Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC- Toyota Confirms Mitsubishi Transmutation of Cs to Pr-Oct ...Lewis Larsen
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had first published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of triggering nuclear reactions in condensed matter systems under modest temperatures and pressures.
Importantly, all of this experimental data is predicted and fully explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs).
While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered at will without the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other words, aging stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and thermonuclear explosions are not necessarily required; nucleosynthesis can occur in tabletop experiments that surprisingly do not have or need any radiation shielding.
Toyota's experimental confirmation of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ (MHI) neutron-catalyzed LENR-based transmutation method also effectively provided a proof-of-concept for disposal of rather nasty radioactive Cesium (Cs-137) commonly found in nuclear fission reactor wastes into other heavier, non-radioactive stable elements/isotopes using MHI’s permeation process. In principle, a variant of MHI's LENR method with larger neutron fluxes would be extremely flexible and should work on any other type of radioactive isotope that can capture low energy neutrons, e.g., very dangerous Strontium-90, many long-lived transuranics such as Neptunium (please see http://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/nds/proceedings/2004/harada_h.pdf ), etc..
Lastly, at an American Nuclear Society meeting held in November 2012, Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given Japanese companies well known excellence at long-term strategic thinking, it would not be surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D programs aim to ultimately replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Beyond the Haber-Bosch Process for Ammonia Production -...Lewis Larsen
High-temp, high-pressure Haber-Bosch process has dominated commercial production of anhydrous ammonia for over 100 years; its cost is closely tied to economics of available supplies of input natural gas that are slowly dwindling.
Haber-Bosch is arguably single most important industrial chemical process on Earth; 40% of world’s people are alive today thanks to reasonable cost and wide availability of ammonia-based fertilizers. Plants have become quite large.
Recent advances in advanced materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, enzymology, and many-body collective condensed matter physics have just created a new opportunity to develop commercial Nitrogen fixation processes that can operate at near-ambient temperatures and pressures and utilize natural gas, or alternatively water, as a source of Hydrogen to react with Nitrogen.
Based on its LENR work, Lattice has developed a unique body of valuable proprietary insights into catalysis that directly applies to this opportunity.
Successful development of new lower-cost Nitrogen fixation technologies that go far beyond the 1909 Haber-Bosch process could: sever the present almost obligatory linkage between natural gas supplies and ammonia production; further reduce manufacturing costs (high temps and pressures unnecessary); and enable development of new types of smaller, lower-CAPEX commercial ammonia plants that are cost-effective for worldwide distributed production.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Beyond the Haber-Bosch Process for Ammonia Production -...Lewis Larsen
High-temp, high-pressure Haber-Bosch process has dominated commercial production of anhydrous ammonia for over 100 years; its cost is closely tied to economics of available supplies of input natural gas that are slowly dwindling.
Haber-Bosch is arguably single most important industrial chemical process on Earth; 40% of world’s people are alive today thanks to reasonable cost and wide availability of ammonia-based fertilizers. Plants have become quite large.
Recent advances in advanced materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, enzymology, and many-body collective condensed matter physics have just created a new opportunity to develop commercial Nitrogen fixation processes that can operate at near-ambient temperatures and pressures and utilize natural gas, or alternatively water, as a source of Hydrogen to react with Nitrogen.
Based on its LENR work, Lattice has developed a unique body of valuable proprietary insights into catalysis that directly applies to this opportunity.
Successful development of new lower-cost Nitrogen fixation technologies that go far beyond the 1909 Haber-Bosch process could: sever the present almost obligatory linkage between natural gas supplies and ammonia production; further reduce manufacturing costs (high temps and pressures unnecessary); and enable development of new types of smaller, lower-CAPEX commercial ammonia plants that are cost-effective for worldwide distributed production.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC - Renewable lignin biomass aromatics convert into green ra...Lewis Larsen
Two of three major components in biomass - cellulose and hemicellulose - are polymerized sugars that can readily be chemically fermented to create renewable biofuels (this is now occurring commercially); the third, Lignin, is much more resistant to chemical degradation into smaller aromatic molecules. Until recently, Lignin was more-or-less ignored by industry and academic biotech researchers, being regarded more as just a waste product to be burned. Importantly, Lignin is only known major natural source of renewable aromatics. Out in Nature, Lignins are mainly broken-down by various fungi and bacteria. Biotechnologists are now beginning to focus on improving various chemical and enzymatic processes that reduce Lignin to smaller molecules, e.g. aromatics. In 2014, Larsen became aware of improvements in Lignin digestion methods. Advances in chemical processing of Lignin to yield basic aromatic molecules opens-up future possibility of creating revolutionary CO2-free LENR fuels from renewable biomass aromatics that would have 5,000x greater energy density than that of gasoline.
Energy-dense, CO2-free LENR fuels derived from aromatic polymers in biomass could potentially become an effectively inexhaustible new source of green energy.
eco friendly power generation through Speed breaker using water pressureSamir9064
Eco friendly power generation using spring coil mechanism .
Here , power is generated using hydro electric power generation principle by spring and piston arrangement. by this we get new idea for generation of power at low price.
In the present scenario power has becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lack of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
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Lattice Energy LLC-Minuscule Cumulative Investment in LENRs vs Nuclear Weapon...Lewis Larsen
Factoid: Fareed Zakaria, CNN – journalist and host of GPS show that aired on August 11, 2013, he stated that, “Between 1945 and the 1990s, we produced more than 70,000 total warheads and spent at least $8 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons development.”
Key take-aways from this presentation: perhaps more major corporations/governments should increase R&D spending on LENRs:
- R&D investments by governments and corporations have disproportionately favored nuclear fission and fusion technologies, especially weapons-related work, for 71 years
- Virtually everyone agrees that development of lower-risk, ecologically ‘clean’, low cost sources of energy is crucial to future world economic growth and overall quality of life, especially for people now living in rural areas without any electricity
- Over the past 63 years, enormous financial investments have been made in D-T fusion technology, yet today there are still no operating commercial power plants
- During last 24 years, tens of billions of dollars, euros, rubles, yuan, yen, and rupees were spent on fusion R&D; by contrast, less than ~US$200 million has gone into LENRs during that time; vast majority of that money came from the private sector
- Maybe it’s time for both corporations and governments to start making greater parallel R&D investments in LENRs in addition to fusion and fission technologies
- By pursuing multiple synergistic paths toward the same common goal we could, collectively all “hedge our bets” on the development of new, non-polluting, inexpensive energy sources that can ultimately supplant fossil fuels
Lattice Energy LLC-Game changing LENRs - What are they and amazing things the...Lewis Larsen
Lacking production of deadly radiation or hazardous long-lived radioactive wastes, LENR power systems would not require any expensive and massive shielding, containment, or waste clean-up. Coupled with intrinsic multiway scalability, these unique attributes could enable development of highly competitive commercial products with outputs ranging from milliwatts to megawatts suitable for portable, stationary, vehicular, and aerospace power markets. End-user price per BTU or kWh for LENR-based power systems could be substantially lower than prices for competing batteries or fuel cells, combustion, and present fission and fusion technologies.
Lattice Energy LLC - Transmutation vs Combustion - Are LENRs Chicxulub for Fo...Lewis Larsen
Are LENRS the Chicxulub Cretaceous extinction event for fossil fuels or a strategic future opportunity for oil companies?
In a New World of much greener CO2-free energy sources combustion of Carbon-based molecules with Oxygen is replaced with transmutation of Carbon by radiation-free LENRs. Release 5 million times more BTUs from same barrel of oil or equivalent amount of coal without producing any long-lived radioactive wastes or emitting any gaseous greenhouse CO2 into the Earth's atmosphere.
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012Lewis Larsen
Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009Lewis Larsen
Commercializing a next generation source of safe nuclear energy: low energy nuclear reactions or LENRs. Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations, nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and Lattice's road to commercialization
Lattice Energy LLC Company Vision-September 11 2011Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy LLC's company vision of commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs): what key milestones remain and why are we doing this? It's not just about money.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Essay on Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Power Essay example
Nuclear Power Essay
Essay on Nuclear Energy Research
Nuclear Essay
The Future of Nuclear Power Essay
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013
1. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 1
Overview
for everybody
Truly green nuclear energy really exists
No deadly gammas … No energetic neutrons … No radioactive waste
New advance called radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions or LENRs
Based upon collective many-body electroweak processes rather than few-body fission or fusion
Powering the world to a green LENR future
Contact: 1-312-861-0115
Chicago, Illinois USA
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
v.5 March 5, 2014
Document updated, reformatted, re-verified live hyperlinks, and re-uploaded on June 9, 2016
2. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 2
Truly green nuclear energy really exists
v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 2
“I have learned to use the word ‘impossible’
with the greatest of caution.”
Werner von Braun
Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
could enable future development of revolutionary MeV
radiation-free, ‘green’ nuclear power sources that would
be suitable for aircraft and vehicular propulsion as well as
for stationary and portable power generation applications.
Benign, low-cost nanoparticulate LENR fuels could be
used in a huge array of different types of LENR-based
power sources. These fuels would have effective energy
densities 5,000x larger than gasoline; enough onboard fuel
for a manned aircraft or car to make a round-the-world trip
would probably fit into just one or two large FedEx boxes.
3. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 3
Man’s 70-year quest for greener nuclear energy sources
Lead to idea of mimicking stellar fusion processes to generate power
✓ Beginning with Hans Bethe’s landmark paper published back in in 1939, the Holy
Grail and longstanding dream of nuclear science has been to commercialize the
same clean (compared to fission) fusion reactions that power stars and our Sun
✓ Less technically difficult fission technology was first utilized and deployed in
commercial nuclear reactors; it has been fraught with safety, cost, and serious
proliferation issues that are well-known a la Dr. Evgeny Velikhov’s “vital risks”
✓ Both fission and fusion rely primarily on the strong interaction and are triggered
by few-body energetic ‘taekwondo’ (that we will explain herein); accordingly,
both processes release deadly hard radiation and produce long-lived isotopes
✓ Up until the advent of the collective many-body Widom-Larsen theory in 2005,
the weak interaction was thought to be useless for large-scale power generation
✓ Thanks to Widom-Larsen, we now know that radiation-free, truly ‘green’ LENRs
based on the weak interaction are enabled by physics ‘aikido’ in condensed
matter and can occur at very substantial rates under exactly the right conditions
✓ We are thus facing a paradigm shift in ongoing evolution of nuclear technology
Fission and fusion Safe green LENRsEvolution of nuclear energy
4. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 4
Comparison of LENRs to fission and fusion
Fission, fusion, and LENRs all involve controlled release of nuclear binding energy
(heat) for power generation: no CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs
(nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources
Heavy-element fission: involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding
energy; requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major
radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs; limited sources of fuel: today, almost entirely
Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development; heavy element U-235 (fissile
isotope fuel) + neutrons complex array of lower-mass fission products (some are very
long-lived radioisotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + heat
Fusion of light nuclei: involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear
binding energy; present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, other Tokamaks)
focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures
to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor radioactive waste clean-up $ costs vs. fission
Two key sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (both are heavy isotopes of Hydrogen)
Most likely to be developed commercial fusion reaction involves:
D + T He-4 (helium) + neutron + heat (total energy yield 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
distinguishing feature is neutron production
via electroweak reaction; neutron capture on fuel + gamma conversion to IR + decays [β , α]
releases nuclear binding energy; early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron
or gamma radiation and no long-lived radioactive waste products; LENR systems will not
require massive, expensive radiation shielding or containment structures much lower $$$
cost; many possible fuels --- any element/isotope that can capture LENR neutrons; involves
neutron-catalyzed transmutation of fuels into heavier stable elements; process creates heat
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs):
Fusion of light nuclei:
Heavy element fission:
5. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 5
Truly green nuclear energy really exists
LENRs only recently appreciated because deadly radiation is absent
✓Nuclear power technologies: gradually evolving toward safer, greener types of
processes that release nuclear binding energy (>1 million times chemical processes
such as burning fossil fuels) without injecting CO2 into biosphere
✓Fission of unstable Uranium and Plutonium: first commercial power generation
technology starting in 1950s; hasn’t achieved extremely broad deployment that was
previously hoped-for because of public’s issues with perceived safety, unsolved
radioactive waste disposal problems, and serious weapons proliferation concerns
regarding rogue states and terrorist non-state actors
✓Fusion (mostly Deuterium-Tritium): power generation researched since 1950s; still
without a working commercial fusion reactor after investing many billions of $ and vast
numbers of man-hours by thousands of scientists; mainly ITER and NIF (US) to show
for it - will fusion power require yet another 20+ years?
✓Evgeny Velikhov (ITER report, Dec. 2012): says “vital risks” still accompany present-
era nuclear technologies; suggests fission-fusion “hybrids” might provide alternative
solution for widely deployed power generation systems
✓Enter LENRs: inexplicable anomalous experimental effects seen for almost 100 years;
initially not attributed to nuclear processes because dangerous MeV-energy radiation
signatures are absent; finally theoretically understood by Widom & Larsen in past 11
years; now have commercialization opportunity to develop truly green nuclear power
6. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 6
Paradigm shift: green radiation-free nuclear processes
Absence of deadly radiation: LENRs hidden in plain sight for 100 years
✓ Fusion (1929) and fission (1938) mainly rely on strong interaction and emit readily
detectable fluxes of deadly MeV-energy gamma and/or energetic neutron radiation;
consequently, those two types of nuclear processes were initially discovered
experimentally and became well-accepted by physics and astronomy communities
long before most recent public controversy about two chemists claiming to have
observed LENR transmutations in a prosaic electrolytic chemical cell (Utah, 1989)
✓ In fact, observations of what we now know were actually LENRs have been
episodically reported and published by experimentalists for nearly 100 years;
however, given an absence of obvious hard MeV-energy radiation signatures, they
had no Idea they were encountering a very benign energetic nuclear process that
occurs on microscopic length-scales in condensed matter systems under a very
particular set of physical conditions that only rarely line-up perfectly in Nature
✓ No radiological health risks are known to be associated with LENRs because they
don’t emit hard radiation and typically don’t produce biologically significant
amounts of environmentally hazardous, long-lived radioactive isotopes. That being
the case, very subtle telltale signs of LENR activity can only be readily detected and
accurately measured through the use of extraordinarily sensitive, modern mass
spectroscopy techniques on stable isotopes. Such analytical techniques have only
been readily affordable and reasonably easy-to-use by a broad spectrum of
scientists in different disciplines for less than two decades. Consequently, LENR
processes have effectively been hidden in plain sight and unappreciated by the vast
majority of the world scientific community for the better part of the last 100 years
7. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 7
Fission and fusion Clean radiation-free LENRs
From the “vital risks” of today To a green nuclear tomorrow
LENRs don’t need radiation shielding or confinement
Green nuclear process should address all of Velikhov’s “vital risks”
Evolution of nuclear technology
8. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 8
Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for
multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)Laura 13
Condensed matter ultralow energy neutron reactions
LENRs
v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 8
9. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 9
Contents - I
Overview of LENR technology and related science
Relevant documents (includes URLS) …..…………………………………………..…..… 11 - 13
LENRs potentially much better than fission or fusion ……………………………….…. 14 - 17
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there? …………………….....……18 - 27
Nuclear martial arts: fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido …………………………….… 28 - 39
High local electric fields trigger condensed matter LENRs …………………………… 40 - 43
Widom-Larsen theory explains condensed matter LENRs ……………………....…… 44 - 57
LENR products are observed on device surfaces ……………………………………….. 58 - 59
U.S. Navy imaged LENR-active cathode surface with IR ……………………………….. 60
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido ……………………….…. 61 - 79
1996: Miley reported very anomalous experimental results ………………………..…. 80 - 81
2006: Widom & Larsen explain Miley’s 1996 - 1997 results ……………………………. 82 - 83
Astrophysicists claim stars create virtually all elements ……………………….......… 84 - 85
Widom-Larsen paradigm shift: non-stellar nucleosynthesis ………………………..… 86 - 89
Commercialization, market applications, and business-related issues
are covered in the next section; non-scientists may wish to read
through Slide #16 and then skip forward to Slide #89
Document updated, reformatted, re-verified live hyperlinks, and re-uploaded on June 9, 2016
10. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 10
Contents - II
Commercialization, market applications and business-related issues
Commercializing LENRs: cutting energy’s Gordian Knot ………………………….….... 90 - 92
Commercializing LENRs: how do we get there from here?…………………………..….. 93 - 94
LENR power generation competes with fusion processes …………………….....…….. 95
New paradigm shift: safe portable nuclear power systems …………………………….. 96 - 100
Market applications for commercial LENR technology ………….………………………. 101
Oil and LENRs are surprisingly synergistic over near-term ……………………...……. 102
Fossil Carbon can be transmuted rather than combusted …..……………….……….… 103 - 107
LENR transmutation of stable Carbon releases substantial energy ……..….………… 108 - 110
Many moieties contain or are convertible into aromatics ………...……………………… 111
LENRs and the greener future of global power generation …..……………………….... 112 - 115
Conclusions ……..………………………………………………………………………………... 116 - 118
Working with Lattice: commercialization of LENRs and consulting ….………............ 119 - 125
Final quote: Alexis de Tocqueville (1840) …………………………………..……....………. 126
11. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 11
Relevant articles about the future of nuclear technology
“Future Development of Nuclear Power and Role of Fusion Neutron Source -
Green Nuclear Power,” Dr. Evgeny Velikhov, President, Kurchatov Institute,
Moscow, Russia ITER Report, December 2012
http://www.iter.org/doc/www/content/com/Lists/Stories/Attachments/1413/Hybrids.pdf
“NNSA’s Path Forward to Achieving Ignition in the Inertial Confinement Fusion
Program,” U.S. Dept. of Energy, Report to Congress, December 2012
http://fire.pppl.gov/NIF_Path_Forward_Rpt_120712.pdf
“Commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs):
Cutting Energy’s Gordian Knot - A Grand Challenge for Science and Energy”
Lattice White Paper, Lewis Larsen, April 12, 2010
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-white-paper-
excerptapril-12-2010
“A Star in a Bottle” -- well-written article about development of ITER reactor
Raffi Khatchadourian, The New Yorker magazine, March 3, 2014
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/03/03/140303fa_fact_khatchadourian?curre
ntPage=all
12. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 12
Peer-reviewed papers about the Widom-Larsen theory
“A primer for electroweak induced low-energy nuclear reactions”
Y. N. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010)
“The analysis presented in this paper leads us to conclude that realistic
possibilities exist for designing LENR devices capable of producing `green
energy', that is, production of excess heat at low cost without lethal nuclear
waste, dangerous γ -rays or unwanted neutrons. The necessary tools and the
essential theoretical know-how to manufacture such devices appear to be
well within the reach of the technology available now. Vigorous efforts must
now be made to develop such devices whose functionality requires all three
interactions of the Standard Model acting in concert.” Pramana (2010)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-
for-electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-
catalyzed-lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
“Ultra-low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 (2006)
13. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 13
I-SiS articles on LENRs were written for a broad audience
“Low energy nuclear reactions for green energy - how weak interactions can provide
sustainable nuclear energy and revolutionize the energy industry,” November 13, 2008
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENRGE.php
“Widom-Larsen theory explains low energy nuclear reactions & why they are safe and
green - all down to collective effects and weak interactions,” December 4, 2008
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Widom-Larsen.php
“Portable and distributed power generation from LENRs - power output of LENR-based
systems could be scaled up to address many different commercial applications,”
December 10, 2008
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/PortableDistributedPowerFromLENRs.php
“LENRs for nuclear waste disposal - how weak interactions can transform radioactive
isotopes into more benign elements,” December 11, 2008
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENR_Nuclear_Waste_Disposal.php
“Safe, less costly nuclear reactor decommissioning and more - how weak interaction
LENRs can take us out of the nuclear safety and economic black hole,” Jan. 26, 2009
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/safeNuclearDecommissioning.php
"LENRs replacing coal for distributed democratized power - low energy nuclear
reactions have the potential to provide distributed power generation with zero carbon
emission and cheaper than coal,” Jan. 27, 2009
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENRsReplacingCoal.php
Larsen articles published by Institute of Science in Society, London, UK
14. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 14
LENRs are potentially much better than fission or fusion
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
LENRs don’t have Velikhov’s “vital risks” yet release similar amounts of energy
Reaction Type Typical “Average” Energy Release Relative Index of
Energy Release
U-235 Conventional Fission
H+H Fusion in Stars
D+T Fusion Reactors
Light and Heavy Water LENRs
Blacklight Power’s “Hydrinos”
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Combustion of Gasoline
220 MeV 1000
27 MeV
17. 6 MeV
~ 0.1 MeV (low side)
~ 22 MeV (high side)
max 0.02 MeV
0.0001 MeV
0.0002 MeV
123
80
91
0.45
0.09
0.0001
0.00005
Nuclear:
Strong Interaction
Nuclear:
Weak Interaction
?
Chemical
Less Energy
Per Reaction
(1938)
(1939)
(1950s)
(1989)
(1838)
(1876)
(1991)
TaekwondoAikidoChemical
Evolutionofnuclearpower
15. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 15
LENRs are potentially much better than fission or fusion
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Chart ranks competing nuclear energy technologies by their relative greenness
Reactants/Fuel Reaction Type Main End Products of Reactions
Lighter to Medium-Heavy
Atoms + H or D
+ Electrons + ULMN Neutrons
Very Heavy Uranium or
Plutonium metal atoms
+ neutrons (chain reaction)
Conventional Fission in
Nuclear Power Plants;
Strong Interaction
Unstable long-lived radioactive
isotopes, hard gamma/ X-ray
radiation, energetic neutrons, heat
Heavy and Light Water
LENRs;
Mainly Weak
Interaction
Fusion in Stars;
Strong Interaction
Fusion in Proposed
Commercial Reactors;
Strong Interaction
Primarily stable isotopes, no hard
radiation, beta and alpha particles, no
externally released neutrons, heat
Starts With Lightest Atoms
Hydrogen + Hydrogen
Starts With Slightly Heavier
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Deuterium + Tritium
Stable Helium-3/4 isotopes,
Mainly fluxes of energetic neutrons,
heat
Stable Helium-3/4 isotopes,
Mainly fluxes of energetic neutrons,
heat
“Greener”
TaekwondoAikido
16. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 16
Today’s D-T fusion programs encounter more problems
ITER confirms more delays and costs; NIF admits may never reach goal
✓ “Fusion megaproject confirms 5-year delay, trims costs”
By Daniel Clery in Science, June 16, 2016
Quoting excerpt: “The ITER fusion reactor will fire up for the first time in December
2025, the €18-billion project’s governing council confirmed today. The date for ‘first
plasma’ is 5 years later than under the old schedule, and to get there the council is
asking the project partners - China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, South
Korea, and the United States - to cough up an extra €4 billion ($4.5 billion).”
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/06/fusion-megaproject-confirms-5-year-delay-trims-costs
✓ “Giant U.S. fusion laser might never achieve goal, report concludes”
By Daniel Clery in Science, June 21, 2016
Quoting: A long-troubled laser megaproject is facing fresh hurdles. A recent report
concludes that although the $3.5 billion National Ignition Facility (NIF) - a Department of
Energy (DOE) laser lab designed to heat and compress capsules of hydrogen isotopes
until they fuse, releasing energy - is making technical progress, it is still a long way from
its titular goal: ignition, or a fusion burn that sustains itself and produces more energy
than it takes to spark it … ‘The question is if the NIF will be able to reach ignition in its
current configuration and not when it will occur.’ … Campbell [former NIF Director] says
he always forecast that it would take ‘at least 10 years to figure it out.’ He says he is ‘still
hopeful it will work, but you can’t guarantee it.’ Fusion, he says, ‘is just hard’.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/06/giant-us-fusion-laser-might-never-achieve-goal-report-concludes
17. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 17
LENRs are potentially much better than fission or fusion
Should society start hedging its bets on fusion as future power source?
✓ LENRs can address all Evgeny Velikhov’s key “vital risks” noted in his thoughtful
document about future prospects for the ITER D-T fusion Tokamak reactor
✓ Virtually everyone agrees that development of lower-risk, ecologically benign,
low cost sources of energy is crucial to future world economic growth and overall
quality of life, especially for people now living in rural areas without electricity
✓ Over the past 50 years, enormous financial investments have been made in D-T
fusion technology, yet today there are still no operating commercial power plants
✓ In last 20 years, tens of billions of dollars, euros, rubles, yuan, yen, and rupees
were spent on fusion R&D; by contrast, less than ~US$200 million has gone into
LENRs during that time; vast majority of that money came from the private sector
✓ Maybe it’s time for society to slow down chasing the D-T fusion rainbow and start
making greater parallel investments in LENRs in addition to fusion and fission
✓ By pursuing multiple synergistic paths toward the same common goal we could,
as they say in America, all “hedge our bets” on the development of new, non-
polluting, inexpensive energy sources that can ultimately supplant fossil fuels
v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 17
18. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 18
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Selective history of events/ideas in development of nuclear technology
Fusion and fission both occur in Nature
Green LENRs
Evolution
Taekwando is hot
Few-body strong interactions
Gigantic stars Man-made systems
Aikido is cool
Collective many-body weak
interactions
✓ We will begin with Henri Becquerel’s discovery of
radioactivity in France back in 1896
✓ Then touch-upon what we think are key ideas
and developments from 1896 up until 2012
✓ 2005: Widom & Larsen (W-L) released Cornell
arXiv preprint provides first truly rigorous theory
of LENRs with key features based on weak
interaction and many-body collective effects
under ‘umbrella’ of Standard Model; no “new
physics” anywhere in the Widom-Larsen theory
✓ 2006: core elements of our theory published in
peer- reviewed European Physical Journal C
✓ 2010: paper summarizing entire sweep of W-L
theory published in Pramana - Journal of Physics
✓ Today: LENRs finally ready for commercialization
19. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 19
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Enough is now known about LENRs to begin commercialization
Widom-Larsen theory: many-body collective
electroweak production of ultralow energy
neutrons (LENRs) in condensed matter
Srivastava, Widom, and Larsen:
on pp. 3 in Pramana paper (2010)
Electrons react directly with
protons in an electroweak
process that produces
neutrons and benign
neutrino particles
Widom-Larsen theory
explains how this nuclear
process occurs at mild
temperatures and
pressures
Widom-Larsen’s key
nuclear reaction:
20. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 20
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Radioactivity was first discovered by Becquerel in France - 1896
Photographic plate made
by Henri Becquerel shows
effects of its exposure to
radioactivity. A metal
Maltese cross, placed
between the plate and
radioactive Uranium salt
(Potassium uranyl sulfate),
left a clearly visible
shadow on surface of the
(very light grey)
photographic plate.
“Sur les radiations emises par phosphorescence”
Henri Becquerel, Comptes Rendus 122 pp. 420 - 421 (1896)
See faint,
lighter-grey
shadow in
shape of a
Maltese cross
against darker
background
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer
21. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 21
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Transmutation was discovered by Rutherford and Soddy - 1901
“For Mike’s sake Soddy, don’t call it transmutation.
They’ll have our heads off as alchemists.”
Comment made by Ernest Rutherford to Frederic Soddy in 1901
Rutherford received Nobel prize in chemistry in 1908
“In 1901, twenty-four year-old chemist Frederick Soddy and Ernest
Rutherford were attempting to identify a mysterious gas that wafted
from samples of radioactive thorium oxide. They suspected that
this gas - they called it an ‘emanation’ - held a key to the recently
discovered phenomenon of radioactivity. Soddy had passed the
puzzling gas over a series of powerful chemical reagents, heated
white-hot. When no reactions took place, he came to a startling
realization. As he told his biographer many years later, ´I remember
quite well standing there transfixed as though stunned by the
colossal import of the thing and blurting out-or so it seemed at the
time, ‘Rutherford, this is transmutation: the thorium is
disintegrating and transmuting itself into argon gas.’ Rutherford‘s
reply was typically aware of more practical implications.”
J. Magill, “Decay Engine”
v. 5 March 5 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 21
www.nucleonica.net
22. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 22
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Millikan suggested that transmutations occur in stars - 1923
Credit: Roberto Porto
“Has nature a way of making these transmutations in her
laboratories? She is doing it under our eyes in the
radioactive process … Does the process go on in both
directions, heavier atoms being continually formed, as well
as continually disintegrating into lighter ones? Not on earth,
so far as we can see. Perhaps in God’s laboratories, the
stars. Some say we shall be finding out.”
“Gulliver’s travels in science”
R. Millikan, Nobel prize in physics, 1923
Scribner’s pp. 577 - 585 (Nov. 1923)
v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 22
http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scribners-1923nov-00577
23. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 23
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Atkinson & Houtermans theorized that light elements can fuse - 1929
“Zur Frage der Aufbaumöglichkeit der Elemente in Sternen“
Robert Atkinson and Freidrich Houtermans
Zeitschrift für Physik 54 pp. 656 - 665 (1929)
Comments about this groundbreaking paper in which stellar
thermonuclear reactions were calculated for the very first time:
"The Houtermans-Atkinson theory was a quantitative theory based
on the most recent quantum mechanical knowledge. The theory
counts among the pioneering contributions to modern astrophysics,
but at first it attracted little attention."
H. Kragh, “Quantum Generations”, pp. 183 (2002)
"After Gamov had presented his theory, in which two nuclei can
interact in spite of the Coulomb repulsion by virtue of the tunnel
effect, it was realized by Atkinson and Houtermans that the
thermal energy of protons in the centre of the sun was sufficient to
provoke nuclear reactions. The physical possibility of
thermonuclear reaction in the interior of stars was established."
S. Brandt, “The Harvest of a Century”, pp. 259 (2009)
v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 23
24. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 24
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Fermi published his new theory of beta-decay with neutrinos - 1934
“Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I“
Enrico Fermi, Nobel prize in physics, 1938
Zeitschrift für Physik 88 pp. 161 - 177 (1934)
Beta-minus decay: one neutron spontaneously converts into a proton
Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14
Beta-plus decay: one proton spontaneously converts into a neutron
Carbon-10 Boron-10
+ +
+ +
β-
β+
Antineutrino
Neutrino
Electron
Positron
6 protons
8 neutrons
7 protons
7 neutrons
6 protons
4 neutrons
5 protons
5 neutrons
ν
ν
e-
e+
Unstable
neutron-rich
isotopes
Unstable
neutron-poor
isotopes
Operates
north of valley
of stability
Operates
south of valley
of stability
Nucleus comprises:
Nucleus comprises:
25. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 25
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Hahn & Strassman experimentally confirmed fission process - 1938
Total energy release is ~ 200 MeV - fragments fly away at high velocities
U235
nucleus
splits
apart
i.e.
fissions
U235
nucleus
deforms
U235 nucleus
captures
neutron
n
n
n
n
“Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels
Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle” Otto Hahn, Nobel prize in chemistry, 1944
"On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by
irradiation of Uranium with neutrons,” Naturwissenschaften 27 pp. 11 - 15 (1939)
Emits multiple
MeV-energy
“fast” neutrons
Energetic
gamma photons
γ
γ
UC Davis Chemwiki graphic adapted by Lattice
26. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 26
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Bethe theorized that nuclear fusion powers stars - 1939
“Energy production in stars”
Hans Bethe, Nobel Prize in physics, 1967, mainly for work presented in this seminal paper
Physical Review 55 pp. 434 - 456 (1939)
“It is shown that the most important source of energy in ordinary stars is the
[fusion = +] reactions of carbon and nitrogen with protons. These reactions
form a cycle in which the original nucleus is reproduced, viz. C12 + H = N13, N13
= C13 + e+, C13 + H = N14, N14 + H = O15, O15 = N15 + e+, N15 + H = C12 + He4. Thus
carbon and nitrogen merely serve as catalysts for the combination of four
protons [H] (and two electrons) into an α-particle [He4]. The carbon-nitrogen
reactions are unique in their cyclical character.”
“The agreement of the carbon-nitrogen reactions with observational data is
excellent. In order to give the correct energy evolution in the sun, the central
temperature of the sun would have to be 18.5 million degrees while integration
of the Eddingston equations gives 19 … For fainter stars with lower central
temperatures, the [fusion] reaction H + H = D + e+ and the reactions following
it, are believed to be mainly responsible for the energy production. It is shown
further that no elements heavier than He4 can be built up in ordinary stars …
Production of neutrons in stars is likewise negligible. The heavier elements
found in stars must therefore have existed already when the star was formed.”
http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PR/v55/i5/p434_1
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27. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 27
Where is nuclear power today and how did we get there?
Highly subjective chronology of key events from 1942 up thru 2012
1942 - E. Fermi activated Manhattan Project's first working fission reactor at Univ. of Chicago
1945 - US first to use nuclear weapons in war; destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan
1946 - F. Hoyle first published e + p neutronization reaction theorized in cores of dying stars
1951 - A. Einstein and E. Sternglass reviewed apparent e + p reaction in tabletop apparatus
1952 - US detonated first fission-fusion thermonuclear weapon at Eniwetok Island, South Pacific
1955 - First commercial fission-based nuclear power reactor in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, USA
1957 - M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle paper delineated what is now modern astrophysics
1965 - M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle paper theorized nucleosynthesis ex stellar cores
1960s - S. Glashow, A. Salam & S. Weinberg published modern theory of electroweak interaction
1970 thru early 1980s - Glashow-Salam-Weinberg’s electroweak theory confirmed experimentally
1985 - ITER fusion power generation project first began at 1985 superpower summit in Geneva
1986 - K. Erik Drexler published “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”
1989 - S. Pons & M. Fleischmann “cold fusion” debacle began with Univ. of Utah press conference
2001 - Lattice Energy LLC commenced operation to commercialize LENRs for power generation
2005 - A. Widom & L. Larsen released first theoretical preprint re LENRs on Cornell physics arXiv
2006 - A. Widom & L. Larsen published LENR theory in peer-reviewed European Physical Journal C
2010 - ITER began 10-year construction phase with estimated completion costs of 13 billion Euros
2010 - Y. Srivastava, A. Widom & L. Larsen published review paper in Pramana - Journal of Physics
2012 - CERN sponsored first-ever colloquium on LENRs with Y. Srivastava discussing W-L theory
2012 - American Nuclear Society sponsored first working session on LENRs to be held in 16 years
28. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 28
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Fission/fusion are few-body taekwondo; LENRs are many-body aikido
Taekwondo g Fission and esp. fusion Gentle way g Aikido g LENRs
Directs focused kinetic energy onto targets Borrows much kinetic energy from targets
Many-body, requires little physical strength
Defeats two or more opponents simultaneouslyDefeats only one opponent at a time
Optimal utilization of defender’s
limited input energy
Brute force utilization of much of
defender’s limited input energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIawbHsotgI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk9DTiyPtmo
Few-body, requires great physical strength
29. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 29
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Fission/fusion are few-body taekwondo; LENRs are many-body aikido
Taekwondo g Fission and esp. fusion Gentle way g Aikido g LENRs
Few-body fusion: huge temperatures Many-body LENRs: modest temperatures
Taekwondo taɪˌkwɒnˈdoʊ (Korean 태권도 (跆拳道) martial art originating
in Korea. In Korean, tae (태, 跆) means “to strike or break with
foot”; kwon (권, 拳) means “to strike or break with fist”; and do (도, 道) means
"way", "method", or "path". Thus, taekwondo may be loosely translated as "the
way of the foot and the hand.” The art in general emphasizes kicks thrown from
a mobile stance, employing the leg's greater reach and power (compared to
the arm). Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks,
punches, and open-handed strikes. [excerpted from source: Wikipedia]
Aikido (Japanese: 合気道 Hepburn: Aikidō) Japanese martial art developed
by Morihei Ueshiba. Aikido often translated as "the Way of unifying (with) life
energy” or as “the Way of harmonious spirit.” Ueshiba's goal was to create an
art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting
their attacker from injury. Aikido is performed by blending with the motion of
the attacker and redirecting the force of the attack rather than opposing it
head-on. This requires very little physical strength, as the aikidōka (aikido
practitioner) "leads" the attacker's momentum using entering and turning
movements. [excerpted from source: Wikipedia]
30. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 30
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
e- + p+ n + ν in condensed matter requires gentle aikido physics
Don’t need taekwondo (million+ degree temperatures) to trigger LENRs
✓ Prior to advent of Widom-Larsen theory,
astrophysicists thought that
“neutronization” (direct e- + p+ reaction)
only occurred deep in stellar cores
during supernova detonations
✓ No “new physics” in any of this: all we did
was to integrate many-body collective
effects with modern electroweak theory
under the overall umbrella of the
Standard Model; vast body of
experimental data fully supports it
✓ Without many-body collective effects +
condensed matter quantum mechanical
effects (= aikido) none of this could ever
occur at substantial rates at moderate
temperatures/pressures in chemical cells
“Toto, I have the feeling we're not
in Kansas anymore.”
Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939)
“There is nothing as deceptive as
an obvious fact.”
Sherlock Holmes, The Boscombe
Valley Mystery (1891)
"These are very deep waters."
Sherlock Holmes, The Adventure
of the Speckled Band (1892)
“ … when you have eliminated the
impossible, whatever remains,
however improbable, must be the
truth.”
Sherlock Holmes, The Sign of the
Four (1890)
31. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 31
Image: TeraScale Supernova Initiative
“One series of NIF
experiments is studying
hydrodynamic instabilities
in supernovae. This
simulation, created by
team member Tomasz
Plewa from Florida State
University, shows
Rayleigh-Taylor instability
growth during a
supernova in a red
supergiant star.”
Crab nebula: remnant of
supernova explosion that
was observed by Chinese
astronomers in 1054 A.D.
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
e- + p+ n + ν in stars requires mega-scale taekwondo
Unlike stars, LENRs don’t need macroscopic taekwondo to trigger e- + p+ reaction
e- + p+ n + ν in supernova core
32. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 32
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Nature’s mega-taekwondo: thermonuclear fusion processes in stars
Hydrogen fusion in stars requires huge temperatures and confining fields
Earth’s sun: small, long-lived G-type yellow dwarf star: fuses hydrogen in p+-p+ reactions
Sun’s surface temperature: ~5,500o C
Fusion reactions
Length scale = thousands of kilometers
Sun’s core temperature: ~15 million o C
33. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 33
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Nature’s mega-taekwondo: p+- p+ fusion in inner core of Earth’s sun
Astrophysicists believe these fusion reactions produce energy in Sun
99% of Sun’s fusion reactions occur within its dense super-hot core
Credit: Prof. Vik Dhillon
Summary of main types of theorized stellar p+- p+ charged particle fusion reactions in Sun
Source: Wikipedia as of May 17, 2011
34. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 34
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Nature’s mega-taekwondo: p+ - p+ fusion in inner core of Earth’s sun
% of
radius
Radius (109 m) Temperature (106 K) % Luminosity
Fusion Rate
(joules/kg-sec)
Fusion Power Density
(joules/sec-m3 )
0 0.00 15.7 0 0.0175 276.5
9 0.06 13.8 33 0.010 103.0
12 0.08 12.8 55 .0068 56.4
14 0.10 11.3 79 .0033 19.5
19 0.13 10.1 91 .0016 6.9
22 0.15 9.0 97 0.0007 2.2
24 0.17 8.1 99 0.0003 0.67
29 0.20 7.1 100 0.00006 .09
46 0.32 3.9 100 0 0
69 0.48 1.73 100 0 0
89 0.62 0.66 100 0 0
From: B. Stromgrew (1965) reprinted in D. Clayton, ”Principles of stellar evolution
and nucleosynthesis,” New York: McGraw-Hill (1968)
http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SunLayers.html
Model Sun at 4.5 billion years: core generates ~99% of total fusion power
Core
35. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 35
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Earthly nuclear taekwondo in Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fusion reaction
Triggering D-T fusion on the Earth requires huge temperatures and reactors
This is long sought Holy Grail of government fusion research pursued since 1950s
Deuterium -Tritium fusion produces very energetic and quite dangerous radiation:
14.1 MeV neutrons; third ~10- 5 branch of these reactions instead produces 16.7 MeV gammas
n
n
n
nn n
2H+
3H+
n
n n
Fusion of
charged particles
4He2+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
1n
Must overcome
Coulomb barrier
D-T fusion reaction: 2H+ + 3H+ 4He2+ + 1n + 17.6 MeV
Total is
17.6 MeV
36. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 36
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Earthly nuclear taekwondo: D-T fusion in the ITER tokamak reactor
http://www.iter.org/proj/inafewlines#6
Plan to produce 500 MW electrical output from 50 MW input power (20??)
Length scale: tens of meters
Remaining build cost: 13 billion €
Toroidal field coils alone weigh 6,500
tons
Core temperature: ~150 million o C
10x temperature in the Sun’s core
Plan to start operation in 2027
ITER reactor is being constructed at very large facility in Cadarache, France
Human-scale
“ITER is not an end
in itself: it is the
bridge toward a
first plant that will
demonstrate the
large-scale
production of
electrical power
and tritium fuel
self-sufficiency.
This is the next step
after ITER: the
Demonstration
Power Plant, or
DEMO for short. A
conceptual design
for such a machine
could be complete
by 2017. If all goes
well, DEMO will
lead fusion into its
industrial era,
beginning
operations in the
early 2030s, and
putting fusion
power into the grid
as early as 2040.”
60meterstall
37. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 37
“In positron generation experiments, the
short-pulse Titan laser fires a tightly
focused ‘photon bullet’ at a tiny gold disk.
The laser … tears electrons from their
atoms and accelerates them through the
gold target. As high-energy electrons
interact with … gold nuclei, they are
transformed into a lower energy electron
(green) and its mirror, a positron (purple).”
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Earthly nuclear taekwondo: Z-pinch and ICF fusion methods
Z-pinch machine
Sandia National Laboratories (USA)
National Ignition Facility Laser (NIF) - ICF
Lawrence Livermore Nat’l Lab. (USA)
“The Z machine is the Earth’s most powerful and efficient laboratory
radiation source … in each of the approximately 200 shots Z fires every
year, the machine uses currents of about 26 million amps to reach peak
X-ray emissions of 350 terawatts and an X-ray output of 2.7 megajoules
… can create conditions found nowhere else on Earth … Pulsed power
is a technology that concentrates electrical energy and turns it into
short pulses of enormous power, which are then used to generate X-
rays and gamma rays … [its] controlled radiation creates conditions
similar to those caused by the detonation of nuclear weapons.”
http://www.sandia.gov/z-machine/?page_id=140
Length scale = feet to tens of meters Length scale = mm to feet
Input energy: huge pulsed 26 million
Ampere electrical current
Input energy: gigajoule pulse of E-M
laser photons
Image: K. Chu
38. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 38
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Earthly taekwondo: ICF fusion - National Ignition Facility (LLNL)
Close-up view of dime-size
Gold hohlraum target
192 powerful laser beams enter the hohlraum
Project cost to date: > $4 billion
“All of the energy of NIF's 192 beams is directed inside a gold cylinder called a
hohlraum, which is about the size of a dime. A tiny capsule inside the hohlraum contains
atoms of deuterium and tritium that fuel the ignition process … Laser beams rapidly heat
the inside surface of the hohlraum … X-rays from the hohlraum compress the fuel
capsule … during final part of the [fuel] implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the
density of Lead and ignites at 100 million oC … Thermonuclear burn [commences].”
Fuel capsule core temperature: reaches 100 million oC
Input energy: ~500 trillion watts for 20 billionths of second
Tiny fuel
capsule
Image credit: LLNL Image credit: LLNL
39. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 39
Nuclear martial arts: hot fusion taekwondo vs. LENR aikido
Earthly nuclear transmutations via LENRs under moderate conditions
T. Mizuno - Hokkaido Univ., Japan
electrolytic chemical cell
Shewanella sp.
bacteria with nanowires
Length scale = microns (μ) to centimeters
(cm) Length scale = nm to microns (μ)
Input energy: very modest electrical current
density of 0.2 Amperes/cm2 for 20 days at 105 ℃
Input energy: very modest electrical
current of ~nano-Amperes/cm2 for a
few days at temperatures of ~20-25℃
Mass spectroscopy analysis
suggests that some species of
bacteria can transmute elements
Star-like nucleosynthesis has been shown to occur
in electrochemical cells via analysis of reaction
products with mass spectroscopy techniques
40. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 40
High local electric fields trigger condensed matter LENRs
Seidman & Norem discuss extremely local high electric fields on surfaces
“Experimental study of high field limits of RF cavities”
D. Seidman, Northwestern Univ. and J. Norem, Argonne N. L. (2005)
http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/LCRD/LCRD_UCLC_proposal_FY05/2_49_Seidman_Norem.pdf
“[Electric arc] breakdown at surfaces was discovered by Earhart and Michelson, at [the
University of] Chicago, in 1900 … While checking the new ‘electron’ theory of gas breakdown at
small distances, they discovered that there were two mechanisms present, at large distances
gas breakdown dominated, and at small distances [i.e., on small length-scales] breakdown of
the surface was correctly identified as the mechanism. The break point where the two
mechanisms met, at atmospheric pressure, occurs at about 300 V … This was confirmed 5
years later by Hobbs and Millikan, and is consistent with modern data on vacuum breakdown.”
“Although high electric fields have been used in DC and RF applications for many years, up to
now there has been no fundamental agreement on the cause of breakdown in these systems …
Until our work, no theoretical understanding of this process developed over the last 100 years,
although many papers have been written.”
“Another interesting feature of this [electrical breakdown] mechanism is that the power
densities involved are enormous. The numbers can be obtained from the values we measured
for field emitted currents, electric field, the emitter dimensions, and volume for transferring
electromagnetic field energy into electron kinetic energy. Combining these gives, (10
GV/m)(10−7 m)(1 mA)/(10−7m)3 = 1021 W/sec.m3, a value that seems to be greater than all other
natural effects, except perhaps Gamma Ray Bursters (GRB’s). The power density is
comparable to nuclear weapons. Michelson and Millikan noticed the ‘hot sparks’ in 1905,
bought a vacuum pump, (which they didn’t have), and invented vacuum ultraviolet
spectroscopy. Both moved on, and did not look in detail at the mechanisms involved.”
41. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 41
E-fields and power densities in LENR-active sites exceed those of field emitters
High local electric fields trigger condensed matter LENRs
LENR only needs modest macroscopic temperatures and tiny devices
Source: Fig. 2, pp. 3, Seidman & Norem 2005 DOE proposal, “Experimental study of high field limits of RF cavities”
Adapted by Larsen from
Seidman & Norem (2005)
Electron field
emitter on surface
Astrophysical
gamma ray burst
Nuclear
weapons
Supernova
explosions
42. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 42
High local electric fields trigger condensed matter LENRs
LENR only needs modest macroscopic temperatures and tiny devices
“ … mechanism produces highest power density commonly found in Nature”
Quoting from Seidman & Norem (2005):
“We think we have developed a model of breakdown that
explains the phenomenon in almost all environments …
The model strongly argues that breakdown events are the
result of fragments or clusters breaking off of the
surface and rapidly being ionized in the electron beams
from the field emitter. Within the active volume, the power
involved in these beams is comparable to nuclear
weapons. This model is also generally in agreement with
the experience with APFIM samples at the high fields
used. Tiny APFIM samples operate at fields about 5 times
higher than the local E field limit we postulate, but they
also frequently fail, however there has been no
systematic study of these failure modes
“Combining these two ideas, however, one can conclude
that: 1) this mechanism produces perhaps the highest
power density commonly found in nature, and, 2) it is
accessible to anyone with a wall switch or an electric
light, and is used many times a day by everyone.”
Pulsed laser atom probe
microscope at NWU
Fig. 7, pp. #9, Seidman &
Norem proposal (2005)
Breakdown of surface
Figure: B. Jüttner, Berlin
43. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 43
High local electric fields trigger condensed matter LENRs
LENR only needs modest macroscopic temperatures and tiny devices
Peak power densities of LENRs could briefly hit value of ~3.6 x 1019 x solar core
Energy E in joules (J) is
equal to the power P in
Watts (W), times the time
period t in seconds (s):
E(J) = P(W) × t(s)
One could quibble with details in
these simplistic estimates;
however, conclusion of this
calculation is that LENR-active
sites briefly have energy power
densities that can be substantially
higher than the Sun’s inner core
This comparison suggests that
LENRs could well have excellent
potential as a new green energy
source, provided that methods are
found to fabricate high area-
densities of LENR-active sites and
that they can be reliably triggered
and their rates fully-controlled
Calculated comparison of LENR patch power densities versus
those thought to occur in the Sun’s core; LENRs are quite high:
✓ Stromgrew (1965) calculated peak fusion power density in
the Sun’s core at E(J) = 276.5 Joules/sec.m3 (2.765 x 102)
✓ Seidman & Norem (2005) believed power densities in small
surface sites where collective electron field emission and
electrical breakdown are occurring = 1.0 x 1021 Watts/sec.m3
✓ While we might safely presume that peak power density in an
LENR-active patch could likely be higher than that Seidman
& Norem’s number, let’s conservatively assume it’s just the
very same value for total LENR energy releases that occur
during a given surface site’s brief effective working lifetime
before it dies and then cools-off
✓ According to formula shown above to upper right, these
assumptions suggest that peak local power density from an
LENR-active patch might reach E(J) = 1.0 x 1021 Joules/sec.m3
✓ Dividing 1.0 x 1021 (LENRs) by 2.765 x 102 (Sun’s core) we
calculate LENRs’ power density = ~3.6 x 1019 x solar core’s
44. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 44
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
Collective many-body physics: SP electrons interface between realms
Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation on surfaces is crucial
Nuclear energy realm Chemical energy realmesp
-
45. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 45
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
✓Breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation well-established as occurring
under certain conditions in various types of systems; measured experimentally
✓See: A. Bushmaker et al., “Direct observation of Born-Oppenheimer
approximation breakdown in carbon nanotubes” Nano Letters 9 pp. 607 (2009)
✓Well-known to break down on metallic surfaces: quoting Prof. John Tully, Yale
University, “Breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer assumption is the rule rather
than the exception in electron transfer reactions, photochemistry, and
reactions at metal surfaces.”
✓Also known to break down on aromatic rings in conjunction with quantum
entanglement of protons on those rings (see Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann &
Mayers, Journal of Chemical Physics 116 pp. 1511 - 2002). Quoting from their
paper, “… our NCS results …indicate that the physical meaning of … Born-
Oppenheimer [approximation] should be critically reconsidered … at least for
chemical processes in the …femtosecond time scale … [we also] demonstrate
that short-lived protonic quantum entanglement and decoherence are of much
broader significance than realized thus far.”
Key to LENR electroweak catalysis: enables huge local electric fields
Local breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation on surfaces
In nm to μ-scale regions breakdown enables E-fields > 2 x 1011 V/m threshold
46. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 46
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
Collective electroweak neutron production, capture, and nuclear decays
Nuclear-strength, micron-scale local electric fields drive LENR neutron production
e-* + p+ g n + νe
e- + p+ g lepton + X
Electroweak particle reactions produce neutrons (n) and neutrinos (νe)
n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe
Unstable neutron-rich products of neutron captures will undergo beta- decay
Create heavier stable isotopes or heavier elements along rows of Periodic Table
Many-body collective production of neutrons, neutrinos, and other particles:
Transmutation of elements and nucleosynthesis outside of stellar cores:
Neutron capture
Beta-minus decay
Neutron capture-driven
LENR transmutation
reactions
Electric fields dominate
Magnetic fields dominate
Collective many-body
processes require
external input energy
47. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 47
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
Key steps in multi-stage LENR transmutation processes outlined below
1. Collectively oscillating, quantum mechanically (Q-M) entangled, many-body
patches of hydrogen (protons or deuterons) form spontaneously on surfaces
2. Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down, allowing E-M coupling between
Q-M entangled surface plasmon electrons and patch protons; allows application
of input energy to create nuclear-strength local electric fields > 1011 V/m that will
increase effective masses of surface plasmon electrons in such patches
3. Heavy-mass surface plasmon electrons formed in many-body patches can react
directly with electromagnetically interacting Hydrogen isotopes; process creates
neutrons and neutrinos via many-body collective electroweak reactions, namely:
4. Neutrons collectively created in patch have ultra-low kinetic energies and are all
absorbed locally by atoms - very few neutrons escape into environment; locally
produced gammas converted directly into safe infrared photons by unreacted
heavy electrons (Lattice patent US# 7,893,414 B2) - no hard gamma emissions
5. Transmutation of elements: formation of μ -scale craters at active sites begins
6. Neutron production rates in well-performing systems can hit 1012 - 1014 cm2/sec
e-*sp + p+ g n + νe e-*sp + d+ g 2 n + νe e-*sp + t+ g 3 n + νe
48. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 48
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
Many-body collective and quantum effects are crucial to achieving aikido
Table shows key attributes of W-L LENR-active surface patches
Type of particle in
LENR-active patch
Particles in
patch
charged?
Dimensionality
Do particles
collectively
oscillate?
Particles
Q-M
entangled?
Comments
Widom-
Larsen
surface
patch
Sizes vary
randomly -
diameters
can range
from
several nm
to perhaps
up to ~100
microns
Surface
plasmon
electrons
(fermions)
Decidedly many-
body
Yes, -
~2-D to
3-D
somewhat
reduced
Yes
Yes
Q-M wave
functions are
very
delocalized
within a patch
Very high nuclear-strength
electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m
present within an energized
patch; this increases local
SP electron masses,
allowing some of them to
directly react with protons
in e + p n + ν
Surface
protons
(hydrogen) (fermions)
Decidedly many-
body
Yes, +
~2-D to
3-D
somewhat
reduced
Yes
Yes
Q-M wave
functions are
very
delocalized
within a patch
Very high nuclear-strength
electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m
present within an energized
patch thanks to E-M
coupling and breakdown of
the Born-Oppenheimer
approximation
Substrate
material
Mostly neutral atoms
except for interstitial
absorbed
hydrogenous ions
that occupy material-
specific sites in
substrate bulk lattice
No
charge-
neutral for the
most part
Essentially
3-D
i.e., bulk
substrate
material
No No
When protons are loaded
into a hydride-forming
lattice, they occupy specific
interstitial sites. After site
occupancies > ~0.80 ,
protons start leaking back
onto surface, forming
collectively oscillating, Q-M
entangled, ~2-D monolayer
patches of protons that E-M
couple locally to surface
plasmon electrons
49. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 49
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
LENRs occur in micron-scale regions on surfaces: the haunts of aikido
Proton just reacted with a SP electron, creating a
ghostly ULM neutron via e* + p electroweak
reaction; Q-M wavelength is same size as patch
Heavily hydrogen-loaded metallic hydride atomic lattice
Conduction electrons in substrate lattice not shown
Collectively oscillating many-body patch of
protons or deuterons with nearby heavy mass-
renormalized SP electrons bathed in very high
local E-field > 2 x 1011 V/m Local region of very high (>1011 V/m) electric
fields above micron-scale, many-body
patches of protons or deuterons where Born-
Oppenheimer approximation breaks down
Surface of metallic
hydride substrate
= Proton, deuteron, or triton = Surface target atom = Transmuted atom (earlier product)
= ULM neutron = SP electron = Heavy SP electron
Q-M wave function of ultra low
momentum (ULM) neutron
= Unstable isotope
Region of short-range,
high strength E-M fields
and entangled Q-M wave
functions of
hydrogenous ions and
SP electrons
50. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 50
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
LENRs occur in micron-scale regions on surfaces: the haunts of aikido
LENR Nuclear Realm (MeVs)
Occurs in tiny micron-scale patches
Chemical Energy Realm (eVs)
Everywhere else in LENR systems
Transducer regions: many-body collective effects, ~eV
energies are collected and summed to MeV energies in micron-
scale, many-body surface patches by thin-film of SP electrons
and p+, d+, t+ ions in patches; all oscillate collectively and are
quantum mechanically entangled
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in many-body
patches of p+, d+, or t+ on fully loaded hydride surfaces
Two-way, collective energy transfers occur back-and-forth
via E-M fields coupling the chemical and nuclear realms
Many-body,
collectively
oscillating
surface patches
of p+, d+, or t+
ions
Micron-scale surface regions with very
high local electromagnetic fields
Mass-
renormalized
surface
plasmon (SP)
electrons –
also convert
gammas to IR
Normal-mass
surface plasmon
(SP) or π electrons
on surfaces of
certain carbon ring
structures
LENR final products: primarily stable isotopes,
energetic β-, α (He-4) particles, other charged
particles, IR photons (with small tail in soft X-
rays), and ghostly neutrino particles
Hot spots: reach 4,000 - 6,000+ o K
Craters visible in post-experiment SEM
images of LENR device surfaces
Infrared (IR) photons
eulm
nde
eulm
npe
2~
~
E-M field energy E-M energy E-M energy
++
)1,(),( AZAZ
ulm
n
+
Either a stable
isotope
Or unstable
isotope in an
excited state
- may emit gammas
or X-rays
Unstable isotope:
Which then subsequently undergoes
some type of nuclear decay process
eeAZAZ ),1(),(
He4
2
)4,2(),( AZAZ
Input
Output Output
Gamma photons
Heat
Energy must be inputted to create
high surface E-M radiation fields
that are needed to produce ULM
neutrons. Required input energy
can be provided from one or a
combination of: electron beams
(electric currents); ion beams, i.e.,
fluxes of ions across the surface
film of SP electrons (protons,
deuterons, tritons, or other ions);
and E-M photons, e.g., from lasers
if nanoscale surface roughness
coupling parameters are satisfied
IR photons
excite lattice
phonons
Energetic
charged
particles
excite lattice
phonons
Neutrinos (ν) fly
off into space at
velocity near c
ULM neutron
captures on target
fuel elements and
subsequent nuclear
reactions all
release nuclear
binding energy –
neutrons are the
match that lights
the fuel on fire
In the case of typical beta- decay:
In the case of typical alpha decay:
+ +
+
Extremely neutron-rich product isotopes
may also deexcite via beta-delayed
decays, which also emit small fluxes of
neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons, etc. End with: ν, γ, IR photons
ν
ν
Surface film of SP
electrons inherently
oscillates collectively
γ IRγ
Many-body collective effects interconnect realms
Chemical processes
Nuclear processes
51. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 51
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
No “free energy”: collective neutron production requires input energy
Input energy is required to trigger LENRs: to create non-equilibrium conditions
that enable nuclear-strength local E-fields which produce populations of heavy-
mass e-* electrons that react with many-body surface patches of p+, d+, or t+ to
produce neutrons via e-* + p+ g 1 n or e-* + d+ g 2 n, e-* + t+ g 3 n (energy cost =
0.78 MeV/neutron for H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can combine sources):
✓ Electrical currents - i.e., an electron ‘beam’ of one sort or another can serve as
a source of input energy for producing neutrons via e + p electroweak reaction
✓ Ion currents - passing across a surface or an interface where SP electrons
reside (i.e., an ion beam that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons,
and/or other types of charged ions); one method used for inputting energy is an
ion flux caused by imposing a modest pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)
✓ Incoherent and coherent electromagnetic (E-M) photon fluxes - can be
incoherent E-M radiation found in resonant electromagnetic cavities; with
proper momentum coupling, SP electrons can also be directly energized with
coherent laser beams emitting photons at appropriate resonant wavelengths
✓ Organized magnetic fields with cylindrical geometries - many-body collective
magnetic LENR regime with direct acceleration of particles operates at very
high electron/proton currents; includes organized and so-called dusty plasmas;
scales-up to stellar flux tubes on stars with dimensions measured in kilometers
52. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 52
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
Many-body collective catalysis boosts electroweak e + p reaction rate
Collective effects and Q-M entanglement make it a many-body reaction
Energy for reaction comes from E-field not particle kinetic energies
Boosted electron mass solves mass deficit problem with e + p reaction
✓ In coherently oscillating. Q-M entangled patches of surface protons, deuterons, or
tritons the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down; this causes local
electromagnetic coupling between surface plasmon (SP) electrons and protons,
deuterons, or tritons associated/entangled with an LENR many-body active site and
enables transient, nuclear-strength, collective local electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m to
be created therein. Such a site is conceptually akin to a gigantic ‘naked’ pancake-
shaped, micron+ diameter atomic nucleus resting on top of a substrate surface
✓ LENR active site SP electrons locally bathed in nuclear-strength electric fields
undergo a phenomenon called “mass renormalization” whereby their masses
effectively increase. This effect, upon which the W-L theory of LENR electroweak
catalysis relies, was first discovered and published by famous Russian physicists in
1970s (Landau & Lifshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields”, Sects. 17 and 47, Prob.
2, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1975 and Berestetskii, Lifshitz, & Pitaevskii, “Quantum
Electrodynamics”, Sect. 40, Eq. 40.15, Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford, 1997).
Effect is uncontroversial and well-accepted among high-energy particle physicists
✓ Since such electrons are not increasing mass via kinetic energy associated with
high-velocity translational motion, no bremsstrahlung radiation will be produced
53. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 53
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
✓LENR active sites must be subjected to external non-equilibrium fluxes of charged
particles or electromagnetic (E-M) photons that are able to transfer input energy
directly to many-body SP or π electron surface ‘films’. Examples of external
energy sources include (they may be used in combination): electric currents
and/or rapidly oscillating electric fields; E-M photons emitted from coherent
lasers or incoherent IR-resonant E-M cavity walls, etc.; pressure gradients of p+,
d+, and/or t+ ions imposed across site surfaces; currents of other ions crossing SP
electron ‘film’ in either direction (i.e., ionic fluxes); etc. Such sources can provide
input energy required to surpass certain minimum H-isotope-specific enhanced
electron-mass thresholds that allow production of ultralow energy neutron fluxes
via many-body collective e* + p+ , e* + d+, or e* + t+ electroweak LENR reactions
✓Note especially that surface plasmons (SP) are collective, many-body electronic
phenomena closely associated with interfaces. For example, they can exist at
gas/metal interfaces or metal/oxide interfaces. Thus, surface plasmon oscillations
will almost certainly also be present at contact points between purely metallic
surfaces and adjacent layers and/or nanoparticles composed of metallic oxides,
e.g., PdO, NiO, or TiO2, etc., or vice-versa
✓Formation of new catalytically active LENR sites ceases when input energy stops
External input energy source(s) needed to produce LENR neutrons
Successfully identifies several different ideal types of input energy
Charged-particle currents and electromagnetic photons are input energy
54. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 54
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
✓Substantial quantities of Hydrogen isotopes must be brought into intimate contact with
fully-H-loaded metallic hydride-forming metals (or non-metals like Se); e.g., Palladium,
Platinum, Rhodium, Nickel, Titanium , Tungsten, etc. Please note that collectively
oscillating, 2-D surface plasmon (SP) electrons are intrinsically present and cover the
surfaces of such metals. At full lattice loading (saturation) of Hydrogenous isotopes,
many-body, collectively oscillating island-like LENR active sites comprised of protons p+,
deuterons d+, or tritons t+ will form spontaneously at random locations on such surfaces
✓Or, delocalized collectively oscillating π electrons that comprise the outer covering
surfaces of fullerenes, graphene, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
molecules behave identically to SPs; when such molecules are hydrogenated, they can
create many-body, collectively oscillating, entangled quantum systems that per W-L
theory are functionally equivalent molecular analogues of metal hydrides. In this case,
LENRs are triggered on aromatic rings; strong tendency to transmute ring Carbon atoms
✓Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in LENR active sites composed of nearly
homogenous collections of collectively oscillating p+, d+, and/or t+ ions; this enables E-M
coupling between nearby SP or π electrons and hydrogen ions at active sites and creates
nuclear-strength local electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m. Effective masses of electrons in such
E-fields are increased to a multiple of an electron at rest (e → e*) determined by required
~simultaneous energy input(s); this is called “mass renormalization” by particle physicists
Needed to produce neutrons that induce transmutation of elements
Successfully explains the creation of LENR-active sites on surfaces
Key reactants: Hydrogen (protons, deuterons) and heavy-mass electrons
55. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 55
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
See QM entangled patches of protons (H) on Pd-hydride surface
STM image of H on Pd(111)
adapted from
Fig. 1 in Mitsui et al. (2003)
Pd
H
H
H
H
H
✓Lattice comment: image shows small many-body
patches of protons on Pd surface. Visual inspection
of STM image in adapted version of Fig. 1 reveals
that under Mitsui et al.’s experimental conditions,
PdHx ratios at many surface sites would appear to
be comfortably above the minimal critical value of
H/Pd > 0.80 well-known to be necessary for LENR
triggering; PdHx H/Pd ratios seen at some sites can
apparently range as high as x = 5.0 (see Figure 1)
✓Similarly high PdHx ratios would seem to be very
plausible in the case of high % surface coverage of
hydrogen atoms (protons) on fully loaded Pd(111)
surfaces at room temperature of 273 K and
beyond. Thus, high PdHx ratios could reasonably be
expected to occur within nm to micron-sized,
many-body, entangled hydrogenous active sites
conjectured in the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Hydrogen absorption and diffusion
on Pd (111)” T. Mitsui et al.
Surface Science 540 pp. 5 - 11 (2003)
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2
29342506_Hydrogen_adsorption_and_dif
fusion_on_Pd(111)
Shows formation of hydrogenous patches on metallic hydride surface
56. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 56
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
LENRs produce distinctive surface features seen in SEM images
✓ LENR-active surface sites in condensed matter are not permanent entities or static
structures; in fact, they are extraordinarily dynamic, short lived, many-body
collective organizations of matter. In experimental or certain natural systems with
sufficient available input energy, when conditions are just right they will simply form
spontaneously, operate for as little as 10 ns up to perhaps as long as several hundred
nanoseconds, and then suddenly die (they effectively destroy themselves with heat)
✓ Over time or the course of a given experiment, many cycles of birth, nuclear binding
energy release, and death may be repeated over and over again at many different,
randomly scattered nm- to μm-sized locations found on an LENR-active surface or
interface; neutron-dose histories can vary greatly over small length-scales across an
entire LENR-active surface. Such spatial elemental/isotopic heterogeneity has often
been observed by LENR researchers with SIMS
✓ While ULM neutron production and local capture, gamma conversion to IR by heavy
electrons, and subsequent nuclear decays are occurring, these tiny patches
temporarily become hot spots. Their temperatures may briefly reach 4,000 - 6,000o K
or perhaps even higher. That value is roughly as high as the surface temperature of
the Sun and hot enough to melt and/or even flash-boil any and all metals and alloys,
including Tungsten (b.p. 5,666o C). For a brief time, a tiny dense fireball of very hot,
dusty nanoplasma is created. Such intense local heating events can produce various
types of distinctive explosive melting features and/or comparatively deep craters that
are often observed in post-experiment SEM images of LENR device surfaces
57. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 57
Widom-Larsen theory explains LENRs in condensed matter
LENR-active surfaces have many dynamically interacting processes
✓LENR hot spots create intense local heating and variety of distinctive surface features
such as craters: over time, LENR-active surfaces inevitably experience major micron-
scale changes in local nanostructures and elemental/isotopic compositions. On LENR-
active substrate surfaces, there are myriad of different complex, nanometer-to micron-
scale electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear processes that operate in conjunction
with and simultaneously with each other. LENRs involve interactions between surface
plasmon electrons, E-M fields, and many different types of nanostructures with varied
geometries, surface locations relative to each other, different-strength local E-M fields,
and varied chemical/isotopic compositions; chemical and nuclear realms interoperate
✓To varying degrees, many of these complex, time-varying surface interactions are
electromagnetically coupled on many different physical length-scales: thus, mutual E-M
resonances can be very important in such systems. In addition to optical frequencies,
SP and π electrons in condensed matter often also have some absorption and emission
bands in infrared (IR) and UV portions of E-M spectrum. Walls of gas-phase metallic or
glass LENR reaction vessels can emit various wavelengths of E-M photon energy into
the interior space; glass tubes with inside surfaces coated with complex phosphors can
function as resonant E-M cavities. Target nanostructures, nanoparticles, and/or
molecules located inside such cavities can absorb IR, UV, or visible photons radiated
from vessel walls if their absorption bands happen (or are engineered) to fall into same
spectral range as E-M cavity wall radiation emission; complex two-way E-M interactions
between targets and walls occurs (imagine interior of a reaction vessel as arrays of E-M
nanoantennas with walls and targets having many two-way send/receive channels)
58. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 58
LENR products are observed on device surfaces
Palladium isotopic ratios shifted on cathode surfaces in chemical cells
Before: smooth Palladium cathode surface After: rugged surface with μm-scale craters
Note scale
in microns
LENR hotspots at 4,000 -
6,000o K form craters
Source: ICCF-17
conference (2012)
T. Mizuno et al.
Quoting: “These photo are the Pd
electrode before and after the electrolysis.
Electrolysis was conducted for a long
time, several day or several week. Typical
current density was 20mA/cm2. Here, you
see the metal particle (100 nm or less) on
the surface after electrolysis. Some of
them are less than 10 nano-meter …”
Graphic: New Energy Times
Electrolysis
59. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 59
LENR products are observed on device surfaces
Palladium transmuted to Silver with ULM neutron capture and β-decay
Zhang & Dash: Table IX. Relative atomic percent concentrations of Silver (Ag) in area and spots shown in Fig. 9
Spot # wa* area** +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Ag/(Pd+Ag) 1.2 +/- 0.5 5.6 +/- 0.4 6.8 +/- 0.4 5.6 +/- 0.3 6.3 +/- 0.4 3.6 +/- 0.6 1.2 +/- 0.5
*wa = whole entire area comprising image in Fig. 9
** area = delimited by the white square outlined in Fig. 9
Pd boiling point = 2,970o C
Pd cathode surface craters after lengthy electrolysis - Zhang & Dash (2007) - Figs. 8 and 9
“The most common finding
is that Silver occurs in
craters, such as those
shown in Fig. 8. These
craters with rims almost
certainly formed during
electrolysis. Pt deposition
was concentrated on these
protruding rims.”
Widom-Larsen theory explains neutron-capture driven production of Ag from Pd
Pd + n g [unstable neutron-rich Pd isotopes] g Ag [two stable Silver isotopes]
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf
Fig. 8 Fig. 9
60. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 60
U.S. Navy imaged LENR-active cathode surface with IR
SPAWAR’s high-speed camera showed ‘fireflies’ of hotspots in infrared
U.S. Navy SPAWAR San Diego LENR Research Lab: infrared measurements (2005)
Running time 1 min 45 sec - uploaded by Steven Krivit
P. Boss et al.’s fascinating video clip: it is very reminiscent of high-speed
flickering of thousands of tiny fireflies in a dark Midwest field at night
Tiny, rapidly flickering hotspots occur during Pd co- deposition LENR experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUVmOQXBS68
61. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 61
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
While written as two-body e- + p+ reaction, what happens is many-body
Many-body collective effects involve mutual quantum entanglement
What really happens is a many-body reaction amongst entangled particles:
Many-body aikido electroweak reaction can be written: en + pn g nulm + νe
What really happens is many-body process
62. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 62
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Collective many-body transport and concentration of incident E-M energy
✓ Under proper conditions, the e + p g n + νe (endothermic by 0.78
MeV) electroweak “neutronization” reaction (surface plasmon SP
electrons react directly with surface protons to make a neutron and
an electron neutrino) can occur at surprisingly high rates. Reaction
occurs in micron-scale, monolayer, many-body patches of entangled,
collectively oscillating protons or deuterons that form spontaneously
on fully-loaded metallic hydride surfaces (this happens when the
bulk hydride interstitial sites for Hydrogen as H+ are all occupied)
✓ These surface patch sites range in size from ~2 nm to ~100 microns;
they can become LENR-active when sufficient amounts of E-M input
energy in proper form is transported to, and concentrated in, them
by wide-area film of entangled SP electrons that cover entire surface
of a metallic hydride device. Delocalized, entangled π electrons on
surfaces of hydrogenated Carbon-based aromatic rings serve same
function as SP electrons found on metallic hydride surfaces
63. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 63
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Concentration of E-M energy causes increased SP electron masses in patches
✓ In coherently oscillating patches of surface protons, deuterons, or
tritons the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down; this causes
electromagnetic coupling between SP electrons and protons, deuterons,
or tritons associated with a many-body patch and enables local nuclear-
strength, collective electric fields > 2 x 1011 V/m to be created therein;
such a patch is effectively akin to a ‘naked’ pancake-shaped nucleus
✓ Patch SP electrons locally bathed in nuclear-strength electric fields
undergo what is called “mass renormalization,” that is, their masses
effectively increase. This effect that our condensed matter theory of
LENRs relies upon first discovered and published by famous Russian
physicists back in 1970s (Landau & Lifshitz, “The Classical Theory of
Fields”, Sects. 17 and 47, Prob. 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1975 and
Berestetskii, Lifshitz, & Pitaevskii, “Quantum Electrodynamics”, Sect.
40, Eq. 40.15, Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford, 1997)
64. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 64
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Surface plasmons absorb, transport, concentrate and store input energy
E-M
beam
photons
Sharp tips can exhibit
“lightning rod effect” with
large increases in local E-M
fields Region of
enhanced
electric
fields
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~uli/res_optics.htm
Source of above image is Wiesner Group at Cornell University:
“Plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells using core-shell metal-
insulator nanoparticles" M. Brown et al., Nano Letters 11 pp. 438
- 445 (2011) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl1031106
Graphics show capture of E-M photons and energy transfer via surface plasmon electrons
65. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 65
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Surface plasmons absorb, transport, concentrate and store input energy
http://spie.org/newsroom/3435-shaping-and-focusing-light-beams-with-plasmonics
Intensity distribution
of beam focusing with
plasmonics - arrows
show direction of
power flows
Input energy can be extremely concentrated in resonant electromagnetic cavities
Credit: J. Le Perchec
Reference: “Enhancing reactive energy
through dark cavity plasmon modes,”
J. Le Perchec, Europhysics Letters 92
DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/92/67006 (2010)
Abstract: “We present an opto-
geometrical configuration in which a
metallic surface having nanometer-scale
grooves can be forced to efficiently
resonate without emitting radiation. The
structure is excited from the backside,
by an evanescent wave, which allows to
inhibit light re-emission and to
drastically modify … quality factor of …
resonance mode. The energy balance of
the system, especially the imaginary
part of the complex Poynting vector flux,
is theoretically analysed thanks to a
modal method. It is shown how the
generated hot spots (coherent cavity
modes of electro-static type) can store a
great amount of unused reactive energy.
This behaviour might thus inspire a novel
use of such highly sensitive surfaces for
chemical sensing.”
B. Lee et al., Seoul Nat'l. Univ.
SPIE (2011)
66. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 66
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
E-fields increase drastically between nanoparticles and at sharp tips
Shows E-M field strength enhancement
as a function of interparticle spacing
Electric field enhancement
at nano-antenna tip:
R. Kappeler et al. (2007)
Sharp tips exhibit so-called “lightning
rod effect” by creating enormous local
enhancement in electric field strengths
Mandelbrot fractal
Certain juxtapositions of tiny metallic
nanoparticles at surfaces or interfaces
can create local electric fields > 1011 V/m
108 x
with
2 nm
gap1011 x
increase
1 nm = 10
Angstroms
Electric fields at tips of
atomic force microscopes
(AFM) often reach 1011 V/m
Dendrites are fractal structures
Spherically shaped nanoparticles
67. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 67
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
LENR processes unlike few-body kinetic processes in fusion plasmas
✓ SP electron mass-renormalization by collectively absorbing E-M energy
directly from a local electric field allows a portion of the SP electrons
sitting in a tiny LENR-active patch to possess enough additional mass-
energy (>0.78 MeV) to cross the energetic threshold for reacting directly
with local coherent protons or deuterons to make neutrons and neutrinos;
SP electrons DO NOT have to be at high temps to do this = aikido physics
✓ Comparatively cool, collective many-body aikido field-energy process in
condensed matter LENRs contrasts sharply with few-body taekwondo
kinetic processes that occur in stellar, tokamak, Z-pinch, and ICF fuel target
fusion plasmas where charged particles, e.g. d + and t +, are heated to
enormous temperatures so a small subset (high-energy tail of the
Maxwellian distribution of particle energies) of them that strike each other
head-on have enough kinetic energy to surmount the Coulomb energetic
barrier (like charges repel each other) to nuclear fusion reactions
68. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 68
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Here is how LENRs avoid producing deadly emission of energetic neutrons:
✓Unlike energetic neutrons typically produced in nuclear reactions,
collectively produced LENR neutrons are ~ standing still at the
moment of creation in condensed matter. Since they are vastly
below thermal energies (i.e., ultra low momentum or equivalently
ultralow energy), ULM neutrons have enormous Q-M DeBroglie
wavelengths and commensurately large capture cross-sections on
nearby nuclei; virtually all will be locally absorbed – only very rarely
will some be detectable as small, erratic fluxes of free neutrons
✓For vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, effective neutron
capture cross-sections (relative to measured cross-sections at
thermal energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and DeBroglie wavelength
is ~ 2 Angstroms) are directly related to ~1/v, where v is neutron
velocity in m/sec. Since v in m/sec is negligible for ULM neutrons,
their 1/v capture cross-sections on nuclei will be proportionately
larger. After being created via aikido, virtually all ULM neutrons will
be locally captured before scattering on nearby lattice atoms
elevates them to thermal kinetic energies (fractions of millisecond)
69. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 69
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Here is how LENRs avoid producing deadly emission of gamma radiation:
✓ Dynamic process whereby unreacted heavy-mass SP electrons in
many-body LENR-active patches can actively absorb and directly
convert locally emitted or incident gamma radiation into many more
less-energetic infrared (IR) photons at high efficiency while, of
course, obeying the law of conservation of energy (also has a tiny,
highly variable emission ‘tail’ in soft X-rays)
✓ When ULM neutron captures onto an atom located inside entangled
3-D Q-M domain of an LENR-active patch, there are normally prompt
gamma photon emissions by the atom. Since this capture-related
gamma radiation occurs INSIDE the 3-D quantum mechanical
structure of a 3-D LENR-active patch, there are always heavy
electrons available nearby to absorb and convert such gamma
emissions into IR. It doesn’t matter where a gamma occurs inside a
patch, it will always get converted; ditto for gammas associated with
β-decays of local LENR transmutation products. Large fluxes of MeV
gammas will not be emitted externally from such patches, no matter
what x-y-z direction it is measured from
70. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 70
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Stars, fission reactors, tokamaks and nuclear explosions not required
Here is how LENRs avoid producing nasty long-lived radioactive isotopes:
✓ Fluxes of ULM neutrons will cause a build-up of local
populations of unstable, very neutron-rich isotopes
comprising intermediate LENR transmutation products
✓ At some point during limited lifetime of an LENR-active
patch, almost all such isotopes present in it will decay,
mainly by series of very rapid cascades of β-decays
✓ Depending on the half-lives (HL) of intermediate LENR
products, ULMN captures plus β-decay cascades can
rapidly traverse entire rows of the Periodic Table,
finally ending with production of almost invariably
stable isotopes of higher-Z elements (see simple
example to right)
✓ β-decay cascades are why LENRs typically do not
produce troublesome long-lived radioactive wastes
Cascadeofveryfastbetadecays
Nickel-68, a product
of neutron captures
on stable Nickel (Ni)
isotopes, decays very
rapidly to stable Zinc
71. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 71
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Daskalakis et al. publish key paper in Physical Review Letters (2015)
Report formation of an organic plasmon condensate at room temperature
Daskalakis et al.’s observations support two key ideas in the Widom-Larsen theory’s
concept of a many-body LENR active site: (1) maximum size of sites is ~100 microns;
(2) surface plasmon electrons within such sites are quantum mechanically entangled,
i.e. they are coherently and collectively oscillating at ambient temperatures
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/pm-wfs071415.php
Surface plasmons in Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site behave like condensate
72. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 72
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Daskalakis et al. publish key paper in Physical Review Letters (2015)
“… condensate size could not exceed approximately 100 micrometres”
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/pm-wfs071415.php
Phys. Rev. Lett. Fig. 5 (a)
Screenshots of text in
story about PRL paper
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.035301
73. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 73
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Daskalakis et al. plasmon quantum condensate created in microcavity
Note abundant aromatic rings in TDAF molecule; system is laser-pumped
100nm
Microcavity with TDAF layer TDAF molecule
Figure has been adapted by Lattice Aromatic rings in TDAF Adapted by Lattice
Laser pumped
Provides E-M input energy
Image credit: Konstantinos Daskalakis,
Imperial College, London
g(1) (-r,r) for increasing
pump fluence
74. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 74
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site has quantum condensates
Involves many-body ‘patches’ of protons coupled to surface plasmons
✓ Widom-Larsen theory of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) provides detailed
descriptions of the structure, particle composition (plasmons + protons or deuterons), and
quantum, E-M, electroweak, chemical & nuclear processes that occur at LENR-active sites
✓ Remarkable type of many-body collective nuclear catalysis at LENR-active sites enables
electroweak nuclear e + p or e + d neutron-producing reactions to occur in condensed
matter systems at substantial rates at ambient temperatures under exactly the right
conditions and with proper energy inputs (called “pumping” in lexicon of Daskalakis et al.)
✓ According to Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, many-body collective quantum and
electromagnetic effects are crucial and enabling to the operation of electroweak nuclear
catalysis at ambient temperatures; quantum entanglement amongst protons and plasmons
at LENR sites is inferred; 1 ps lifetime of plasmon condensate is very ample time for LENRs
✓ In 2006 EPJC paper (Widom & Larsen) we estimated size of coherence domains in LENR
sites on metallic hydride surfaces to be ~ 1 - 10 μ. As discussed later in this document, in
2009 Larsen extended Widom-Larsen theory to cover occurrence of LENRs on organic
aromatic molecules; increased maximum estimated size of W-L coherence domains to
~ 100 μ. Not known whether similarity to Daskalakis et al.’s limit of 100 μ is coincidental
✓ W-L active site functions like a microcavity; seems reasonable to suppose that the surface
plasmons in LENR-active sites form condensates similar to what Daskalakis et al. observed
Surface plasmons in LENR-active sites behave like Daskalakis et al. condensate
75. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 75
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Surface plasmon electrons e-
sp are quantum mechanically entangled
SPs involve 1010 electrons: macroscopic but nonetheless Q-M entangled
http://home.physics.leidenuniv.nl/~exter/articles/nature.pdf
“Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons” E. E.
E. Altewischer et al., Nature 418 pp. 304 - 306 (2002)
✓ “Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on
the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal
films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of
the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon
waves --- optically excited compressive charge density waves --- which tunnel
through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the
question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process. Our
coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating that
the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature.”
✓ “From a general perspective, the observed conservation of quantum
entanglement for the conversion from photon g surface plasmon g photon is a
demonstration of the true quantum nature of SPs.”
✓ “ … a simple estimate shows that SPs are very macroscopic, in the sense that
they involve some 1010 electrons. Our experiment proves that this macroscopic
nature does not impede the quantum behaviour of SPs …”
76. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 76
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Q-M entanglement of protons & electrons is very widespread in Nature
Seen in variety of small and large molecular structures containing Hydrogen
✓ Protons found within a wide variety of many-body condensed matter molecular
systems spontaneously oscillate coherently and collectively; their quantum
mechanical (Q-M) wave functions are thus effectively entangled with each other
and also with nearby collectively oscillating electrons; amazingly, this behavior
occurs even in comparatively smaller, much simpler molecular systems such as
(NH4)2PdCl6, ammonium hexaclorometallate (see Krzystyniak et al., 2007 and
Abdul-Redah & Dreismann, 2006)
✓ Quoting from 2007 paper by Krzystyniak et al.: “… different behaviors of the
observed anomaly were found for LaH2 and LaH3 … As recognized by
Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al. … Coulombic interaction between electrons
and protons may build up entanglement between electrons and protons. Such
many body entangled states are subject to decoherence mechanisms due to
the interaction of the relevant scattering systems with its environment … one
can conclude that the vibrational dynamics of NH4
+ protons as fairly well
decoupled from the dynamics of the [attached] heavier nuclei.”
✓ Elaborating further from Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (2005), “Further NCS
experiments confirmed the existence of this effect in quite different condensed
matter systems, e.g., urea dissolved in D2O, metallic hydrides, polymers, ‘soft’
condensed matter, liquid benzene, and even in liquid H2-D2 and HD.”
77. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 77
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Protons go in-and-out of entanglement in 100 - 500 x 10-18 s time-frames
LENRs can take advantage of this because they work on even faster time-scales
✓ C. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (Technical University of Berlin) and collaborators
have published extensively on collective proton entanglement since 1995; see:
“Attosecond quantum entanglement in neutron Compton scattering from water in
the keV range” (2007)
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf
Quoting from paper: “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on
liquid and solid samples containing protons or deuterons show a striking anomaly,
i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf.
[1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for just 100 - 500 attoseconds (1 as
= 10−18 s) will see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, instead of 2 to
1 corresponding to the chemical formula H2O. … Recently this new effect has
been independently confirmed by electron-proton Compton scattering (ECS) from
a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS and NCS results is striking because
the two projectiles interact with protons via fundamentally different forces, i.e. the
electromagnetic and strong forces.” Proton entanglement is widespread in Nature
✓ Also see: “Entangled mechanical oscillators,” J. Jost et al., Nature 459 pp. 683 -
685 (2009) in which they state that the “... mechanical vibration of two ion pairs
separated by a few hundred micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp10/upload/Jost2010thesis.pdfSee Jost’s thesis:
78. v. 5 March 5, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 78
Many-body collective and quantum effects crucial to aikido
Quantum entanglement observed in large molecular ensembles
Measurements show entanglement of protons is present at 300o K
“Evidence of macroscopically entangled protons in a mixed isotope crystal of KHpD1 - pCO3”
F. Fillaux, A. Cousson, and M. Gutmann
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22 pp. 045402 (2010)
http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984/22/4/045402/pdf/0953-8984_22_4_045402.pdf
Quoting directly: “The proposed theory is based upon fundamental laws of quantum
mechanics applied to the crystal in question: the structure is periodic; dimers are
centrosymmetric; indistinguishable protons are fermions; indistinguishable deuterons are
bosons. It leads to macroscopically entangled states and, in the special case of protons, to
super-rigidity and spin-symmetry with observable consequences. This theory is consistent
with a large set of experimental data (neutron diffraction, QENS, INS, infrared and Raman)
and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no conflict with any observation. There is,
therefore, every reason to conclude that the crystal is a macroscopic quantum system for
which only nonlocal observables are relevant.”
“Protons are unique to demonstrating quantum entanglement, because they are fermions
and because the very large incoherent cross-section can merge into the total coherent
cross-section. No other nucleus can manifest such an increase of its coherent cross-
section. The enhanced features can be, therefore, unambiguously assigned to protons, in
accordance with their positions in reciprocal space. They are evidences of macroscopic
quantum correlations which have no counterpart in classical physics.”
“This work presents one single case of macroscopically entangled states on the scale of
Avogadro's constant in a mixed isotope crystal at room temperature. The quantum theory
suggests that such macroscopic quantum effects should be of significance for many
hydrogen bonded crystals.”