long-dead stars, many billions of years ago
LENR networks can produce usable process heat that arises mainly from:
Direct conversion of gamma photons (γ ) into infrared photons (IR) by heavy electrons; e.g., γ from neutron captures or decays. IR is then scattered and absorbed by local matter, increasing its temperature
Nuclear decays in which energetic charged particles are emitted (e.g., alphas, betas, protons, deuterons, tritons); particles then transfer their kinetic energy by scattering on local matter, increasing its temperature
Neutrino photons from weak interactions do not contribute to production of process heat; they essentially bleed-off a small portion of released nuclear binding energy into space; unavoidable neutrino emissions are part of the ‘cost’ of obtaining energy releases in LENR networks from beta- decays
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Much greener nuclear processes compared to fission and fusion
Here is why LENRs do not produce deadly fluxes of fast MeV-energy neutrons
Unlike energetic neutrons typically produced in nuclear reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are ~ standing still at the moment of creation in condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal energies (i.e., ultra low momentum), ULM neutrons have huge Q-M DeBroglie wavelengths and commensurately large capture cross-sections on nearby nuclei; virtually all will be captured locally --- only rarely will a tiny subset be externally detectable as minute emissions of free neutrons
For vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, effective neutron capture cross-sections (relative to measured cross-sections at thermal energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and DeBroglie wavelength is ~ 2 Angstroms) are directly related to ~1/v, where v is neutron velocity in m/sec. Since v in m/sec is negligible for ULM neutrons, their 1/v capture cross-sections on nuclei will be proportionately larger. After being created via aikido physics, vast majority of ULMNs will be captured locally before scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal kinetic energies
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Much greener nuclear processes compared to fission and fusion
Here is why LENRs do not produce any deadly fluxes of MeV gamma radiation
Dynamic process whereby unreacted heavy-mass SP electrons in LENR- active patches can actively absorb and directly convert locally emitted or incident gamma radiation into many more less-energetic infrared (IR) photons at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy (has tiny, variable emission tail in soft X-rays)
When ULM neutron captures onto an atom located inside entangled 3-D Q-M domain of an LENR-active patch, there are normally prompt gamma photon emissions by the atom. Since this capture-related gamma radiation occurs inside the 3-D quantum mechanical structure of a 3-D LENR-active patch, there are always heavy electrons available nearby to absorb and convert such gamma emissions into IR. It does not matter where a gamma occurs inside a patch, it will always get converted; ditto for gammas associated with β-decays of local LENR transmutation products. Large fluxes of MeV gammas will not be emitted externally from such patches, no matter what x-y-z direction it is measured from
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US #7,893,414 B2
“Apparatus and Method for Absorption of Incident Gamma Radiation and its Conversion to Outgoing Radiation at Less Penetrating, Lower Energies and Frequencies”
Inventors: Lewis Larsen, Allan Widom
Issued: February 22, 2011
Assignee: Lattice Energy LLC
Gamma Photons ~0.5 – 1.0 to ~10 - 11 MeV energy
Heavy Electrons
Frequency Down Conversion Infrared Photons i.e., Heat
Abstract: “Gamma radiation (22) is shielded by producing a region of heavy electrons (4) and receiving incident gamma radiation in such region. The heavy electrons absorb energy from the gamma radiation and re-radiate it as photons (38, 40) at a lower energy and frequency. The heavy electrons may be produced in surface plasmon polaritons. Multiple regions (6) of collectively oscillating protons or deuterons with associated heavy electrons may be provided. Nanoparticles of a target material on a metallic surface capable of supporting surface plasmons may be provided. The region of heavy electrons is associated with that metallic surface. The method induces a breakdown in a Born- Oppenheimer approximation. Apparatus and method are described.”
Issued patent: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/us-patent-7893414-b2
Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Fundamental patent covers LENRs in condensed matter devices
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Qv =6.4 MeV
Very neutron-rich intermediates rapidly decay into stable isotopes
According to Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, over time large fluxes of ULM neutrons will inevitably produce a build- up of relatively large populations of unstable, very neutron-rich isotopes
At some point, all such neutron-rich isotopes will necessarily decay, mainly by series of rapid beta β- cascades
β- decays release energetic β particles (electrons) that transfer kinetic energy to local matter, heating it up quickly
Depending on half-lives, β- chains can rapidly traverse entire rows of the periodic table, terminating in production of stable isotopes of heavier higher-Z elements. Long-running experiments with large ULMN fluxes produce many different stable isotopes and elements
46Pd-117 HL = 4.3 sec
47Ag-117
HL = 73 sec
48Cd-117 HL = 2.5 hrs
49In-117 HL = 43 min
50Sn-117
Stable
Qv = 5.7 MeV
Qv = 4.2 MeV
Qv = 2.5 MeV
Qv = 1.5 MeV
Total Qv = 13.9 MeV
Sum of HLs = 3.2 hrs
47Ag-121
HL = 4.3 sec
48Cd-121
HL = 73 sec
49In-121 HL = 2.5 hrs
50Sn-121 HL = 27 hrs
51Sb-121
Stable
Qv = 4.9 MeV
Qv = 3.4 MeV
Qv = .39 MeV
Total Qv = 15.1 MeV Sum of HLs = 29.5 hrs
28Ni-68 HL = 19 sec
29Cu-68
HL = 31 sec
30Zn-68 Stable
Qv = 2.1 MeV
Qv = 4.5 MeV
Total Qv = 6.6 MeV Sum of HLs = 50 sec
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
Using Deuterium as a base fuel, it costs a total of 7 ULM neutrons to make Pd-117 from Pd-110 at 0.39 MeV/neutron (total of 2.73 MeV) – the cascade releases 13.9 MeV, a net gain of ~11.2 MeV. It costs 12 ULMNs and 4.7 MeV to make Ag-121 from Ag-109; cascade releases 15.1 MeV, etc.
Examples explain how and why LENR transmutation networks have a very strong tendency to rapidly produce stable isotopes
Palladium Silver Nickel
Beta decay cascade
Here is why LENRs do not produce significant amounts of radioactive wastes
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Conceptual overview of many-body patches that form on surfaces
SP electrons and protons oscillate collectively and are mutually Q-M entangled
Diameters of many-body patches randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100+ microns
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
SP electron subsystem
Proton subsystem
Substrate subsystem
SP electron and proton subsystems form a many-body WLT patch; it can also reside on nanoparticles attached to surface
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in this region
Note: diagram components are not to scale
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Born-Oppenheimer breakdown enables nuclear-strength e-fields
High local electric fields increase effective masses of some patch SP electrons
Note: diagram components are not to scale
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Layer of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Substrate subsystem
Sufficient input energy will create local E-fields > 1011 V/m within a patch which permits:
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diameters of many-body patches randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100+ microns
+ + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -
Nuclear-strength local electric fields created herein
Input energyE-field + e- sp g e-*sp + p+ g n + νe [condensed matter surfaces]
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Collectively oscillating patches of protons form spontaneously
Wide range of diameters scattered randomly across surfaces where they form
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Substrate subsystem
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); could also be many other metals
Note: diagram components are not to scale
After being produced, neutrons will capture on targets in/around patches: n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1) [neutron capture on targets] (Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ- + νe [beta- decay] Often followed by β - decays of neutron-rich intermediate isotopic products
Intense heating in LENR-active sites will form μ-scale event craters on substrate surfaces
= Surface target atom
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Micron-scale LENR-active surface sites are dynamic entities
LENR-active surface sites in condensed matter are not permanent entities or static structures; in fact, they are extraordinarily dynamic, short lived, many-body collective organizations of matter. In experimental or certain natural systems with sufficient input energy, when conditions are just right they will form spontaneously, operate for as little as 10 ns up to perhaps several hundred nanoseconds, and then suddenly die (they effectively destroy themselves with heat)
Over time or the course of a given experiment, many cycles of birth, nuclear binding energy release, and death may be repeated over and over again at many different, randomly scattered nm-to μm-sized locations found on an LENR-active surface or interface; neutron-dose histories can vary greatly over small length-scales across an entire LENR-active surface. Such spatial elemental/isotopic heterogeneity has often been observed by LENR researchers with SIMS
While ULM neutron production and local capture, gamma conversion to IR by heavy electrons, and subsequent nuclear decays are occurring, these tiny patches temporarily become hot spots. Their temperatures may briefly reach 4,000 - 6,000o K or perhaps even higher. That value is roughly as high as the surface temperature of the Sun and hot enough to melt and/or even flash-boil essentially all metals and alloys, including Tungsten (b.p. 5,666o C). For a brief time, a tiny dense ball of very hot, nanodusty plasma is created. Such intense local heating events can produce various types of distinctive explosive melting features and/or comparatively deep craters that are often observed in post-experiment SEM images of LENR device surfaces
Sites only live for several hundred ns before intense heating destroys them
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
U.S. Navy SEM images of LENR-active surfaces show μ-scale craters
Excerpted and quoted directly from: “Ultrafast laser patterning of OLEDs on flexible substrate for solid-state lighting” D. Karnakis, A. Kearsley, and M. Knowles Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering 4 pp. 218 - 223 (2009) http://www.jlps.gr.jp/jlmn/upload/25e2c628adb23db70b26356271d20180.pdf
Fig. 6 from Karnakis et al. (2009)
LENR Pd surface post-experiment: P. Boss et al. U.S. Navy - SPAWAR
Quoting from Karnakis et al.: “Laser irradiation at fluences between 137-360 mJ/cm2 removed the cathode layer only, resulting in a uniform flat floor and an intact LEP surface, allowing a relatively wide process window for cathode removal. A typical example of such laser patterned Ba/Al cathode layer on the OLED stack is shown in Figure 6. The average fluence was 230 mJ/cm2 irradiated with an estimated spot diameter at 1/e2 of 35 μm. This resulted in a crater diameter of 21.5 μm.”
Note microspheres formed at lips of craters
Evidence for explosive boiling of metals: Morphology of LENR craters is similar to ablative effects of energetic laser irradiation
LENR craters have sharp relief and high aspect-ratios; like laser ablation
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Zhang & Dash triggered LENR transmutations in electrolytic cells
A. Anders: Spot Type 1 - “contaminated” surface
LENR surface shown to right, which started-out smooth at the beginning of the experiment, appears to be much rougher in texture than the cathodic arc
Zhang & Dash (2007) --- Fig. 10. SEM picture of region #2 in Fig. 4(b). SEM No.WS060424Pd-H-CC-i2-150X
A. Anders “Cathodic Arcs, and related phenomena” (2010)
Free copy of Zhang & Dash paper at:
http://www.lenr- canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf
Cathodic arc craters
LENR craters
Fig. 11. Characteristic X-ray spectrum of spot #1 in Fig. 10.
Quoting from discussion of Fig. 10: “Ni was listed as “not detected” in the chemical analysis provided by the vendor of the Pd foil. It is very unlikely to have resulted from the cold rolling process or from electrodeposition because it is highly localized near one corner of the cathode. If it is the result of either contamination from the rolling mill or from electroplating it should not be highly localized on only one corner of the cathode. It could not have resulted from SEM systems because the stainless steel components of the SEM chamber also contain Fe and Cr. Fe and/or Cr are not present in any of the spectra. The SEM does not have components made of pure Ni. Therefore, the origin of the Ni is not known.”.
Nickel (Ni) anomalies observed on surface
Anders’ SEM image vs. Zhang & Dash image of post-experiment LENR-active surface
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Zhang & Dash triggered LENR transmutations in electrolytic cells
EDX analysis of post-LENR experiment surfaces showed anomalous Silver (Ag)
LENRs: Zhang & Dash (2007) - Fig. 9
Fig. 9. SEM picture of crater at another time. SEM
No.WS060607Pd-H-CC-i2-2kX
Zhang and Dash: Table IX. Relative atomic percent concentrations of silver (Ag) in area and spots shown in Fig. 9
Spot # wa* area** +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Ag/(Pd+Ag) 1.2 +/- 0.5 5.6 +/- 0.4 6.8 +/- 0.4 5.6 +/- 0.3 6.3 +/- 0.4 3.6 +/- 0.6 1.2 +/- 0.5
*wa = whole entire area comprising image in Fig. 9
** area = delimited by the white square outlined in Fig. 9
Following likely took place in these experiments:
Pd + n → unstable n-rich Pd isotope → Ag isotopes
neutron capture beta decay
Palladium Cathode
Note: Pd surface b.p. = 2,970o C
Palladium Cathode
LENRs: Zhang & Dash (2007) - Fig. 8
Free copy of
Zhang & Dash
paper at:
http://www.lenr-canr.
org/acrobat/
ZhangWSexcessh
eat.pdf
Quoting: “The most common
finding is that silver occurs in
craters, such as those shown in
Fig. 8. These craters with rims
almost certainly formed during
electrolysis. Pt deposition was
concentrated on these
protruding rims.”
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Processes on LENR-active surfaces: complex, fast, and time-varying
LENR hot spots create intense local heating and variety of readily noticeable surface features such as craters: over time, LENR-active surfaces inevitably experience major micron-scale changes in local nanostructures and elemental/isotopic compositions. On LENR-active substrate surfaces, there are a myriad of different complex, nanometer-to micron-scale electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear processes that operate in conjunction with and simultaneously with each other. LENRs involve interactions between surface plasmon electrons, E-M fields, and many different types of nanostructures with varied geometries, surface locations relative to each other, different- strength local E-M fields, and varied chemical/isotopic compositions; chemical and nuclear realms interoperate
To varying degrees, many of these complex, time-varying surface interactions are electromagnetically coupled on many different physical length-scales: thus, mutual E-M resonances can be very important in such systems. In addition to optical frequencies, SP and π electrons in condensed matter often also have some absorption and emission bands in infrared (IR) and UV portions of E-M spectrum. Well, walls of gas-phase metallic or glass LENR reaction vessels can emit various wavelengths of E-M photon energy into the interior space; glass tubes with inside surfaces coated with complex phosphors can function as resonant E-M cavities. Target nanostructures, nanoparticles, and/or molecules located inside such cavities can absorb IR, UV, or visible photons radiated from vessel walls if their absorption bands happen (or are engineered) to fall into same spectral range as E-M cavity wall radiation emission; complex two-way E-M interactions between targets and walls occurs (imagine interior of a reaction vessel as arrays of E-M nanoantennas with walls and targets having two-way send/receive channels)
Wide variety of complex, interrelated E-M, nuclear, and chemical processes may be occurring simultaneously, side-by-side in adjacent nm to μ-scale local regions on LENR-active surfaces: for example, some regions on a given surface may be absorbing E-M energy locally, while others nearby can be emitting energy (e.g., as energetic electrons, photons, other charged particles, etc.). At same time, energy can be transferred laterally from regions of resonant absorption or capture to other regions in which energy emission or consumption is taking place: e.g., photon or electron emission, and/or LENRs in which: [E-M field energy] + e- → e-* + p+ → nulm + ν
Chemical and nuclear reactions occur simultaneously in parallel on same surface
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Hard radiation not emitted - how does one confirm transmutations?
Mass spectroscopy techniques are best tools for detecting reaction products
By early to mid-1990s, some LENR researchers located at smattering of major universities and national laboratories in Japan, Russia, Italy, and the US were already doing competent before-and-after analyses of experimental LENR devices using various types of mass spectroscopy. Mainly at ICCF conferences, they reported reliable observations of many new elements not initially present at beginning of experiments and/or substantial isotopic shifts in stable isotopes of elements initially present that could not reasonably be explained by any external contamination and/or action of prosaic chemical isotopic fractionation processes
Some of those LENR researchers subsequently began using SIMS to assay isotopes post-experiment and were occasionally able to spatially correlate elemental or isotopic anomalies with distinctive morphological features observed on post- experiment metallic device surfaces: unusual structures found at such locations often consisted of micron-scale crater-like microstructures and other odd morphologies indicative of locally explosive flash melting or metal-boiling events. Indeed, it was Prof. George Miley’s (Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urban-Champaign) distinctive 5-peak Ni/H2O transmutation product mass-spectrum published in 1996 (mostly SIMS and neutron activation analyses data) that convinced Larsen to begin looking seriously into LENRs as energy source in 1997
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
DeBroglie wave function dimensions of ULM neutrons very large
Neutron captures occur faster than decays: neutron-rich isotopes accumulate
Note that all of the many atoms located within a 3-D region of space that encompasses a given ULM neutron’s spatially extended DeBroglie wave function (whose dimensions can range from 2 nm to 100 microns) will compete with each other to capture such neutrons. ULM neutron capture is thus a decidedly many-body scattering process, not few-body scattering such as that which characterizes capture of neutrons at thermal energies in condensed matter in which the DeBroglie wave function of a thermal neutron is on the order of ~2 Angstroms. This explains why the vast majority of produced neutrons are captured locally and not commonly detected at any energy during the course of experiments; it also clearly explains why lethal MeV-energy neutron fluxes are characteristically not produced in condensed matter LENR systems
Half-lives of the most neutron-rich, unstable beta-decaying isotopes are generally rather energetic and relatively short , often on the order of milliseconds (10-3 sec). For example, very neutron rich Nitrogen-23 is unstable to beta decay with a measured half-life of ~14.5 milliseconds and Q-value of ~23 MeV; see Slide #12 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy- llctechnical-overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009 Even so, ULM neutron capture processes generally occur at much faster rates than the decay rate of many beta- or alpha- unstable isotopes in LENR systems. If local ULM neutron production rates in a given patch are high enough, this large difference in rates of beta decay versus neutron capture processes means that populations of unstable, neutron-rich isotopes can potentially accumulate locally during the typically brief lifetime of an LENR-active patch, prior to destroying itself via heating
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Experimental data suggests unstable neutron-rich intermediates
LENR transmutation networks can operate very fast but have short lifespans
Please note that the Q-value for neutron capture on a given beta-unstable isotope can sometimes be larger than the Q-value for the alternative β- decay pathway, so in addition to being a faster process than beta decay it can also be energetically more favorable. This can help to create local populations of neutron-rich isotopes. There is indirect experimental evidence that such neutron-rich isotopes can be produced in complex ULM neutron- catalyzed LENR nucleosynthetic (transmutation) networks that set-up and operate during the lifetime of a patch; for example see the Carbon-seed network on Slides # 11 - 12 and especially on Slide #55 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical- overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009 and a Tungsten-seed network segment on Slide # 60 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in- liion-battery-firesjuly-16-2010
Beginning with so-called seed or target starting nuclei upon which ULM neutron captures are initiated, complex, very dynamically changing LENR nucleosynthetic networks are established in LENR-active patches. These ULM neutron-catalyzed LENR networks exist for the lifetime of the particular patch in which they were created; except for any still-decaying transmutation products that may linger, such networks typically die along with the LENR- active patch that originally gave birth to them. Seed nuclei for such networks can comprise any atoms in a substrate underlying an LENR-active patch and/or include atoms located nearby in various types of surface nanoparticles or nanostructures that are electromagnetically connected to a patch
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Transmutation reaction networks begin with target or seed elements
For an example of a Carbon-seed LENR network please see Slides # 11 - 12 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewcarbon-seed-lenr- networkssept-3-2009 ; for a Potassium-seed LENR network see Slide # 57 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewjune-25-2009 for a Palladium-seed LENR network see Slides # 52 - 53 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnickelseed-lenr-networksapril-20-2011 for a Nickel-seed LENR network see Slides # 20 - 22 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnickel-seed-wl-lenr-nucleosynthetic- networkmarch-24-2011 ; and lastly for a Thorium-seed LENR network see Slides # 3 - 4 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/thoriumseed-lenr-networkfigslattice-energydec-7-2010- 6177745
Per Widom-Larsen, once ULM neutron production begins at high rates, populations of unstable, very neutron-rich so-called halo isotopes build-up locally in LENR-active patches found on ~2-D condensed matter surfaces. As explained in Slide #24 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewjune-25-2009 such nuclei likely have somewhat retarded decays because they can have a difficult time emitting beta electrons, neutrons, or even neutrinos (all of which happen to be fermions) into locally unoccupied fermionic states. Consequently, such unstable halo nuclei may often continue capturing ULM neutrons until they finally get so neutron-rich, or a previously occupied state in the local continuum opens-up, that ‘something breaks’ and spontaneous, often extremely fast beta decay cascades ending in very stable isotopes are initiated
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Transmutation reaction networks are complex - release thermal energy
Depending on half-lives of intermediate isotopes, β- decay chain cascades can very rapidly traverse rows of the periodic table; thus, long-running LENR experiments with large ULMN fluxes can produce a broad variety of different stable elements in surprisingly short periods of time. For example, in one unrepeatable yet nonetheless spectacular experiment, Mizuno (Hokkaido University, Japan) went from Potassium (K) to Iron (Fe) in less than 2 minutes; see Slides #54 - 59 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical- overviewjune-25-2009 For examples of beta-decay cascades see Slide #19 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnickel-seed-wl-lenr-nucleosynthetic- networkmarch-24-2011
LENR transmutation network pathways comprising series of picosecond neutron captures interspersed with serial beta-decay cascades can release substantial amounts of nuclear binding energy, much of it in the form of usable thermal process heat; e.g., there is a multi-step Carbon-seed LENR transmutation network pathway that can release ~386 MeV over an average period of ~3.4 hours. This total energy release is comparable to fission (U-235 is ~190 MeV) but without any high-energy neutron or gamma emission or production of long-lived radioactive isotopes; see Slide #55 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical- overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009 When neutron-creating energy inputs cease, then decay processes begin to dominate in an LENR system; namely, serial cascades (chains) of fast beta decays from unstable neutron-rich intermediates all the way down to stable isotopes/elements. Importantly, few long-lived radioisotopes would remain after these rapid decay processes complete. This is precisely why LENR-active patches have a strong tendency to produce stable isotopes as end-products; this eliminates expensive radwaste cleanup costs
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Proprietary aspects of W-L provide guidance for device engineering
Rates of LENRs can be increased substantially in non-natural environments: fortunately, using proprietary conceptual insights provided by W-L theory, experimental conditions in condensed matter systems and dusty plasmas can be technologically tweaked to greatly increase rates of weak reaction neutron production far above what are ever attainable in analogous systems found at random out in Nature or in the vast majority of LENR laboratory experiments conducted to date
Technologically, many-body collective electroweak neutron production rates can be manipulated by: (1) controlling total numbers and density of e-*p+ pairs on a given surface (which is ~equivalent to controlling the area-density and dimensions of many-body, collectively oscillating surface patches of protons or deuterons); and (2) controlling the rate and total quantity of appropriate form(s) of nonequilibrium energy input into many-body LENR-active surface patches; appropriate forms of input energy can go directly into high electric fields that bathe SP electrons in a patch --- it determines the number and effective masses of e* electrons present in a given patch whose increased masses are at values somewhere above the minimum mass-renormalization threshold ratio, β0 that is required for initiating e-* + p+ or e-* + d+ weak reactions
Term (β - β0)2 in our published rate equation reflects the degree to which mass renormalized e-* electrons in a given patch exceed the minimum threshold ratio for neutron production β0. Details of this are explained in our first principles ULM neutron production rates calculation paper found on the Cornell arXiv at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/nucl-th/pdf/0608/0608059v2.pdf
All other things being equal, the higher the density of e-*p+ reactants and the greater the rate and quantity of appropriate forms of nonequilibrium energy inputs, the higher the rate of ULM neutron production in μm-scale LENR-active patches in correctly pre-configured condensed matter systems
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Commercialization of LENR devices requires nanotech and plasmonics
LENRs, plasmonics, and nanotechnology are intertwined:
Just like nanotech, LENRs inhabit the intersection of many different disciplines such as: chemistry; solid-state, surface, and nuclear physics; materials science; plasmonics; etc.
Interdisciplinary condensed matter LENRs, plasmonics, and nanotechnology are effectively joined at the hip; collective, many body classical, and coherent quantum effects occur and are very crucial in all three of these 21st century technologies
Various ‘species’ of nanotechnologists have the necessary knowledge and expertise to make important theoretical and experimental contributions to further expanding our present understanding of intensely multidisciplinary LENRs and the fascinating regions of parameter space in which they occur
Lattice has been and is presently applying and utilizing nanotechnology in its effort to commercialize LENRs; for obvious reasons, such work is nonpublic and proprietary
A. Pucci et al., Chapter 8 in ISBN 978-0-387-74131-4 Springer New York, Fig. seen on pp. 182 (2008)
Distribution of nearfield enhancement in Gold nanorod: L=400 nm and D=80 nm
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Science of LENRs is an incredibly multi-disciplinary field of study
Many-body collective effects on small length-scales enables the ‘impossible’
Science and technology of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter systems utilizes knowledge from all of these varied disciplines
Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
Collective many-body effects
Modern quantum mechanics
Condensed matter physics
Classical electrodynamics
Modern nuclear physics
Surface chemistry (H)
All nanotechnology
Surface physics
Plasma physics
Plasmonics
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Overview of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Example: first experimental evidence for room temp. dissociation of H2
“Hot electrons do the impossible: plasmon- induced dissociation of H2 on Au” S. Mukherjee et al. NANO Letters 13 pp. 240 - 247 (2013) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/nl303940z
ABSTRACT: “Heterogeneous catalysis is of paramount importance in chemistry and energy applications. Catalysts that couple light energy into chemical reactions in a directed, orbital-specific manner would greatly reduce the energy input requirements of chemical transformations, revolutionizing catalysis- driven chemistry. Here we report the room temperature dissociation of H2 on gold nanoparticles using visible light. Surface plasmons excited in the Au nanoparticle decay into hot electrons with energies between the vacuum level and the work function of the metal. In this transient state, hot electrons can transfer into a Feshbach resonance of an H2 molecule adsorbed on the Au nanoparticle surface, triggering dissociation. We probe this process by detecting the formation of HD molecules from the dissociations of H2 and D2 and investigate the effect of Au nanoparticle size and wavelength of incident light on the rate of HD formation. This work opens a new pathway for controlling chemical reactions on metallic catalysts.”
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Neutron captures and decays produced results Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Cesium
Praseodymium
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Lattice published its explanation for MHI’s transmutation data in 2009
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewjune-25-2009
Mitsubishi’s experimental results are explained on slides: #65 - 67 (Ba targets); #44 - 45 (Cs and Sr targets)
Explosive runaway event in electrolytic cell went from K g Fe in less than two minutes: see slides #56 - 59
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Necessary energy inputs were provided by D2 temperature/pressure
ULM neutron fluxes produced by MHI method <<< lower than electrolytic cells
“Elemental analyses of Pd complexes:
effects of D2 gas permeation”
Y. Iwamura et al.
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
41 pp. 4642 - 4650 (2002)
Central results were as follows:
Cs goes down
Pr goes up
Isotopes on
samples’ surfaces
analyzed in roughly
real- time during
the course of the
experiments using
XPS technique
88 96
38 42 Sr Mo
133 141
55 59 Cs Pr
Question: using W-L theory of LENRs, are there
plausible neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic
pathways that have adequate Q-value energetics,
half-lives, and neutron capture cross-sections that
can explain the central results of Mitsubishi (2002)
and Toyota’s (2013) D2 (Deuterium) permeation
experiments in which 133Cs (Cesium) was transmuted
into 88Sr (Strontium)?
Answer: yes, theoretically possible pathways that
fully explain these published experimental results are
provided in diagrams shown on the next seven slides
Widom-Larsen theory also successfully explains
other Mitsubishi D2 permeation experiments in which
88Sr (Strontium) was transmuted into 96Mo
(Molybdenum) and experiments in which Barium (Ba)
isotopes were transmuted into Samarium (Sm)
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Neutron-catalyzed transmutation: Barium (Ba) g Samarium (Sm)
Comments on Mitsubishi’s experimental results reported at ICCF-11 in 2006
Reference:
“Observation of nuclear transmutation reactions induced by D2 gas permeation through Pd complexes,” Iwamura et al., Advanced Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion, J-P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific (2006) ISBN 981-256-640-6
This paper is also available online in the form of their original conference PowerPoint slides at:
http://www.lenr- canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatioc. pdf
Also online as a Proceedings paper published by World Scientific at:
http://www.lenr- canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatiob. pdf
Used experimental set-up very similar to what was utilized in the work reported in 2002 JJAP paper and Toyota in 2013
Natural abundance Ba as well as 137Ba enriched targets were electrochemically deposited on the surfaces of thin-film Pd- complex device heterostructures
Ba targets subjected to a D+ ion flux for 2 weeks; flux was created by forcing D2 gas to permeate (diffuse) through the thin-film structure via a pressure gradient imposed between the target side and a mild vacuum on the other
Central results of these LENR experiments were the observations of Ba isotopes being transmuted to Samarium isotopes 62Sm149 and 62Sm150 over a period of two weeks (see documents cited to the right for experimental details)
XPS and SIMS were used to detect elements and isotopes
Among other things, they concluded that, “ … a very thin surface region up to 100 angstrom seemed to be active transmutation zone,” which is consistent with W-L theory
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133 134
55 55 thermal
134 135 6
55 55 thermal
135 136
55 55 thermal
13
55
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.9 MeV; 2.1 yrs; σ 140b)
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 8.8 MeV; hl 2.3 x 10 yrs; σ 8.9b)
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.8 MeV; hl 13.2 days; σ ?)
6 137
55 thermal
137 138
55 55 thermal
138 139
55 55 thermal
139
55
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 8.3 MeV; hl 30.1 yrs; σ 0.25b)
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 4.4 MeV; hl 33.4 min; σ ?)
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.6 MeV; hl 9.3 min; σ ?)
Cs 1 ulm
140
55 thermal
140 141
55 55 thermal
141 141
55 56
141 141
56 57
n Cs + (Q = 4.4 MeV; hl 64 sec; σ ?)
Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 5.5 MeV; hl 25 sec; σ ?)
Cs decays 100% via Ba + (Q = 5.3 MeV; hl 18.3 min)
Ba decays 100% via
141 141
57 58
141 141
58 59
La + (Q = 3.2 MeV; hl 3.9 hrs)
La decays 100% via Ce + (Q = 2.5 MeV; hl 32 days)
Ce decays 100% via Pr + X-rays (Q = 580 keV; stable)
Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Neutron-catalyzed transmutation: Cesium (Cs) g Praseodymium (Pr)
Condensed summary illustrates one possible LENR transmutation pathway
Series of neutron captures and beta (β-) decays
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88 89
38 38
89 89
38 39
89 90
39 39 thermal
90 91
39 39
Sr 1 ulm n Sr + (Q = 6.4 MeV; 50.5 days)
Sr decays 100% via Y + X-rays (Q = 1.5 MeV; stable)
Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 6.9 MeV; hl 64hrs; σ 6.5b)
Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 7.9 MeV; h
thermal
91 92
39 39 thermal
92 93
39 39 thermal
93 93 6
39 40
l 59 days; σ ?)
Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 6.5 MeV; hl 3.5 hrs; σ ?)
Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 7.5 MeV; hl 10.2 hrs; σ ?)
Y decays 100% via Zr + (Q = 2.9 MeV; hl 1.5 x 10 yr
thermal
93 94
40 40 thermal
94 95
40 40 thermal
95 95
40 41
s; σ <4b)
Zr 1 ulm n Zr + (Q = 8.2 MeV; stable; σ 0.05b)
Zr 1 ulm n Zr + (Q = 6.5 MeV; hl 64 days; σ ?)
Zr decays 100% via Nb + X-rays (Q = 1.1 MeV; hl 35 days;
thermal
95 96
41 41 thermal
96 96
41 42
σ <7b)
Nb 1 ulm n Nb + (Q = 6.9 MeV; hl 23.4 hrs; σ ?)
Nb decays 100% via Mo + (Q = 5.3 MeV; stable)
Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Neutron-catalyzed transmutation: Strontium (Sr) g Molybdenum (Mo)
Condensed summary illustrates one possible LENR transmutation pathway
Series of neutron captures and beta (β-) decays
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Cesium-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed element transmutation network
Note: to reduce visual clutter in the network diagram, gamma emissions (converted to infrared photons by heavy e-* electrons) are not explicitly shown; similarly, except where specifically listed because a given branch cross-section is significant, beta-delayed decays also generally not shown
ULM neutron captures on isotopes: proceed from left to right; using the Brookhaven National Laboratory’s online calculator, the estimated Q-value of the particular neutron capture reaction (MeV) is shown above the dark purple horizontal arrow
Beta- (β-) decays: proceed from top to bottom; denoted with dark blue vertical arrow pointing downward; Q-value (MeV) of the decay is shown either to left or right
Beta-delayed decays accompanied by the emission of a free neutron: indicated by reddish orange arrows; proceed from right to left at a ~45 degree angle; Q-value is not shown; neutrons are not explicitly shown
BR: means “branching ratio”; % of 100 shown if there is more than one significant nuclear decay pathway
Color coded half-lives of specific isotopes: when known, half-lives are shown as “HL = xx”. Stable and quasi-stable isotopes (i.e., those with half-lives > or equal to 107 years) indicated by green boxes; isotopes with half-lives < 107 but > than or equal to 103 years indicated by light blue; those with half-lives < than 103 years but > or equal to 1 day are denoted by purplish boxes; half-lives of < 1 day in yellow; with regard to half-life, notation “? nm” means a particular isotope’s HL has not yet been measured
Measured natural terrestrial abundances for stable isotopes: indicated with % symbol; for example - 83Bi209 = 100% (essentially ~stable with half-life = 1.9 x 1019 yrs); 82Pb-205 ~stable with HL= 1.5 x107 yrs; etc.
Legend
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
Legend: ULM neutron captures proceed from left to right; Q-value of capture reaction in MeV is on top of purple horizontal arrow as follows: Beta decays proceed from top to bottom; denoted w. blue vertical arrow with Q-value to right: Totally stable isotopes are indicated by green boxes; some with extremely long half-lives are labeled “~stable”; natural abundances denoted in % Unstable isotopes are indicated by color-coded boxes; half-lives when known are shown as “HL = xx”
56Ba-137 Stable 11.2%
56Ba-138 Stable 71.7%
56Ba-139 HL= 1.4 hrs
Qv=2.3 MeV
57La-139
Stable 99.9%
β-
56Ba-140 HL=12.8 days
Qv=1.1 MeV
57La-140 HL=1.7 days
56Ce-140 Stable 88.5%
β-
Qv=3.8 MeV
β-
56Ba-141
HL= 18.3 min
Qv=3.2 MeV
57La-141 HL=3.9 hrs
58Ce-141 HL=33 days
59Pr-141 Stable 100%
β-
Qv=2.5 MeV
β-
Qv=0.6 MeV
β-
56Ba-142 HL= 10.6 min
Qv=2.2 MeV
57La-142 HL=4.3 sec
56Ce-142
Stable 11%
59Pr-142 HL=4.3 sec
60Nd-142
Stable 27%
β-
Qv=4.5 MeV
β-
Qv=5.7 MeV
β-
56Ba-143 HL= 14.5 sec
Qv=4.3 MeV
57La-143
HL=14.2 min
58Ce-143
HL=1.4 days
59Pr-143 HL=13.6 days
60Nd-143 Stable 12.2%
β-
Qv=3.4 MeV
β-
Qv=1.5 MeV
β-
Qv=0.9 MeV
β-
8.6
4.7
6.4
4.5
6.2
4.2
5.9
5.2
6.7
5.2
6.2
4.8
5.4
7.2
5.1
6.9
5.8
7.4
5.8
6.1
7.8
56Ba-130
Stable 0.1%
56Ba-131
HL= 11.5 days
56Ba-132 Stable 0.1%
56Ba-133 HL= 10.5 yrs
56Ba-134 Stable 2.4%
56Ba-135 Stable 6.6%
56Ba-136
Stable 7.9%
7.5
9.8
7.2
9.5
7.0
9.1
6.9
7.5
β-
Qv=2.3 MeV
Note: beta decays of 66Ba-131 and 66Ba-133 and subsequent nuclear reactions with their products are omitted from chart because of tiny abundances of 66Ba-130 and 66Ba-132
Increasing values of A
Increasing values of Z
Network continues
55Cs-133 Stable 100%
55Cs-134
HL = 2.1 yrs
6.9
55Cs-135
HL=2.3x106 yr
55Cs-136
HL = 13 days
6.8
8.3
Omitted network segment of neutron capture on Cesium from Cs-137 thru Cs-142
LENR transmutation network: starts with stable Cesium (Cs) target
Produces Praseodymium
8.8
Qv=2.1 MeV
Qv=0.3 MeV
Qv=2.6 MeV
Qv=4.2 MeV
Qv=6.2 MeV
Qv=5.3 MeV
Qv=7.3 MeV
Qv=6.3 MeV
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
β-
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Widom-Larsen theory explains MHI and Toyota data
56Ba-143 HL= 14.5 sec
Qv=4.3 MeV
57La-143 HL=14.2 min
58Ce-143
HL=1.4 days
59Pr-143 HL=13.6 days
60Nd-143
Stable 12.2%
β-
Qv=3.4 MeV
β-
Qv=1.5 MeV
β-
Qv=0.9 MeV
β-
56Ba-144
HL= 11.5 sec
Qv=3.1 MeV
57La-144 HL=40.8 sec
58Ce-144 HL=285 days
59Pr-144 HL=17.3 min
60Nd-144 Stable 23.8%
β-
Qv=5.6 MeV
β-
Qv=0.3 MeV
β-
Qv=3.0 MeV
β-
56Ba-145 HL= 4.3 sec
Qv=5.6 MeV
57La-145
HL=24.8 sec
58Ce-145
HL=3.0 min
59Pr-145
HL=6.0 hrs
60Nd-145 Stable 8.3%
β-
Qv=4.1 MeV
β-
Qv=2.5 MeV
β-
Qv=1.8 MeV
β-
56Ba-146
HL= 2.2 sec
Qv=4.1 MeV
57La-146 HL= 6.3 sec
58Ce-146 HL= 13.5 min
59Pr-146 HL= 24.2 min
60Nd-146
Stable 17.2%
β-
Qv=6.6 MeV
β-
Qv=1.1 MeV
β-
Qv=4.2 MeV
β-
56Ba-147 HL= 0.9 sec
Qv=6.3 MeV
57La-147
HL=4.0 sec
58Ce-147
HL=56.4 sec
59Pr-147 HL=13.4 min
60Nd-147 HL= 11 days
61Pm-147 HL=2.6 yrs
62Sm-147 ~Stable 15%
β-
Qv=5.2 MeV
β-
Qv=3.4 MeV
β-
Qv=2.7 MeV
β-
Qv=0.9 MeV
Qv=0.2 MeV
β-
56Ba-148
HL= 0.6 sec
Qv=5.1 MeV
57La-148 HL=1.3 sec
58Ce-148 HL=56 sec
59Pr-148 HL=2.3 min
60Nd-148 Stable 5.8%
β-
Qv=7.3 MeV
β-
Qv=2.1 MeV
β-
Qv=4.9 MeV
β-
56Ba-149
HL= 0.3 sec
Qv=7.3 MeV
57La-149
HL=1.1 sec
58Ce-149
HL=5.3 sec
59Pr-149
HL=2.3 min
60Nd-149 HL=1.7 hrs
61Pm-149 HL=2.2 days
β-
Qv=5.9 MeV
β-
Qv=4.4 MeV
β-
Qv=3.3 MeV
β-
Qv=1.7 MeV
β-
Qv=1.1 MeV
β-
56Ba-150
HL= 300 ms
Qv=6.4 MeV
57La-150
HL=510 ms
58Ce-150 HL=4.0 sec
59Pr-150 HL=6.2 sec
60Nd-150 ~Stable 5.6%
β-
Qv=7.8 MeV
β-
Qv=3.5 MeV
β-
Qv=5.4 MeV
β-
61Pm-148 HL=5.4 days
61Pm-150
HL=2.7 hrs
62Sm-150 Stable 7,4%
Qv=2.5 MeV
β-
Qv=3.5 MeV
β-
5.9
4.8
6.9
5.6
7.8
3.7
6.2
4.7
7.0
5.8
5.7
3.7
5.5
3.5
5.2
4.2
5.8
4.4
5.8
4.3
6.7
4.4
4.4
6.4
6.2
5.2
7.6
6.8
5.3
5.2
7.3
5.9
8.1
6.6
5.0
7.3
5.9
5.3
7.4
5.6
8.0
3.3
5.3
4.8
5.3
7.9
5.6
6.5
5.9
4.8
6.9
5.8
7.8
β-
Note: in many cases, Q-values for ULM neutron capture reactions are significantly larger than Q-values for competing beta decay reactions. Also, neutron capture processes are much, much faster than beta decays; if ULM neutron fluxes are high enough, neutron-rich isotopes of a given element can build-up (move along same row to right on the above chart) much faster than beta decays can transmute them to different chemical elements (move downward to other rows on chart)
Network continues to next slide
62Sm-148 ~Stable 11.3%
62Sm-149 ~Stable 13.8%
3.7
3.7
5.7
3.7
5.5
3.5
5.2
3.3
5.9
Neutron capture on Cs ends at Cs-151
Resume showing
neutron capture on
Cs-143
55Cs-143
HL= 1.8 sec
55Cs-144 HL= 994 ms
55Cs-145 HL= 587 ms
55Cs-146 HL= 321 ms
55Cs-147 HL= 235 ms
55Cs-148
HL= 146 ms
55Cs-149 HL= 50 ms
55Cs-150
HL= 50 ms
Qv=8.5 MeV
Qv=7.4 MeV
Qv=9.4 MeV
Qv=8.6 MeV
Qv=10.7 MeV
Qv=9.6 MeV
Qv=11.6
Qv=6.3 MeV
97% β-
β-
86% β-
86% β-
71% β-
75% β-
? % β-
? % β-
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Confirmed Mitsubishi results using MHI’s method
Oct. 2013: Toyota published data in peer-reviewed JJAP
Cesium
Praseodymium
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Oct. 2013: Toyota published data in peer-reviewed JJAP
Confirm Mitsubishi’s experimental method: transmutation of Cs g Pr
Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/1347-4065/52/10R/107301/
“Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study on the increase in the amount of Pr atoms for Cs-ion-implanted Pd/CaO multilayer complex with Deuterium permeation”
T. Hioki, N. Takahashi, S. Kosaka, T. Nishi, H. Azuma, S. Hibi, Y. Higuchi, A. Murase, and T. Motohiro
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 52 pp. 107301-1 to 107301-8 (2013)
Abstract:
“To investigate the nuclear transmutation of Cs into Pr reported in this journal by Iwamura and coworkers, we have measured the amount of Pr atoms in the range as low as ~1 x 1010 cm-2 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Cs- ion-implanted Pd/CaO multilayer complexes before and after Deuterium permeation. The amount of Pr was initially at most 2.0 x 1011 cm-2 and it increased up to 1.6 x 1012 cm-2 after Deuterium permeation. The increase in the amount of Pr could be explained neither by Deuterium permeation-stimulated segregation of Pr impurities nor by external contamination from the experimental environment during the permeation. No increase in Pr was observed for permeation with Hydrogen. These findings suggest that the observed increase in Pr with Deuterium permeation can be attributed to a nuclear origin, as reported by Iwamura and coworkers, although the amount of the increase in Pr is two orders of magnitude less than that reported by them.”
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Oct. 2013: Toyota published data in peer-reviewed JJAP
Confirm Mitsubishi’s experimental method: transmutation of Cs g Pr
Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/1347-4065/52/10R/107301/
“Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study on the increase in the amount of Pr atoms for Cs-ion-implanted Pd/CaO multilayer complex with Deuterium permeation”
Conclusions:
“Using ICP-MS, we determined the concentration of Pr in the range as low as 1.0 x 1010 cm- 2 for a variety of samples with respect to the Pd/CaO multilayer complex. The amounts of Pr in the D2-permeated, Cs-ion-implanted multilayer complex samples were one order of magnitude larger than those in the non-D2-permeated samples. The Pr atoms detected in the non-D2-permeated samples were attributed to the Pr impurity contained in the Pd substrate used and the Pr atoms contaminated from the experimental environment of the Cs ion-implantation process in our laboratory. The observed increase in Pr atoms with deuterium permeation could not be explained by deuterium-stimulated segregation of the Pr contaminations onto the surface. Therefore, the observed increase in Pr with deuterium permeation is hard to explain in terms of chemical origins. Furthermore, no increase in Pr was observed by permeation with hydrogen. These findings seem to support the claim by Iwamura et al. that the nuclear transmutation of Cs into Pr occurs with deuterium permeation through Cs-deposited Pd/CaO multilayer complexes. The amount of Pr as the transmutation product was estimated to be on the order of 1 x 1012 cm-2 or ~0.1 ng/cm2 in the present study. Thus, ICP-MS analysis on the order of 1 x 1010 cm-2 was required for observing the increase in Pr with deuterium permeation. The amount of the increased Pr was two orders of magnitude smaller than that reported by Iwamura and coworkers.”
69. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 69
Lattice Energy LLC
Follows MHI’s seminal publication by 11 years Discussion of Toyota paper published in JJAP
Cesium
Praseodymium
70. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 70
Lattice Energy LLC
Discussion of Toyota paper published in JJAP
Confirm Mitsubishi’s experimental method: transmutation of Cs g Pr
Schematic diagram of apparatus and multilayer thin-film heterostructure
Source JJAP (2013): http://iopscience.iop.org/1347- 4065/52/10R/107301/
Figs. 1 and 3 are reproduced from JJAP paper by T. Hioki et al.
TEM
71. October 31. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 71
Lattice Energy LLC
Discussion of Toyota paper published in JJAP
Confirm Mitsubishi’s experimental method: transmutation of Cs g Pr
Carefully assessed crucial issue of possible experimental contamination with Pr
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory employees attempted to discredit Iwamura’s 2002 results with spurious accusations of quasi-intentional lab Pr contamination; NRL motives are suspect:
NRL’s machinations against MHI’s reported Cs transmutation data were exposed by the New Energy Times; see recent reporting on this at:
http://news.newenergytimes.net/2013/10/22/journal-publishes-toyotas-independent-replication- of-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation/
Quoting: “In a brief, five-minute rebuttal at a conference in Rome in 2009, Iwamura explained the multiple, logically inconsistent details of Kidwell’s contamination scenario. (See ”NRL 2008 - The LENR Null Results Laboratory” and ”NRL 2009 - The LENR Null Results Laboratory, Again” ; see reports at:
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2010/35/SR35904nrl2008.shtml
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2010/35/SR35905nrl2009.shtml
Presence or absence of bonafide LENR transmutation products are often determined with post-experiment before- and-after analyses using stimulated X-ray emissions or best of all, mass spectroscopy methods
Critics of reported LENR experimental results claiming that LENR transmutations had been observed often try to invoke “contamination” arguments to dismiss such anomalous data
Toyota’s researchers made very careful, strenuous efforts to assess and measure the level of potential Pr contamination that might exist in any of the samples used in their experiments and/or in and around the laboratory environs Importantly, Toyota scientists concluded that: “Therefore, the partial dissolution of about 100 nm adopted in the ICP-MS analysis in this study enabled us to count all the Pr impurity atoms introduced by the ion implantation process. The maximum value of Pr contamination by the ion implantation process was 1.0 x 1011 cm-2, which could only explain about 6% of the increment in Pr. Thus, both of the chemical contaminations can at most account for about 10% of the concentration of Pr detected in the Cs-implanted multilayer complex samples after the deuterium permeation treatment. Therefore, the observed increase in Pr atoms with deuterium permeation is hard to explain by chemical origins.”