California I - The Higher Provincialism
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The document discusses the development of California's culture and identity in the late 19th century. Popular authors like Mark Twain wrote about their travels in California, helping shape perceptions of the region. The landscape also attracted many artists who painted the natural scenery. As the railroad expanded into Southern California in the 1870s, cities like Los Angeles grew and established several new colleges affiliated with religious faiths, as the area transformed from a Mexican to American province. Many settlers and tourists also moved to the warmer regions along the Southern California coast believing the climate would aid their health.
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The document provides a history of California covering several topics:
1) Prior to European contact, around 300,000 Native Americans from over 20 linguistic groups inhabited California, including fishing peoples along the northwest coast and various tribes in southern coastal and inland regions.
2) In the early 16th century, Spanish explorers like Balboa and Magellan began exploring the Pacific coast of North and South America and Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe, linking Spain to Mexico.
3) In the mid-19th century, engineer Theodore Judah lobbied Congress to support a transcontinental railroad connecting California to the eastern US, and the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted funding and land for
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Latin America Midterm
Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal between 1807-1824 after the Napoleonic Wars weakened colonial control. While newly independent, the countries were unprepared for self-government. Reforms occurred throughout the 1820s-1840s as the countries sought to establish order and question religious and economic policies. Britain established trade relationships with many Latin American countries by the 1820s and its economic influence peaked in the late 1800s before declining in the early 1900s as U.S. investment grew.
Ice Age
The Little Ice Age occurred between 1200-1850 AD, when global temperatures dropped causing widespread crop failures and famine. Glaciers expanded across 20% of the Earth's surface during this period. Potential causes for the cooling included a slight reduction in solar output, increased volcanic eruptions injecting sulfurous gases into the atmosphere, and disruptions to ocean currents and wind patterns caused by melting Arctic ice. The Little Ice Age influenced history by making potatoes a more important crop than grains, potentially affecting the quality of wood for Stradivari's violins, and causing Americans to favor beer over wine.
World War II
After Pearl Harbor, Americans viewed all Japanese people as the enemy, using dehumanizing terms like "Yellow Devils" and "Monkeys" to refer to them. The Japanese were also seen as vermin. Meanwhile, the Japanese saw themselves as ethnically superior and white people as threatening "Devils." While the Japanese wanted to help educate other Asians, they felt other races could never reach their level. Both sides demonized the other with prejudices during wartime.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression saw widespread unemployment and economic hardship in North America and Europe in the 1930s. While some economists warned of economic cycles, few predicted the severity of the Great Depression which brought the economic system itself into risk. During this time, technology and economic growth related to it continued but slowed radically. Most countries lacked welfare systems and people were concerned with their children finding unreliable jobs. The lack of coordinated recovery efforts exacerbated the depression, leading countries to abandon the gold standard and raise tariffs.
Imperialism
This document discusses American imperialism in comparison to European imperialism. It notes that by World War I, European states and their offshoots like the US controlled most of the world. It also discusses how Americans are reluctant to acknowledge past colonization and prefer to view it as expansion instead of imperialism. Europeans in the 1880s took pride in their imperialism and believed they were helping colonized peoples, despite exploiting them for European gain. Racial theories of the time were used to justify rule over other populations.
Spain V Miguel Hernandez
Miguel Hernandez was born in Mexico City in the 1500s and moved to Queretaro where he started his own freight business using mules after working as a muleteer. By 1604, he owned over 20 mules, a house worth 500 pesos, and a black slave, having become a respected Master of Mule Trains through hauling wool and other goods between markets. When Miguel died suddenly in 1604, his successful freight business was passed down to his four children.
Spain IV Martin Ocelotl
Martin Ocelotl was a shaman in 16th century Mexico who was skilled in folk healing, shamanism, divination, and ministering. He correctly predicted a drought and angered Catholic friars by continuing indigenous religious practices. In 1536, witnesses testified that Ocelotl practiced sorcery and idolatry. He was brought before the bishop and sentenced to be burned at the stake, but was ultimately banished from New Spain and his estate was confiscated. The ship transporting him sank mysteriously.
The Spanish Frontier
This document summarizes the early Spanish explorations of North America led by Cabeza de Vaca, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Cabeza de Vaca was lost for 8 years in North America, during which he was enslaved and came to be seen as a healer among Native Americans. Hernando de Soto led an expedition through Florida and the Southeast US in search of gold and new lands to conquer, often violently exploiting Native populations. Francisco Coronado also led a large expedition across northern Mexico and the Southwest US in pursuit of gold, attacking Native towns and finding no gold, only further angering diverse autonomous groups.
French America
The document summarizes French colonization in North America between 1650-1750, specifically in Canada and Louisiana. In Canada, growth was slow with only 85 colonists in 1627 and less than 250 families immigrating throughout the 1600s, resulting in a population of only 15,000 by 1700. However, peace with the Iroquois allowed the population to grow to 52,000 by 1750. In Louisiana, La Salle claimed the territory for France in 1682 but was later assassinated in 1687. The French went on to colonize the mouth of the Mississippi Bay in 1699 and 1702, and connected their Canadian and Louisiana territories using river networks and trading posts.
Dutch I Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies were originally claimed by the Dutch, who established the first permanent settlement at Fort Nassau in 1614. The Dutch colony of New Netherlands encompassed parts of present-day New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. In 1667, the Dutch formally ceded New Amsterdam to the English and it was renamed New York City. The Dutch were also very successful traders, at one point employing and shipping more goods than England, France, and Spain combined through colonies established in South Africa and Indonesia.
France I - Canada And Iroquoia
The document summarizes the fur trade between Canada and the Iroquois Native Americans. It describes how the Algonquian Indians willingly cleaned furs for trade, leading to profits. It also notes that native populations eventually learned to negotiate prices and find new markets. The document discusses how some native groups faced overhunting animal populations like beaver in certain regions to feed the fur trade.
Spain II - New Spain
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of Central and South America in the early 1500s. It describes how the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, were able to defeat the powerful Aztec and Inca empires despite being greatly outnumbered, using alliances with local populations oppressed by those empires, novel technologies like horses and guns, and diseases that decimated native populations. The document also notes that the Spanish justified their conquests under the concept of a "just war" as outlined in the Requerimiento proclamation.
Spain I - The Azteca
The Aztecs were conquered by Hernan Cortez and his Spanish fleet in 1519. When Cortez arrived in what is now Veracruz, he burned his ships to prevent his men from retreating. Though initially welcomed, the Aztec emperor Moctezuma grew wary of the Spanish and tensions rose. With the help of the Aztecs' enemies, the Tlaxcala, Cortez was able to defeat the Aztecs and either Cortez or the Mexica killed Moctezuma, marking the fall of the Aztec empire.
Portugal Ii
Governor Luis da Cunha worked to establish peaceful relations with the native Caiapo people after gold was discovered in Goias, Brazil, which led Portuguese settlers to establish slave camps that undermined the Caiapo's territory. Da Cunha sent an expedition to contact the Caiapo in 1780 to establish peace, and 36 Caiapo Indians returned with the expedition to meet with da Cunha and agree to peace in exchange for protection from the government, with the Caiapo chief Angrai-oxa choosing to remain with the whites for the rest of his life.
Portugal 1
The Portuguese explored and colonized Brazil in the 1500s, establishing it as a colony until 1815 through the exploitation of Brazil wood and the development of the sugarcane industry. Gold and silver mining also contributed to the colony's growth, using native and later African slaves as laborers. The Portuguese brought Catholicism to the native population in 1565 and established Rio de Janeiro, while central government was set up in 1549. Brazil was briefly divided into two colonial subdivisions in the 1600s before being reincorporated in 1775.
Immigrants And Cities
Immigrants flocked to cities between 1870 and 1914, with over 5.5 million moving to Argentina and 4.5 million to Canada. Successful migration required transportation to the destination country as well as that country accepting immigrants who voluntarily moved. Cities in America featured grid-like streets with buildings of varying shapes and sizes together with empty lots, while European cities had curved layouts emphasizing public spaces and uniform architecture developed over centuries.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell rose through the ranks of the English military from commanding a single cavalry troop to leading the entire army. After removing King Charles I from power during the English Civil War, Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth from 1653-1659. During his conquest of Ireland, Cromwell's forces massacred over 3,500 Irish at the siege of Drogheda and killed 2,000 soldiers and 1,500 civilians at the siege of Wexford, demonstrating his harsh treatment of Catholics and the Irish people during his rule.
Brazil All
Brazil has a long history dating back to Portuguese exploration in the 1500s. It was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery in 1888. The country has a large and diverse population of over 184 million people consisting of Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples. Brazil has a unique culture that blends these various influences and is expressed through music, dance, film, architecture and more.
Spices And Other Things
Spices and other goods were central to global trade networks dating back to the 7th century, when an Asian-centered economy emerged along with the spread of Islam. Trade routes between Islamic caliphates and Hindu merchants were integrated, allowing pre-existing political and business structures to continue. Various drugs like coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and sugar originated as trade goods and became widely popular internationally, though some were initially banned in consuming nations due to underground demand. Mesoamerican civilizations also engaged in long-distance trade of goods like silver, turquoise, bowls and blankets prior to European conquest disrupting these networks. Potatoes and sugar cane revolutionized European diets and economies through large-scale cultivation and distribution
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California I - The Higher Provincialism
- 1. The Higher Provincialism American Life in an Emergent Region
- 2. California Transcribed • One medium widely used in Californian writings was humor, this burlesque humor being fashionable in the eastern states for some time • Popular authors to write about California include Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain (saloon lingo for “two free drinks” in Virginia City), who wrote about his journeys between California and Nevada in his account Roughing It • Clarence King wrote Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada, which attempted to explain the formation of the mountain range as being part of a cataclysmic event, described as “cataclysmic sublime”
- 3. Expanding Southward • California has supported art since the frontier days, being a haven for artists since there was so much to paint, flocking there during the 1850s • Most people had lived in Northern or Central California until the 1870s, when the railroad connected through Los Angeles • Between 1865 and 1891, five faith-affiliated colleges opened in the Los Angeles basin, as the city transferred from a Mexican city to an American province • Many people moved to California because of a belief that Sunshine and Fresh Air help in recovery, and as well winter residents and tourists came to the region that would become San Diego to Santa Barbara